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At least 847 records · Page 47

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NASA NTRS1982

An assessment of the performance of the Spanwise Iron Magnet rolling moment generating system for magnetic suspension and balance systems using the finite element computer program GFUN

The development of a powerful method of magnetic roll torque generation is essential before construction of a large magnetic suspension and balance system (LMSBS) can be undertaken. Some preliminary computed data concerning a relatively new dc scheme, referred to as the spanwise iron magnet scheme are presented. Computations made using the finite element computer program 'GFUN' indicate that adequate torque is available for at least a first generation LMSBS. Torque capability appears limited principally by current electromagnet technology.

Britcher, C. P.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Microwave Scattering Model for Grass Blade Structures

In this paper, the electromagnetic scattering solution for a grass blade with complex cross-section geometry is considered. It is assumed that the blade cross section is electrically small, but its length is large compared to the incident wavelength. In a recent study it has been shown that the scattering solution for such problems, in the form of a polarizability tensor, can be obtained using the low-frequency approximation in conjunction with the method of moments. In addition, the study shows that the relationship between the polarizability tensor of a dielectric cylinder and its dielectric constant can be approximated by a simple algebraic expression. The results of this study are used to show that this algebraic approximation is valid also for cylinders with cross sections the shape of grass blades, providing that proper values am selected for each of three constants appearing in the expression. These constants are dependent on cylinder shape, and if the relationship between the constants and the three parameters describing a grass blade shape can be determined, an algebraic approximation relating polarizability tensor to blade shape, as well as dielectric constant, can be formed. Since the elements of the polarizability tensor are dependent on only these parameters, this algebraic approximation can replace the cumbersome method of moments model. A conjugate gradient method is then implemented to correctly determine the three constants of the algebraic approximation for each blade shape. A third-order polynomial fit to the data is then determined for each constant, thus providing a complete analytic replacement to the numerical (moment method) scattering model. Comparisons of this approximation to the numerical model show an average error of less than 3%.

Stiles, James M.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Design and construction of a remote sensing apparatus

The methods of identifying plant and soil types using remote sensing techniques are described. The equipment employed consists of a balloon system and a mobile remote sensing laboratory housing a radiometer which is mounted on a turret mechanism. The radiometer is made up of a telescope whose lenses are replaced by mirrors which channel received radiation into a monochromator. The radiation is then focused onto detectors for measurement of the intensity of the electromagnetic energy as a function of wavelength. Measurements from a wavelength of 0.2 microns to 15 microns are obtained with the system. diagrams are provided.

Maples, D.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Modeling composite and fluffy grains: The effects of porosity

Recent studies of interplanetary and interstellar dust provide evidence that cosmic dust grains are fluffy, composite objects, highlighting the need for models of the electromagnetic scattering by these grains. Effective medium theory (EMT) with Mie-type series solutions has been used to explore the effects of porosity which would be important in composite dust particles. While this indirect approach is both flexible and computationally efficient, it is not necessarily a good approximation. The need for EMT and its rather restrictive assumptions may be circumvented through a direct computation of the scattering properties via finite element methods, such as the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). Recently, the utility of the DDA method has been advanced significantly through improvements in theory, in numerical algorithms, and in computer hardware. Extensive calculations with the DDA method are used here to examine more directly the effects of porosity. A particular emphasis is placed upon developing a valid methodology. For both solid and porous targets we establish both numerical and physical convergence properties over the range of size parameter that is required for our study. DDA cross sections for grains with a range of porosity are compared to those computed by the EMT/series expansion technique to examine the applicability of several mixing rules, including two extensions of the Bruggeman rule. We show that for particles with Rayleigh vacuum inclusions, the extension proposed by Rouleau & Martin is quite successful. We also investigate the effects of larger, non-Rayleigh vacuum inclusions for various levels of porosity and find that they can be significant.

