Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Failure Rate”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 847 records · Page 47

Some practical examples of cavitation erosion and their prevention

The problem of failures caused by cavitation erosion are discussed. The concepts of intensity of erosion, erosion strength, and the time dependence of erosion rate are analyzed. The relation of these parameters to system variables such as pressure and velocity, and to the properties of materials are investigated. Using several examples of actual cavitation erosion, methods of prevention and their limitations are examined.

Conn, A. F.↗

Effect of 0.1 at. pct Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation resistance of beta-NiAl

The effect of 0.1 at. pct Zr on the cyclic oxidation of hipped beta-NiAl was studied. Oxidation testing was performed in static air at 1100-1200 C, using 1-hr exposure cycles for test times up to 3000 hr. The weight change versus time data were modeled with the COSP computer program to analyze and predict cyclic-oxidation behavior. Zr additions significantly change the nature of the scale-spalling process during cooling, so that the oxide spalls near the oxide-air interface at a relatively low depth within the scale. Without Zr, the predominantly alpha-Al2O3 scale tends to spall randomly to bare metal at relatively high effective-scale-loss rates, particularly at 1150 C and 1200 C. This leads to higher rates of Al consumption for the Zr-free aluminide and much earlier depletion of Al, leading to eventual breakaway (i.e., failure).

Barrett, Charles A.↗

Health monitoring system for the SSME - Program overview

This paper considers the design of a health management system (HMS) program for enhancement of the safety of SSME operations during ground tests and space missions. The fault detection techniques based on time series, nonlinear regression, and clustering algorithms were developed and were demonstrated based on data from SSME ground test failures. The fault detection algorithms of the HMS system exhibited 100 percent detection of faults and an extremely low fault alarm rate, and were robust to sensor loss. A preliminary design of hardware architecture capable of supporting real-time operation of the HMS functions is described.

Hawman, Michael W.↗

A critical evaluation of theories for predicting microcracking in composite laminates

We present experimental results on 21 different layups of Hercules AS4 carbon fiber/3501-6 epoxy laminates. All laminates had 90 deg plies; some had them in the middle, while some had them on a free surface. During tensile loading, the first form of damage in all laminates was microcracking of the 90 deg plies. For each laminate, we recorded both the crack density and the complete distribution of crack spacings as a function of the applied load. By rearranging various microcracking theories, we developed a master-curve approach that permitted plotting the results from all laminates on a single plot. By comparing master-curve plots for different theories, it was possible to critically evaluate the quality of those theories. We found that a critical-energy-release-rate criterion calculated using a 2D variational stress analysis gave the best results. All microcracking theories based on a strength-failure criteria gave poor results. All microcracking theories using 1D stress analyses, regardless of the failure criterion, also gave poor results.

Nairn, John A.↗

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Carbon Nanotube Based Gears

We used molecular dynamics to investigate the properties and design space of molecular gears fashioned from carbon nanotubes with teeth added via a benzyne reaction known to occur with C60. A modified, parallelized version of Brenner's potential was used to model interatomic forces within each molecule. A Leonard-Jones 6-12 potential was used for forces between molecules. One gear was powered by forcing the atoms near the end of the buckytube to rotate, and a second gear was allowed.to rotate by keeping the atoms near the end of its buckytube on a cylinder. The meshing aromatic gear teeth transfer angular momentum from the powered gear to the driven gear. A number of gear and gear/shaft configurations were simulated. Cases in vacuum and with an inert atmosphere were examined. In an extension to molecular dynamics technology, some simulations used a thermostat on the atmosphere while the hydrocarbon gear's temperature was allowed to fluctuate. This models cooling the gears with an atmosphere. Results suggest that these gears can operate at up to 50-100 gigahertz in a vacuum or inert atmosphere at room temperature. The failure mode involves tooth slip, not bond breaking, so failed gears can be returned to operation by lowering temperature and/or rotation rate. Videos and atomic trajectory files in xyz format are presented.

Han, Jie↗

Multifractality in human heartbeat dynamics

There is evidence that physiological signals under healthy conditions may have a fractal temporal structure. Here we investigate the possibility that time series generated by certain physiological control systems may be members of a special class of complex processes, termed multifractal, which require a large number of exponents to characterize their scaling properties. We report on evidence for multifractality in a biological dynamical system, the healthy human heartbeat, and show that the multifractal character and nonlinear properties of the healthy heart rate are encoded in the Fourier phases. We uncover a loss of multifractality for a life-threatening condition, congestive heart failure.

Non-NASA Center↗

The HAL 9000 Space Operating System Real-Time Planning Engine Design and Operations Requirements

In support of future deep space manned missions, an autonomous/automated vehicle, providing crew autonomy and an autonomous response planning system, will be required due to the light time delays in communication. Vehicle capabilities as a whole must provide for tactical response to vehicle system failures and space environmental effects induced failures, for risk mitigation of permanent loss of communication with Earth, and for assured crew return capabilities. The complexity of human rated space systems and the limited crew sizes and crew skills mix drive the need for a robust autonomous capability on-board the vehicle. The HAL 9000 Space Operating System[2] designed for such missions and space craft includes the first distributed real-time planning / re-planning system. This paper will detail the software architecture of the multiple planning engine system, and the interface design for plan changes, approval and implementation that is performed autonomously. Operations scenarios will be defined for analysis of the planning engines operations and its requirements for nominal / off nominal activities. An assessment of the distributed realtime re-planning system, in the defined operations environment, will be provided as well as findings as it pertains to the vehicle, crew, and mission control requirements needed for implementation.

