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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 847 records · Page 47
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Modeling active galactic nucleus feedback in cool-core clusters: The balance between heating and cooling

We study the long-term evolution of an idealized cool-core galaxy cluster under the influence of momentum-driven active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback using three-dimensional high-resolution (60 pc) adaptive mesh refinement simulations. The feedback is modeled with a pair of precessing jets whose power is calculated based on the accretion rate of the cold gas surrounding the supermassive black hole (SMBH). The intracluster medium first cools into clumps along the propagation direction of the jets. As the jet power increases, gas condensation occurs isotropically, forming spatially extended structures that resemble the observed Hα filaments in Perseus and many other cool-core clusters. Jet heating elevates the gas entropy, halting clump formation. The cold gas that is not accreted onto the SMBH settles into a rotating disk of ∼10{sup 11} M {sub ☉}. The hot gas cools directly onto the disk while the SMBH accretes from its innermost region, powering the AGN that maintains a thermally balanced state for a few Gyr. The mass cooling rate averaged over 7 Gyr is ∼30 M {sub ☉} yr{sup –1}, an order of magnitude lower than the classic cooling flow value. Medium resolution simulations produce similar results, while in low resolution runs, the cluster experiences cycles of gas condensation and AGN outbursts. Owing to its self-regulating mechanism, AGN feedback can successfully balance cooling with a wide range of model parameters. Our model also produces cold structures in early stages that are in good agreement with the observations. However, the long-lived massive cold disk is unrealistic, suggesting that additional physical processes are still needed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

The launch region of the SVS 13 outflow and jet

We present the results of Keck telescope laser adaptive-optics integral field spectroscopy with OSIRIS of the innermost regions of the NGC 1333 SVS 13 outflow that forms the system of Herbig-Haro objects 7-11. We find a bright 0.''2 long microjet traced by the emission of shock-excited [Fe II]. Beyond the extent of this jet, we find a series of bubbles and fragments of bubbles that are traced in the lower excitation H{sub 2} 1-0 S(1) line. While the most recent outflow activity is directed almost precisely (P.A. ≈ 145°) to the southeast of SVS 13, there is clear indication that prior bubble ejections were pointed in different directions. Within these variations, a clear connection between the newly observed bubble ejection events and the well-known, poorly collimated HH 7-11 system of Herbig-Haro objects is established. The astrometry of the youngest of the expanding shock fronts at three epochs, covering a timespan of over 2 yr, gives kinematic ages for two of these bubbles. The kinematic age of the youngest bubble is slightly older than the historically observed last photometric outburst of SVS 13 in 1990, consistent with that event, launching the bubble and some deceleration of its expansion. A re-evaluation of historic infrared photometry and new data show that SVS 13 has not yet returned to its brightness before that outburst and thus reveal behavior similar to FUor outbursts, albeit with a smaller amplitude. We postulate that the creation of a series of bubbles and the changes in outflow direction are indicative of a precessing disk and accretion events triggered by a repetitive phenomenon possibly linked to the orbit of a close binary companion. However, our high-resolution images in the H and K bands do not directly detect any companion object. We have tried, but failed, to detect the kinematic rotation signature of the microjet in the [Fe II] emission line at 1.644 μm.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

THE BINARY COMPANION OF YOUNG, RELATIVISTIC PULSAR J1906+0746

PSR J1906+0746 is a young pulsar in the relativistic binary with the second-shortest known orbital period, of 3.98 hr. We here present a timing study based on five years of observations, conducted with the five largest radio telescopes in the world, aimed at determining the companion nature. Through the measurement of three post-Keplerian orbital parameters, we find the pulsar mass to be 1.291(11) M {sub ☉}, and the companion mass 1.322(11) M {sub ☉}, respectively. These masses fit well in the observed collection of double neutron stars (DNSs), but are also compatible with other systems where a young pulsar such as J1906+0746 is orbited by a white dwarf (WD). Neither radio pulsations nor dispersion-inducing outflows that could have further established the companion nature were detected. We derive an H I-absorption distance, which indicates that an optical confirmation of a WD companion is very challenging. The pulsar is fading fast due to geodetic precession, limiting future timing improvements. We conclude that the young pulsar J1906+0746 is likely part of a DNS, or is otherwise orbited by an older WD, in an exotic system formed through two stages of mass transfer.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

TESTING GRAVITY WITH QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS FROM ACCRETING BLACK HOLES: THE CASE OF THE EINSTEIN–DILATON–GAUSS–BONNET THEORY

Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in the X-ray flux emitted by accreting black holes are associated with phenomena occurring near the horizon. Future very large area X-ray instruments will be able to measure QPO frequencies with very high precision, thus probing this strong-field region. Using the relativistic precession model, we show the way in which QPO frequencies could be used to test general relativity (GR) against those alternative theories of gravity which predict deviations from the classical theory in the strong-field and high-curvature regimes. We consider one of the best-motivated high-curvature corrections to GR, namely, the Einstein–Dilaton–Gauss–Bonnet theory, and show that a detection of QPOs with the expected sensitivity of the proposed ESA M-class mission LOFT would set the most stringent constraints on the parameter space of this theory.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Water masers in W43A: Early morphological changes of a future planetary nebula

We present the distribution patterns of H{sub 2}O maser features in the “water fountain” source (WF) W43A and show that they are closely related to the early morphological changes in a planetary nebula (PN). Using the Very Long Baseline Array, we have detected H{sub 2}O maser features in W43A in 13 epochs across >10 yr. W43A is the only WF that has been observed for over a decade. We introduce a new cavity model scenario—a halo with a bipolar evacuated volume that has a partially enhanced wall—and compare it with the “traditional” precessing jet model particularly in terms of explaining the bow-shaped distribution patterns of H{sub 2}O maser features in the most recent epochs and their temporal evolution. Long-term observations show that the distribution patterns require more than a single jet to form. Moreover, we have identified six groups of H{sub 2}O maser features at both the redshifted and blueshifted sides with point symmetry. The six groups are believed to correspond to periodic mass profiles in the envelope and have recorded the mass-loss history. Together with a geometric similarity to the mid-infrared morphology of W43A, the results suggest that H{sub 2}O masers can be used to trace the inner morphology and rapid temporal changes in evolved stars, especially where the PN shaping has just started.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Extremely energetic outflow and decelerated expansion in W49N

W49N is a mini-starburst in the Milky Way and is thus an ideal laboratory for high-mass star formation studies. Due to its large distance (11.1{sub −0.7}{sup +0.9} kpc), the kinematics inside and between the dense molecular clumps in W49N are far from well-understood. The Submillimeter Array observations resolved the continuum emission into two clumps. The molecular line observation of SO{sub 2} (28{sub 4,24}–28{sub 3,25}) suggests that the two clumps have a velocity difference of ∼7 km s{sup −1}. The eastern clump is very close to two radio sources “G1” and “G2,” and the western clump coincides with a radio source “B.” The HCN (3–2) line reveals an extremely energetic outflow, which is among the most energetic molecular outflows in the Milky Way. This is the first report of high-velocity molecular outflow detection in W49N. The outflow jet might be in precession, which could account for the distribution, velocity, and rotation of water maser spots. Three absorption systems are identified in HCO{sup +} (3–2) spectra. The absorption features are blueshifted with respect to the emission of SO{sub 2} (28{sub 4,24}–28{sub 3,25}) lines, indicating that a cold layer is expanding in front of the warm gas. Further analysis indicates that the expansion is decelerated from the geometric expansion centers.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Kinematics OF the envelope and two bipolar jets in the class 0 protostellar system L1157

A massive envelope and a strong bipolar outflow are the two main structures characterizing the youngest protostellar systems. In order to understand the physical properties of a bipolar outflow and the relationship with those of the envelope, we obtained a mosaic map covering the whole bipolar outflow of the youngest protostellar system L1157 with about 5″ angular resolution in CO J = 2–1 using the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy. By utilizing these observations of the whole bipolar outflow, we estimate its physical properties and show that they are consistent with multiple jets. We also constrain a preferred precession direction. In addition, we observed the central envelope structure with 2″ resolution in the λ=1.3 and 3 mm continua and various molecular lines: C{sup 17}O, C{sup 18}O, {sup 13}CO, CS, CN, N{sub 2}H{sup +}, CH{sub 3}OH, H{sub 2}O, SO, and SO{sub 2}. All of the CO isotopes and CS, CN, and N{sub 2}H{sup +} have been detected and imaged. We marginally detected the features that can be interpreted as a rotating inner envelope in C{sup 17}O and C{sup 18}O and as an infalling outer envelope in N{sub 2}H{sup +}. We also estimated the envelope and central protostellar masses and found that the dust-opacity spectral index changes with radius.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