Wolff, Michael J.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Magnetic Field Solver

The Magnetic Field Solver computer program calculates the magnetic field generated by a group of collinear, cylindrical axisymmetric electromagnet coils. Given the current flowing in, and the number of turns, axial position, and axial and radial dimensions of each coil, the program calculates matrix coefficients for a finite-difference system of equations that approximates a two-dimensional partial differential equation for the magnetic potential contributed by the coil. The program iteratively solves these finite-difference equations by use of the modified incomplete Cholesky preconditioned-conjugate-gradient method. The total magnetic potential as a function of axial (z) and radial (r) position is then calculated as a sum of the magnetic potentials of the individual coils, using a high-accuracy interpolation scheme. Then the r and z components of the magnetic field as functions of r and z are calculated from the total magnetic potential by use of a high-accuracy finite-difference scheme. Notably, for the finite-difference calculations, the program generates nonuniform two-dimensional computational meshes from nonuniform one-dimensional meshes. Each mesh is generated in such a way as to minimize the numerical error for a benchmark one-dimensional magnetostatic problem.

Ilin, Andrew V.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor System for Monitoring Smart Composite Aerospace Structures

Lightweight, electromagnetic interference (EMI) immune, fiber-optic, sensor- based structural health monitoring (SHM) will play an increasing role in aerospace structures ranging from aircraft wings to jet engine vanes. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors for SHM include advanced signal processing, system and damage identification, and location and quantification algorithms. Potentially, the solution could be developed into an autonomous onboard system to inspect and perform non-destructive evaluation and SHM. A novel method has been developed to massively multiplex FBG sensors, supported by a parallel processing interrogator, which enables high sampling rates combined with highly distributed sensing (up to 96 sensors per system). The interrogation system comprises several subsystems. A broadband optical source subsystem (BOSS) and routing and interface module (RIM) send light from the interrogation system to a composite embedded FBG sensor matrix, which returns measurand-dependent wavelengths back to the interrogation system for measurement with subpicometer resolution. In particular, the returned wavelengths are channeled by the RIM to a photonic signal processing subsystem based on powerful optical chips, then passed through an optoelectronic interface to an analog post-detection electronics subsystem, digital post-detection electronics subsystem, and finally via a data interface to a computer. A range of composite structures has been fabricated with FBGs embedded. Stress tensile, bending, and dynamic strain tests were performed. The experimental work proved that the FBG sensors have a good level of accuracy in measuring the static response of the tested composite coupons (down to submicrostrain levels), the capability to detect and monitor dynamic loads, and the ability to detect defects in composites by a variety of methods including monitoring the decay time under different dynamic loading conditions. In addition to quasi-static and dynamic load monitoring, the system can capture acoustic emission events that can be a prelude to structural failure, as well as piezoactuator-induced ultrasonic Lamb-waves-based techniques as a basis for damage detection.

Moslehi, Behzad↗

NASA NTRS1987

Methods for multisource data analysis in remote sensing

Methods for classifying remotely sensed data from multiple data sources are considered. Special interest is in general methods for multisource classification and three such approaches are considered: Dempster-Shafer theory; fuzzy set theory; and statistical multisource analysis. To apply statistical multisource analysis successfully it is necessary to characterize the reliability of each data source. Separability measures and classification accuracy are used to measure the reliability. These reliability measures are then associated with reliability factors included in the statistical multisource analysis to multispectral scanner data where different segments of the electromagnetic spectrum are treated as different sources. A discussion is included concerning future directions for investigating reliability measures.

Benediktsson, Jon Atli↗

NASA NTRS1974

Electromagnetic and scalar diffraction by a right-angled wedge with a uniform surface impedance

The diffraction of an electromagnetic wave by a perfectly-conducting right-angled wedge with one surface covered by a dielectric slab or absorber is considered. The effect of the coated surface is approximated by a uniform surface impedance. The solution of the normally incident electromagnetic problem is facilitated by introducing two scalar fields which satisfy a mixed boundary condition on one surface of the wedge and a Neumann of Dirichlet boundary condition on the other. A functional transformation is employed to simplify the boundary conditions so that eigenfunction expansions can be obtained for the resulting Green's functions. The eigenfunction expansions are transformed into the integral representations which then are evaluated asymptotically by the modified Pauli-Clemmow method of steepest descent. A far zone approximation is made to obtain the scattered field from which the diffraction coefficient is found for scalar plane, cylindrical or sperical wave incident on the edge. With the introduction of a ray-fixed coordinate system, the dyadic diffraction coefficient for plane or cylindrical EM waves normally indicent on the edge is reduced to the sum of two dyads which can be written alternatively as a 2 X 2 diagonal matrix.