Stetson, Howard↗

Effects of Near Field Pyroshock on the Performance of a Nitramine Nitrocellulose Propellant

The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a pyroshock environment on the performance characteristics of a propellant used in pyrotechnic devices such as guillotine cutters. Near field pyroshock which is defined by acceleration amplitudes in excess of 10,000g at a frequency of greater than 10,000 Hz is a highly transient environment that has a known potential to cause failure in both structural and electronic components. A heritage pressure cartridge assembly which uses a nitramine nitrocellulose propellant with a known performance baseline will be exposed to a near field pyroshock event. The pressure cartridge will then be fired in an ambient closed bomb firing to collect pressure time history. The two performance characteristics that will be evaluated are the pressure amplitude and time to peak pressure. This data will be compared to the base-lined ambient closed bomb data to evaluate the effects of the shock on the performance of the propellant. It is expected that the pyroshock environment will cause brittle failures of the propellant increasing the surface area of said propellant. This increase of surface area should result in increased combustion rate which should show as an increased pressure peak and decreased time to peak pressure in the pressure time data.

Baca, Arcenio B.↗

Command and Control System Software Development

With the first launch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Space Launch System heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle and Lockheed Martin's Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle scheduled for the year 2020, there exists a need to complete development of a new command and control system that will provide systems monitoring and launch control for NASA's Exploration Missions. One remaining task necessary for completion of this command and control system is to create and maintain comprehensive unit tests of the control system software packages. These tests should verify that the implementation of all required and desired functionality works as intended. This testing infrastructure is mostly in place, but the control system's open source automation server still reports software "bugs" (possible flaws or failures which may lead to unintended behavior) and intermittently failing unit tests. Since code correctness is of critical importance for human rated software systems, I was assigned to diagnose the root cause of failing unit tests, eliminate non-determinism in these tests, and fix bugs as reported by the automation server.

GUI↗

Re-Architecting the NASA Wire Derating Approach

• Design of wiring for aerospace vehicles relies on an understanding of “ampacity,” which refers to the current carrying capacity of wires, individually or in wire bundles. • Designers rely on standards to derate allowable current flow to prevent exceedance of wire temperature limits due to resistive heat dissipation within the wires or wire bundles. Designers select wire sizing and circuit protective device settings/sizing based on the standards. • Exceeding the wire temperature rating can result in electrical, physical, and/or chemical degradation of the wiring insulation and conductor which could lead to a catastrophic failure. • These standards can add considerable margin, in some cases underestimate the margin and are based on empirical data that is no longer available for review.

Steven L Rickman↗

Comparison of Extreme Value Distributions for Electrostatic Discharge Magnitudes in Spacecraft Charging Tests

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) induced by the accumulation of charge in the space environment is known to cause spacecraft anomalies and failures. While it is critical to estimate the worst-case expected ESD, sensitive radar instruments can be impacted by high rates of occurrence of very small ESD. To estimate the correct extreme behavior, it is important to select the correct extreme value distribution for extrapolation of test results limited in time and sensitivity. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) analysis is used to compare electron beam-induced ESD test data to several statistical distributions used in the published literature. The best-fit distribution is shown to vary from between tests on different materials; however, it is clear that power law distributions are not good approximations for low amplitude events. Q-Q analysis is a convenient graphical method for evaluating multiple theoretical extreme-value distributions simultaneously.

Kim, Wousik↗

Analysis of thermomechanical fatigue of unidirectional titanium metal matrix composites

Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) data was generated for a Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn (Ti-15-3) material reinforced with SCS-6 silicon carbide fibers for both in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical cycling. Significant differences in failure mechanisms and fatigue life were noted for in-phase and out-of-phase testing. The purpose of the research is to apply a micromechanical model to the analysis of the data. The analysis predicts the stresses in the fiber and the matrix during the thermal and mechanical cycling by calculating both the thermal and mechanical stresses and their rate-dependent behavior. The rate-dependent behavior of the matrix was characterized and was used to calculate the constituent stresses in the composite. The predicted 0 degree fiber stress range was used to explain the composite failure. It was found that for a given condition, temperature, loading frequency, and time at temperature, the 0 degree fiber stress range may control the fatigue life of the unidirectional composite.

