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At least 847 records · Page 47

Identification of Non-Fermi Liquid Physics in a Quantum Critical Metal via Quantum Loop Topography

Non-Fermi liquid physics is ubiquitous in strongly correlated metals, manifesting itself in anomalous transport properties, such as a $\textit{T}$-linear resistivity in experiments. However, its theoretical understanding in terms of microscopic models is lacking, despite decades of conceptual work and attempted numerical simulations. In this work, we demonstrate that a combination of sign-problem-free quantum Monte Carlo sampling and quantum loop topography, a physics-inspired machine-learning approach, can map out the emergence of non-Fermi liquid physics in the vicinity of a quantum critical point (QCP) with little prior knowledge. Using only three parameter points for training the underlying neural network, we are able to robustly identify a stable non-Fermi liquid regime tracing the fans of metallic QCPs at the onset of both spin-density wave and nematic order. In particular, we establish for the first time that a spin-density wave QCP commands a wide fan of non-Fermi liquid region that funnels into the quantum critical point. Our study thereby provides an important proof-of-principle example that new physics can be detected via unbiased machine-learning approaches.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Density of States and Spectral Function of a Superconductor out of a Quantum-Critical Metal

We analyze the validity of a quasiparticle description of a superconducting state above a metallic quantum-critical point (QCP). A normal state at a QCP is a non-Fermi liquid with no coherent quasiparticles. A superconducting order gaps out low-energy excitations, except for a sliver of states for non-s-wave gap symmetry, and at a first glance, restores coherent quasiparticle behavior. We argue that this does not necessarily hold as the fermionic self-energy may remain singular above the gap edge. This singularity gives rise to markedly non-BCS behavior of the density of states and to the appearance of a nondispersing mode at the gap edge in the spectral function. We analyze the set of quantum-critical models with an effective dynamical four-fermion interaction V(Ω) ∝ 1/Ω γ , where Ω is a frequency of a boson, which mediates the interaction. We show that coherent quasiparticle behavior in a superconducting state holds for γ < 1/2, but breaks down for larger γ. Here, we discuss signatures of quasiparticle breakdown and compare our results with the photoemission data for Bi2201 and Bi2212.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Cyber-Physical Security and Resiliency Analysis Testbed for Critical Microgrids with IEEE 2030.5: Preprint

IEEE 2030.5, also known as the Common Smart Inverter Standard (CSIP) is a protocol that specifies the interface between the end user and the smart grid. This standard was proposed recently, and provides many functions which if implemented incorrectly might lead to vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a cyber-physical microgrid testbed using OpenDSS and IEEE 2030.5 that can be used to study the performance of the CSIP protocol various scenarios. For critical microgrid installations, it is essential that the critical loads are served in spite of multiple contingencies. A resiliency analysis is performed for a military microgrid to study its performance and the results are analyzed.

CVSS↗

Designing an Intrusion Proof Adjustable Speed Drive System Controlling a Critical Process

In this paper, an intrusion proof adjustable speed drive system controlling a critical process in an industrial control system is detailed. In such a system, should the motor speed sensor signal data be compromised and/or altered via a cyber-attack, the system can potentially be unregulated, over speed and/or malfunction thereby disrupting the critical process. The proposed active detection scheme detailed in this paper introduces a private (secret) random signal termed as "watermark" into the inverter control signal that determines the PWM gating signals of the DC-AC inverter powering the motor. The watermarking signal introduced into the PWM modulation for the DC-AC inverter is shown to propagates its unique signature, which appears in all sensors signals at the inverter output such as voltage/current/speed used to control the motor. Now employing the measured data (from sensors), two statistical variance tests are conducted to identify anomalies if any in the presence of the watermarking signal. It is shown when an intrusion occurs to manipulate the sensor data to disturb and/or destabilize the process, the proposed tests immediately display a high value indicating a compromise in sensor data. It is shown that the proposed system is capable of immediate detection of a sophisticated attacks such as record/reply attack in which the actual speed sensor is disconnected and a prerecorded speed signal from the past of the same magnitude is played back to the controller. Several types of cyber-attacks such as speed reduction/increase including vibration have been tested. Extensive simulation results verify the proposed concepts. Experimental results will be discussed in the conference presentation.