PROPER MOTIONS OF THE OUTER KNOTS OF THE HH 80/81/80N RADIO-JET

The radio-knots of the Herbig–Haro (HH) 80/81/80N jet extend from the HH 80 object to the recently discovered Source 34 and has a total projected jet size of 10.3 pc, constituting the largest collimated radio-jet system known so far. It is powered by the bright infrared source IRAS 18162−2048 associated with a massive young stellar object. We report 6 cm JVLA observations that, compared with previous 6 cm VLA observations carried out in 1989, allow us to derive proper motions of the HH 80, HH 81, and HH 80N radio knots located about 2.5 pc away in projection from the powering source. For the first time, we measure proper motions of the optically obscured HH 80N object providing evidence that this knot, along with HH 81 and HH 80 are associated with the same radio-jet. We also confirm the presence of Source 34, located further north of HH 80N, previously proposed to belong to the jet.We derived that the tangential velocity of HH 80N is 260 km s{sup −1} and has a direction in agreement with the expected direction of a ballistic precessing jet. The HH 80 and HH 81 objects have tangential velocities of 350 and 220 km s{sup −1}, respectively, but their directions are somewhat deviated from the expected jet path. The velocities of the HH objects studied in this work are significantly lower than those derived for the radio knots of the jet close to the powering source (600–1400 km s{sup −1}) suggesting that the jet is slowing down due to a strong interaction with the ambient medium. As a result, since HH 80 and HH 81 are located near the edge of the cloud, the inhomogeneous and low density medium may contribute to skew the direction of their determined proper motions. The HH 80 and HH 80N emission at 6 cm is, at least in part, probably synchrotron radiation produced by relativistic electrons in a magnetic field of 1 mG. If these electrons are accelerated in a reverse adiabatic shock, we estimate a jet total density of ≲1000 cm{sup −3}. All of these features are consistent with a jet emanating from a high-mass protostar and make evident its capability of accelerating particles up to relativistic velocities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Landau resonant modification of multiple kink mode contributions to 3D tokamak equilibria

Detailed measurements of the plasma's response to applied magnetic perturbations provide experimental evidence that the form of three-dimensional (3D) tokamak equilibria, with toroidal mode number n = 1, is determined by multiple stable kink modes at high-pressure. For pressures greater than the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability limit, as calculated without a stabilizing wall, the 3D structure transitions in a way that is qualitatively predicted by an extended MHD model that includes kinetic wave-particle interactions. These changes in poloidal mode structure are correlated with the proximity of rotation profiles to thermal ion bounce and the precession drift frequencies suggesting that these kinetic resonances are modifying the relative amplitudes of the stable modes. These results imply that each kink may eventually be independently controlled.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

A classical analogue for adiabatic Stark splitting in non-hydrogenic atoms

For highly excited low-$\ell$ states of atoms, a rising electric field causes a mixing between angular momenta that gives rise to Stark states. A relatively simple situation occurs if the electric field is not strong enough to mix states with adjacent principle quantum numbers. If the initial state has slightly lower (higher) energy than the degenerate manifold, then the state adiabatically connects to a Stark state with the electron on the low (high) potential energy side of the atom. We show that purely classical calculations for non-hydrogenic atoms have an adiabatic connection to extreme dipole moments similar to quantum systems. Here, we use a simple map to show that the classical dynamics arises from the direction of the precession of the Runge–Lenz vector when the electric field is off. As a demonstration of the importance of this effect, we perform classical calculations of charge exchange and show that the total cross section for charge transfer and for ionization strongly depend on whether or not a pure Coulomb potential is used.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A comparative study of internal kink stability in EU DEMO designs with negative and positive triangularity

Abstract Internal kink (IK) instability is investigated for European demonstration fusion reactor (EU DEMO) plasmas in both negative triangularity (NT) and positive triangularity (PT) configurations. For NT plasmas, the IK becomes more unstable as an ideal conformal wall moves away from the plasma boundary, with the mode growth rate saturating at the wall radial location of about b / a = 1.5 , where a is the plasma minor radius and b the wall radial location. The plasma resistivity destabilizes the IK mode. The effect of sub-sonic toroidal plasma flow is sufficiently weak and can thus be ignored for these EU DEMO equilibria. These results are consistent with those for PT plasmas, albeit with larger mode growth rate in the NT configuration. Both perturbative and self-consistent magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD)-kinetic hybrid calculations predict (partial) stabilization of the IK modes in both NT and PT configurations, with inclusion of various kinetic contributions. Precessional drift motion of trapped fusion-born alphas in EU DEMO produces weak stabilization to the IK mode. Stronger stabilization occurs with the toroidal precession of trapped thermal particles (ions and electrons) and the bounce-transit motion of thermal ions. The stabilization is similar between the NT and PT configurations, due to the similarity of the mode eigenfunction (occupying a nearly circular region in the plasma core) despite the sign difference in the triangularity. The non-perturbative MHD-kinetic hybrid model predicts much less stabilization of the mode than the perturbative model, primarily due to the self-consistent determination of the mode eigenvalue in the former. Generally, no significant difference in the IK mode stability is found between the NT and PT plasmas in EU DEMO.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Canted standing spin-wave modes of permalloy thin films observed by ferromagnetic resonance