Mirdamadi, M.↗

Procedures for characterizing an alloy and predicting cyclic life with the total strain version of Strainrange Partitioning

Procedures are presented for characterizing an alloy and predicting cyclic life for isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue conditions by using the total strain version of strainrange partitioning (TS-SRP). Numerical examples are given. Two independent alloy characteristics are deemed important: failure behavior, as reflected by the inelastic strainrange versus cyclic life relations; and flow behavior, as indicated by the cyclic stress-strain-time response (i.e., the constitutive behavior). Failure behavior is characterized by conducting creep-fatigue tests in the strain regime, wherein the testing times are reasonably short and the inelastic strains are large enough to be determined accurately. At large strainranges, stress-hold, strain-limited tests are preferred because a high rate of creep damage per cycle is inherent in this type of test. At small strainranges, strain-hold cycles are more appropriate. Flow behavior is characterized by conducting tests wherein the specimen is usually cycled far short of failure and the wave shape is appropriate for the duty cycle of interest. In characterizing an alloy pure fatigue, or PP, failure tests are conducted first. Then depending on the needs of the analyst a series of creep-fatigue tests are conducted. As many of the three generic SRP cycles are featured as are required to characterize the influence of creep on fatigue life (i.e., CP, PC, and CC cycles, respectively, for tensile creep only, compressive creep only, and both tensile and compressive creep). Any mean stress effects on life also must be determined and accounted for when determining the SRP inelastic strainrange versus life relations for cycles featuring creep. This is particularly true for small strainranges. The life relations thus are established for a theoretical zero mean stress condition.

Saltsman, James F.↗

Shuttle data book: SRM fragment velocity model. Presented to the SRB Fragment Model Review Panel

This study was undertaken to determine the velocity of fragments generated by the range safety destruction (RSD) or random failure of a Space Transportation System (STS) Solid Rocket Motor (SRM). The specific requirement was to provide a fragment model for use in those Galileo and Ulysses RTG safety analyses concerned with possible fragment impact on the spacecraft radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGS). Good agreement was obtained between predictions and observations for fragment velocity, velocity distributions, azimuths, and rotation rates. Based on this agreement with the entire data base, the model was used to predict the probable fragment environments which would occur in the event of an STS-SRM RSD or randon failure at 10, 74, 84 and 110 seconds. The results of these predictions are the basis of the fragment environments presented in the Shuttle Data Book (NSTS-08116). The information presented here is in viewgraph form.

Source record↗

Lightweight Vacuum Jacket for Cryogenic Insulation - Appendices to Final Report

The feasibility is demonstrated of producing a lightweight vacuum jacket using state-of-the-art technology and materials. Design and analytical studies were made on an orbital maneuvering system fuel tank. Preliminary design details were completed for the tank assembly which included an optimized vacuum jacket and multilayered insulation system. A half-scale LH2 test model was designed and fabricated and a force/stiffness proof test was conducted on the vacuum jacket. A vacuum leak rate of 0.00001 was measured, approximately 1500 hours of vacuum pressure was sustained, and 29 vacuum pressure cycles were experienced prior to failure. For vol. 1, see N75-26192.

Barclay, D. L.↗

The Viking seismometry

Efforts were made to determine the seismicity of Mars as well as define its internal structure by detecting vibrations generated by marsquakes and meteoroid impacts. The lack of marsquakes recognized in the Viking data made it impossible to make any direct inferences about the interior of Mars and only allowed the setting of upper bounds on the seismic activity of the planet. After obtaining more than 2100 hours worth of data during the quite periods at rates of one sample per second or higher, the Viking 2 seismometer was turned off as a consequence of a landing system failure. During the periods when adequate data were obtained, one event of possible seismic or meteoroid impact origin was recognized; however, there is a significant probability that this event was generated by a wind gust.

Lazarewicz, A. R.↗

Flight performance of SEASAT-1 attitude control system

The paper describes the attitude control flight performance of SEASAT-A, (launched in June 1978), until failure of the power subsystem terminated the mission in Oct. 1978. Information provided by the satellite pertained to surface winds and coastal storm activity, currents and wave heights, ocean topography and temperature. The ACS used three-axis momentum exchange and magnetic momentum containment and was set in a nose-down configuration. Attitude control sensing was via horizon sensors and attitude anomalies, resulting from solar interference with the sensors, is covered in detail. Remedial action was taken by reconfiguring the IR scanners, but failure resulted nevertheless. Recommendations for similar future missions include consideration of the effect of light sources and circuit time constants and scan rates. A block diagram of the ACS is included.

Beach, S. W.↗

Bearing tester data compilation, analysis, and reporting and bearing math modeling

The Shaberth bearing analysis computer program was developed for the analysis of jet engine shaft/bearing systems operating above room temperature with normal hydrocarbon lubricants. It is also possible to use this tool to evaluate the shaft bearing systems operating in cryogenics. Effects such as fluid drag, radial temperature gradients, outer race misalignments and clearance changes were simulated and evaluated. In addition, the speed and preload effects on bearing radial stiffness was evaluated. The Shaberth program was also used to provide contact stresses from which contact geometry was calculated to support other analyses such as the determination of cryogenic fluid film thickness in the contacts and evaluation of surface and subsurface stresses necessary for bearing failure evaluation. This program was a vital tool for the thermal analysis of the bearing in that it provides the heat generation rates at the rolling element/race contacts for input into a thermal model of the bearing/shaft assembly.

Source record↗