Alotaibi, Faris↗

Restoring Critical Loads In Resilient Distribution Systems using A Curriculum Learned Controller

In this paper, we propose a curriculum learned reinforcement learning (RL) controller to facilitate distribution system critical load restoration (CLR), leveraging RL's fast online response and its outstanding optimal sequential control capability. Like many grid control problems, CLR is complicated due to the large control action space and renewable uncertainty in a heavily constrained non-linear environment with strong intertemporal dependency. The nature of the problem oftentimes causes the RL policy to converge to a poor-performing local optimum if learned directly. To overcome this, we design a two-stage curriculum in which the RL agent will learn generation control and load restoration decision under different scenarios progressively. Via curriculum learning, the trained RL controller is expected to achieve a better control performance, with critical loads restored as rapidly and reliably as possible. Using the IEEE 13-bus test system, we illustrate the performance of the RL controller trained by the proposed curriculum-based method.

curriculum learning↗

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Distribution System Critical Load Restoration

Grid resilience has become a critical topic recently because of the increasing occurrence of extreme events and the growing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources. To build a resilient distribution system, this paper develops a multiagent reinforcement learning-based (MARL) method to coordinate distribution energy resources (DERs) dispatch, load pickup, and network reconfiguration for load restoration after a system outage. With the help of two types of control agents, namely critical load restoration (CLR) and coordination (COR) agents, system loads can be restored efficiently, given available resources. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated through simulations and comparative studies on a real distribution feeder in Western Colorado.

distribution system↗

Achieving Runtime State Verification Assurance in Critical Cyber-Physical Infrastructures

Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) are an essential backbone of national critical infrastructures. They help monitor and control crucial cyber-enabled services such as energy generation. Commonly ICPS monitors the physical process through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The SCADA ecosystem takes critical real-time and future system operational decisions based on the runtime state behavior of field sensors. Traditional SCADA systems use legacy and insecure communication protocols such as the Modbus protocol that lack adequate security mechanisms to provide robust runtime state behavior assurance of constrained field sensors. Therefore, constrained field sensors are commonly vulnerable to standard semantic attacks that gradually change the behavior state of infected devices. This paper discusses process integrity assurance techniques necessary to enhance the security of behavior-based protocols such as the Modbus protocol. The Runtime State Verification (RSV) protocol proposed in this paper aims to address semantic attacks in the SCADA ecosystem by integrating behavior-based Mandatory Results Automata (MRA) and a Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) network. The RSV protocol provides high process integrity assurance through enhanced behavior-based MRA suitable for the constrained field devices. A proof of concept of the RSV protocol has been evaluated in an emulated water-tube boiler. Preliminary evaluations of the RSV protocol aimed to measure the efficiency of the proposed protocol by monitoring an Combustion Efficiency (CE) process necessary to preserve optimal combustion, thus minimizing costs and future maintenance of water-tube boilers. We analyze the overall network overhead and latency of the proposed RSV protocol by evaluating the HLF network performance and comparing the proposed RSV protocol with the state-ofart BloSPAI protocol. Through the preliminary evaluations of the proposed RSV protocol, this paper demonstrates that the proposed RSV protocol overcomes the shortcomings and network overhead of the BloSPAI protocol by integrating behavior-based authentication through novel MRAs and HLF networks.

Rivera, Abel Gomez↗

Calculating Critical Inertia of a Power System

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources in modern power systems has led to a decline in system inertia, raising concerns about frequency stability following large disturbances. Determining critical inertia is essential to prevent excessive frequency decline and ensure grid stability. This paper evaluates four different methods for calculating critical inertia, using the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) system as a test case. The results highlight the importance of employing multiple methodologies to capture the full spectrum of inertia requirements.