Hwang, Y. M.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Electromagnetic backscattering from a sparse distribution of lossy dielectric scatterers

Electromagnetic backscattering from a sparse distribution of lossy dielectric particles having random orientation and position is studied. The paper begins by using the Foldy approximation to find an equation for the mean field. From this equation, an effective permittivity for the scattering medium is obtained. The correlation of the scattered field is found by employing the distorted Born approximation, i.e., particles embedded in the effective medium are assumed to be single scatterers. The above method is then used to find the backscattering coefficients from a leaf canopy. The leaf canopy is modeled by a half space of dielectric discs that are small in comparison to a wavelength. Numerical results show that the depolarized cross section is a sensitive function of leaf inclination angle statistics.

Lang, R. H.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Non-contact temperature measurement

Three methods for noncontact temperature measurement are presented. Ideal gas thermometry is realized by using laser-induced fluorescence to measure the concentration of mercury atoms in a Hg-Ar mixture in the vicinity of hot specimens. Emission polarimetry is investigated by measuring the spatially resolved intensities of polarized light from a hot tungsten sphere. Laser polarimetry is used to measure the optical properties, emissivity, and, in combination with optical pyrometry, the temperature of electromagnetically levitated liquid aluminum. The precision of temperature measurements based on the ideal gas law is + or - 2.6 percent at 1500-2000 K. The polarized emission technique is found to have the capability to determine optical properties and/or spectral emissivities of specimens over a wide range of wavelengths with quite simple instruments.

Nordine, Paul C.↗

NASA NTRS2009

Measuring Massive Black Hole Binaries with LISA

The coalescence of two massive black holes produces gravitational waves (GWs) which can be detected by the space-based detector LISA. By measuring these waves, LISA can determine the various parameters which characterize the source. Measurements of the black hole masses and spins will provide information about the growth of black holes and their host galaxies over time. Measurements of a source's sky position and distance may help astronomers identify an electromagnetic counterpart to the GW event. The counterpart's redshift, combined with the GW-measured luminosity distance, can then be used to measure the Hubble constant and the dark energy parameter $w$. Because the potential science output is so high, it is useful to know in advance how well LISA can measure source parameters for a wide range of binaries. We calculate expected parameter estimation errors using the well-known Fisher matrix method. Our waveform model includes the physics of spin precession, as well as subleading harmonics. When these higher-order effects are not included, strong degeneracies between some parameters cause them to be poorly determined by a GW measurement. When precession and subleading harmonics are properly included, the degeneracies are broken, reducing parameter errors by one to several orders of magnitude.

Lang, Ryan N.↗

NASA NTRS2000

Higher Order Modeling in Hybrid Approaches to the Computation of Electromagnetic Fields

Higher order geometry representations and interpolatory basis functions for computational electromagnetics are reviewed. Two types of vector-valued basis functions are described: curl-conforming bases, used primarily in finite element solutions, and divergence-conforming bases used primarily in integral equation formulations. Both sets satisfy Nedelec constraints, which optimally reduce the number of degrees of freedom required for a given order. Results are presented illustrating the improved accuracy and convergence properties of higher order representations for hybrid integral equation and finite element methods.

Wilton, Donald R.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Evaluation of selected strapdown inertial instruments and pulse torque loops, volume 1

Design, operational and performance variations between ternary, binary and forced-binary pulse torque loops are presented. A fill-in binary loop which combines the constant power advantage of binary with the low sampling error of ternary is also discussed. The effects of different output-axis supports on the performance of a single-degree-of-freedom, floated gyroscope under a strapdown environment are illustrated. Three types of output-axis supports are discussed: pivot-dithered jewel, ball bearing and electromagnetic. A test evaluation on a Kearfott 2544 single-degree-of-freedom, strapdown gyroscope operating with a pulse torque loop, under constant rates and angular oscillatory inputs is described and the results presented. Contributions of the gyroscope's torque generator and the torque-to-balance electronics on scale factor variation with rate are illustrated for a SDF 18 IRIG Mod-B strapdown gyroscope operating with various pulse rebalance loops. Also discussed are methods of reducing this scale factor variation with rate by adjusting the tuning network which shunts the torque coil. A simplified analysis illustrating the principles of operation of the Teledyne two-degree-of-freedom, elastically-supported, tuned gyroscope and the results of a static and constant rate test evaluation of that instrument are presented.