Non-collinear spin structures in materials that combine perpendicular and in-plane magnetic anisotropies are of great technological interest for microwave and spin wave-assisted magnetization switching. [Co/Pt] multilayers are well-known perpendicular anisotropy materials that have the potential to pin the magnetization of a soft magnetic layer, such as permalloy (Py), that has in-plane anisotropy, thereby forming a magnetic exchange spring. Here we report on multilayered [Co/Pt]/Pt/Py films, where an additional ultrathin Pt spacer has been included to control the coupling between the sub-units with in-plane and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Vector network analyser (VNA)-ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements were made to obtain a complete picture of the resonant conditions, while the dynamical response of the sub-units was probed by synchrotron-based element- and phase selective x-ray detected FMR (XFMR). For all samples, only slight pinning of the dynamic magnetization of the Py by the [Co/Pt] was noted, and the FMR results were dominated by the 50 nm thick Py layer. Out-of-plane VNA-FMR maps reveal the presence of additional modes, e.g. a perpendicular standing spin-wave (PSSW) state. However, as the magnetic field is reduced below the saturation field, the PSSW state morphs continuously through a series of canted standing spin-wave (CSSW) states into a horizontal standing spin-wave (HSSW) state. The PSSW, CSSW and HSSW states are well described using a multilayer model of the Py film. The observation of CSSW modes is of particular relevance to microwave assisted magnetic recording, where microwave excitation stimulates precession of a soft layer canted out of plane by a pulsed magnetic field.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental realization of linearly polarized x-ray detected ferromagnetic resonance

We present the first theoretical and experimental evidence of time-resolved dynamic x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) measurements of GHz magnetic precessions driven by ferromagnetic resonance in both metallic and insulating thin films. Our findings show a dynamic XMLD in both ferromagnetic Ni 80 Fe 20 and ferrimagnetic Ni 0.65 Zn 0.35 Al 0.8 Fe 1.2 O 4 for different measurement geometries and linear polarizations. A detailed analysis of the observed signals reveals the importance of separating different harmonic components in the dynamic signal in order to identify the XMLD response without the influence of competing contributions. In particular, RF magnetic resonance elicits a large dynamic XMLD response at the fundamental frequency under experimental geometries with oblique x-ray polarization. The geometric range and experimental sensitivity can be improved by isolating the 2ω Fourier component of the dynamic response. These results illustrate the potential of dynamic XMLD and represent a milestone accomplishment toward the study of GHz spin dynamics in systems beyond ferromagnetic order.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

The classical limit of minimal length uncertainty relation: revisit with the Hamilton-Jacobi method

The existence of a minimum measurable length could deform not only the standard quantum mechanics but also classical physics. The effects of the minimal length on classical orbits of particles in a gravitation field have been investigated before, using the deformed Poisson bracket or Schwarzschild metric. In this paper, we first use the Hamilton-Jacobi method to derive the deformed equations of motion in the context of Newtonian mechanics and general relativity. We then employ them to study the precession of planetary orbits, deflection of light, and time delay in radar propagation. We also set limits on the deformation parameter by comparing our results with the observational measurements. Finally, comparison with results from previous papers is given at the end of this paper.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Role of 3D neoclassical particle flux in density pump-out during ELM control by RMP in DIII-D

Application of three-dimensional (3-D) resonant magnetic perturbations, for the purpose of controlling edge localized modes (ELMs) in high confinement (H-mode) tokamak fusion operations, routinely leads to significantly reduction of the plasma density during the discharge, a phenomenon termed 'density pump-out'. Understanding the density pump-out phenomenon due to 3-D fields is a longstanding challenging issue. This work discusses a self-consistent toroidal model that allows initial value simulation of the density pump-out effect. The model successfully reproduces pump-out phenomenology in DIII-D ELM suppression experiments. The radial particle flux, associated with the 3-D neoclassical effects (the neoclassical toroidal viscosity, NTV), is discovered to play an important role in producing the observed large density pump- out. The key physics is associated with the drift kinetic Landau resonances between the toroidal precession of trapped thermal ions and electrons from one side, and the magnetic field perturbation from the other side. Such resonances, occurring near the top of the pedestal region, substantially enhances the radial particle flux associated with NTV. As a general consequence of the resonant NTV flux, larger density pump- out occurs in plasmas with lower collisionality and slower toroidal rotation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Staircase formation by resonant and non-resonant transport of potential vorticity