Hakim sneha, Fariha [University of Tennessee, Knox↗

Selecting Critical Scenarios of DER Adoption in Distribution Grids Using Bayesian Optimization

We develop a new methodology to select scenarios of DER adoption most critical for distribution grids. Anticipating risks of future voltage and line flow violations due to additional PV adopters is central for utility investment planning but continues to rely on deterministic or ad hoc scenario selection. We propose a highly efficient search framework based on multi-objective Bayesian Optimization. We treat underlying grid stress metrics as computationally expensive black-box functions, approximated via Gaussian Process surrogates and design an acquisition function based on probability of scenarios being Pareto-critical across a collection of line- and bus-based violation objectives. Our approach provides a statistical guarantee and offers an order of magnitude speed-up relative to a conservative exhaustive search. Case studies on realistic feeders with 200-400 buses demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of our approach.

Mulkin, Olivier↗

Methods for Delivery and Distribution of Amendments for Subsurface Remediation: A Critical Review

The ability to reliably deliver and widely distribute remedial amendments through the subsurface environment is of paramount importance to achieve clean-up objectives for contaminated sediments and groundwater for protection of sensitive environmental habitats and natural resources. A wide range of amendment types, delivery techniques, and subsurface access methods are available. However, the applicability of these approaches is dependent on a multitude of site-specific factors and conditions. In this review, an overview of amendment types (i.e., liquid, gas, and solids) and access/distribution methods is provided, along with discussion of the maturity level (low, medium, or high), advantages, and limitations that relate to the potential effectiveness of each approach in the context of site-specific factors (subsurface geology, geochemistry, contaminant properties, etc.). Each amendment type and delivery approach are further evaluated for applicability to the following subsurface target zones: saturated, unsaturated, and perched water, with specific focus on high and low permeability variants of each zone. The review highlights a critical need for field-tested approaches targeting unsaturated and perched water zones, as well as low-permeability regions within all subsurface regions. The intent of this review is to provide critical information and insight into how amendments can be delivered, emplaced, and/or distributed effectively in the subsurface environment to effectively manage subsurface contamination.

Muller, Katherine A.↗

Fine‐root dynamics in deeper soils: a critical but overlooked component of ecosystem responses to climate warming

Climate warming is predicted to strongly affect the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The plant root system is a critical component of these ecosystems, with fine roots, in particular, playing a key role in plant water and nutrient uptake and transport. In addition, root litter and exudation represent the dominant plant carbon inputs into soil. Consequently, understanding fine‐root responses to warming is essential for predicting how the growth, resilience, and carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems will respond to future climate change. Despite the growing literature on fine‐root responses to warming, most studies have focused on topsoil (0–30 cm). However, a significant portion of the fine‐root mass occurs below this depth. For instance, c. 40% of fine‐root mass is found below 30 cm in temperate and tropical ecosystems. Due to the importance of fine roots for plants and belowground carbon cycling, focusing solely on surface soils overlooks the critical need for insights into how roots in deeper soil layers (e.g. below 30 cm) respond to warming. We argue that studying the entire soil profile is necessary to comprehensively understand fine‐root dynamics under climate warming and the implications for soil organic carbon cycling, water, and nutrient uptake.

climate warming↗

Arabidopsis trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 mutants reveal a critical role for phosphtidylcholine remodeling in lipid homeostasis

Lipid remodeling plays a critical role in plant response to abiotic stress and metabolic perturbations. Key steps in this process involve modifications of phosphatidylcholine (PC) acyl chains mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine: acyl-CoA acyltransferases (LPCATs) and phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (ROD1). To assess their importance in lipid homeostasis, we took advantage of the trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 (tgd1) mutant that exhibits marked increases in fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid flux through PC due to a block in inter-organelle lipid trafficking. Here, we showed that the increased fatty acid synthesis in tgd1 is due to posttranslational activation of the plastidic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Genetic analysis showed that knockout of LPCAT1 and 2 resulted in a lethal phenotype in tgd1. In addition, plants homozygous for lpcat2 and heterozygous for lpcat1 in the tgd1 background showed reduced levels of PC and triacylglycerols (TAG) and alterations in their fatty acid profiles. We further showed that disruption of ROD1 in tgd1 resulted in changes in fatty acid composition of PC and TAG, decreased leaf TAG content and reduced seedling growth. Combined, our results reveal a critical role of LPCATs and ROD1 in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis under conditions, in which fatty acid production largely exceeds the cellular demand for membrane lipid synthesis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Calculation of Critical Heat Flux Using an Inverse Heat Transfer Method to Support TREAT Experiment Analysis