Sinkiewicz, J. S.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Advanced Active-Magnetic-Bearing Thrust-Measurement System

An advanced thrust-measurement system utilizes active magnetic bearings to both (1) levitate a floating frame in all six degrees of freedom and (2) measure the levitation forces between the floating frame and a grounded frame. This system was developed for original use in measuring the thrust exerted by a rocket engine mounted on the floating frame, but can just as well be used in other force-measurement applications. This system offers several advantages over prior thrust-measurement systems based on mechanical support by flexures and/or load cells: The system includes multiple active magnetic bearings for each degree of freedom, so that by selective use of one, some, or all of these bearings, it is possible to test a given article over a wide force range in the same fixture, eliminating the need to transfer the article to different test fixtures to obtain the benefit of full-scale accuracy of different force-measurement devices for different force ranges. Like other active magnetic bearings, the active magnetic bearings of this system include closed-loop control subsystems, through which the stiffness and damping characteristics of the magnetic bearings can be modified electronically. The design of the system minimizes or eliminates cross-axis force-measurement errors. The active magnetic bearings are configured to provide support against movement along all three orthogonal Cartesian axes, and such that the support along a given axis does not produce force along any other axis. Moreover, by eliminating the need for such mechanical connections as flexures used in prior thrust-measurement systems, magnetic levitation of the floating frame eliminates what would otherwise be major sources of cross-axis forces and the associated measurement errors. Overall, relative to prior mechanical-support thrust-measurement systems, this system offers greater versatility for adaptation to a variety of test conditions and requirements. The basic idea of most prior active-magnetic-bearing force-measurement systems is to calculate levitation forces on the basis of simple proportionalities between changes in those forces and changes in feedback-controlled currents applied to levitating electromagnetic coils. In the prior systems, the effects of gap lengths on fringing magnetic fields and the concomitant effects on magnetic forces were neglected. In the present system, the control subsystems of the active magnetic bearings are coupled with a computer-based automatic calibration system running special-purpose software wherein gap-length-dependent fringing factors are applied to current and magnetic-flux-based force equations and combined with a multipoint calibration method to obtain greater accuracy.

Imlach, Joseph↗

NASA NTRS2015

Method and Apparatus for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Materials

Methods and apparatus for characterizing composite materials for manufacturing quality assurance (QA), periodic inspection during the useful life, or for forensic analysis/material testing. System are provided that relate eddy-current sensor responses to the fiber layup of a composite structure, the presence of impact damage on a composite structure with or without a metal liner, volumetric stress within the composite, fiber tow density, and other NDE inspection requirements. Also provided are systems that determine electromagnetic material properties and material dimensions of composite materials from capacitive sensor inspection measurements. These properties are related to the presence of buried defects in non-conductive composite materials, moisture ingress, aging of the material due to service or environmental/thermal exposure, or changes in manufacturing quality.

Goldfine, Neil J.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Method and Apparatus for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Materials

Goldfine, Neil J.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Electromagnetic Modeling for the Conformal Lightweight Antenna System for Aeronautical Communications Technologies (CLAS-ACT) Program: Final Report

A series of electromagnetic simulations was conducted for the Conformal Lightweight Antenna System for Aeronautical Communications Technologies (CLAS-ACT) Program. The program designed, built, and flight tested a 14.25 GHz conformal patch array antenna for satellite communications on a T-34C airplane. Various studies were performed to evaluate the effects of antenna element spacing, array shape, signal taper, phased array pointing angle, null steering coefficients, antenna platform, and location on the airplane. This report documents the methods and some of the results of tests done over a 2 ½ year period.

Mackenzie, Anne I.↗

NASA NTRS1978

System analysis of plasma centrifuges and sputtering

System analyses of cylindrical plasma centrifuges are presented, for which the velocity field and electromagnetic fields are calculated. The effects of different electrode geometrics, induced magnetic fields, Hall-effect, and secondary flows are discussed. It is shown that speeds of 10000 m/sec can be achieved in plasma centrifuges, and that an efficient separation of U238 and U235 in uranium plasmas is feasible. The external boundary-value problem for the deposition of sputtering products is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation, which is solved analytically by means of the method of successive approximations.

Hong, S. H.↗