The E × B staircase is a quasi-periodic pattern of pressure profile corrugations. In this work, we present a new mechanism for E × B staircase formation that involves resonant transport versus non-resonant transport. We start from a potential vorticity evolution system and use quasi-linear theory, a model dispersion relation, and a bi-Lorentzian spectrum approximation, to construct the relation between the fluxes and the profiles. With these fluxes, we close the profile evolution equations and the extended turbulence intensity evolution equation, which together constitute a turbulence-profile evolution system. In this system, the Doppler effect from the E × B mean flow can cause resonance between trapped ion precession motion and the trapped ion mode, which drives a resonant transport contribution to the fluxes. The profiles will be flattened where the resonant transport is switched on. In contrast, for the regions of non-resonant transport, profiles are steeper. A quasi-periodic pattern of profile corrugation (the E × B staircase) spontaneously emerges in this system, which is the two states mentioned above, arranged as alternating layers in space. The feedback processes during the staircase pattern formation are identified. An estimate of the critical value of the boundary heat flux is obtained, above which the staircase formation will be triggered. An estimate scaling of the step size in the staircase pattern is obtained. The resonant turbulent transport is also a mechanism for collisionless saturation of zonal flow. Furthermore, this work is related to internal transport barrier formation and suggests some new scenarios, such as an enhanced confined L mode.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ripple-induced neoclassical toroidal viscous torque in Augmented-First Plasma operation phase in ITER

Abstract A systematic calculation is performed on the ripple-induced neoclassical toroidal viscous (NTV) torque for new ITER scenarios designed for the Augmented-First Plasma (A-FP) operation phase with the full tungsten wall, where the plasma-wall gap is varied in view of mitigating the impact of tungsten wall-plasma interactions. The torque calculation includes drift kinetic response of the plasma thermal and energetic particles to the n = 18 ( n is the toroidal harmonic number) ripple field. For the plasma scenario with ~45 cm plasma-wall gap at the outboard mid-plane and considering the corrected ripple level of 0.17% by the ferritic steel inserts, the computed net NTV torque acting on the plasma column is in the sub-Nm level. However, with decreasing the plasma-wall gap, the computed net NTV torque can reach a level comparable to that produced by the neutral-beam momentum injection in ITER. Ripple correction by ferritic inserts reduces the net torque by a factor of 3.3 for all the three A-FP scenarios considered. The n ω d = l ω b (with ω d and ω b being the toroidal precession and bounce frequencies of trapped particles, respectively, and l an integer number) type of resonance-enhancement of the NTV torque, due to thermal particles, is found to be weak in ITER despite high- n of 18. The same also holds for the ITER 10 MA steady state scenario from the D-T operation phase, where the aforementioned resonance associated with fusion-born alphas is also included. The ripple-induced NTV torque is well below that produced by the resonant magnetic perturbation applied for controlling the type-I edge-localized mode in ITER.

ITER↗
DOE OSTI2017

Acceleration of polarized protons and deuterons in the ion collider ring of JLEIC

The figure-8-shaped ion collider ring of Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC) is transparent to the spin. It allows one to preserve proton and deuteron polarizations using weak stabilizing solenoids when accelerating the beam up to 100 GeV/c. When the stabilizing solenoids are introduced into the collider's lattice, the particle spins precess about a spin field, which consists of the field induced by the stabilizing solenoids and the zero-integer spin resonance strength. During acceleration of the beam, the induced spin field is maintained constant while the resonance strength experiences significant changes in the regions of "interference peaks". The beam polarization depends on the field ramp rate of the arc magnets. Its component along the spin field is preserved if acceleration is adiabatic. We present the results of our theoretical analysis and numerical modeling of the spin dynamics during acceleration of protons and deuterons in the JLEIC ion collider ring. We demonstrate high stability of the deuteron polarization in figure-8 accelerators. We analyze a change in the beam polarization when crossing the transition energy.

Kondratenko, A.↗