Heat transfer between cladding and coolant during transient scenarios remains a critical area of uncertainty in understanding nuclear reactor safety. To advance the understanding of transient and accident scenarios involving critical heat flux (CHF), an in-pile experiment for the Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) facility at Idaho National Laboratory was developed. The experiment named CHF-Static Environment Rodlet Transient Test Apparatus (CHF-SERTTA), consists of a hollow borated stainless steel heater rod submerged in a static water pool which is heated via the (n, a) reaction in boron-10. This paper presents a novel inverse heat transfer method to determine CHF by using the optimization and uncertainty software DAKOTA to calibrate a RELAP5-3D model of CHF-SERTTA to temperature measurements obtained from a thermocouple welded to the surface of the rod.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Extension of the bright high-harmonic photon energy range via nonadiabatic critical phase matching

The concept of critical ionization fraction has been essential for high-harmonic generation, because it dictates the maximum driving laser intensity while preserving the phase matching of harmonics. In this work, we reveal a second, nonadiabatic critical ionization fraction, which substantially extends the phase-matched harmonic energy, arising because of the strong reshaping of the intense laser field in a gas plasma. We validate this understanding through a systematic comparison between experiment and theory for a wide range of laser conditions. In particular, the properties of the high-harmonic spectrum versus the laser intensity undergoes three distinctive scenarios: (i) coincidence with the single-atom cutoff, (ii) strong spectral extension, and (iii) spectral energy saturation. We present an analytical model that predicts the spectral extension and reveals the increasing importance of the nonadiabatic effects for mid-infrared lasers. These findings are important for the development of high-brightness soft x-ray sources for applications in spectroscopy and imaging.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Critical instability at moving keyhole tip generates porosity in laser melting

Laser powder bed fusion is a dominant metal 3D printing technology. However, porosity defects remain a challenge for fatigue-sensitive applications. Some porosity is associated with deep and narrow vapor depressions called keyholes, which occur under high-power, low–scan speed laser melting conditions. High-speed x-ray imaging enables operando observation of the detailed formation process of pores in Ti-6Al-4V caused by a critical instability at the keyhole tip. We found that the boundary of the keyhole porosity regime in power-velocity space is sharp and smooth, varying only slightly between the bare plate and powder bed. The critical keyhole instability generates acoustic waves in the melt pool that provide additional yet vital driving force for the pores near the keyhole tip to move away from the keyhole and become trapped as defects.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Solid-state batteries: The critical role of mechanics

Solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes have the potential for higher energy density, longer lifetime, wider operating temperature, and increased safety. Although the bulk of the research has focused on improving transport kinetics and electrochemical stability of the materials and interfaces, there are also critical challenges that require investigation of the mechanics of materials. In batteries with solid-solid interfaces, mechanical contacts, and the development of stresses during operation of the solid-state batteries, become as critical as the electrochemical stability to keep steady charge transfer at these interfaces. In conclusion, this review will focus on stress and strain that result from normal and extended battery cycling and the associated mechanisms for stress relief, some of which lead to failure of these batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Conformational flexibility is a critical factor in designing broad-spectrum human norovirus protease inhibitors

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. There are currently no licensed antiviral drugs for the treatment of HuNoV-associated gastroenteritis. The HuNoV protease plays a critical role in the initiation of virus replication by cleaving the polyprotein. Thus, it is an ideal target for developing antiviral small-molecule inhibitors. While rupintrivir, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of several picornavirus proteases, effectively inhibits GI.1 protease, it is an order of magnitude less effective against GII protease. Other GI.1 protease inhibitors also tend to be less effective against GII proteases. To understand the structural basis for the potency difference, we determined the crystal structures of proteases of GI.1, pandemic GII.4 (Houston and Sydney), and GII.3 in complex with rupintrivir. These structures show that the open substrate pocket in GI protease binds rupintrivir without requiring significant conformational changes, whereas, in GII proteases, the closed pocket flexibly extends, reorienting arginine-112 in the BII-CII loop to accommodate rupintrivir. Structures of R112A protease mutants with rupintrivir, coupled with enzymatic and inhibition studies, suggest R112 is involved in displacing both substrate and ligands from the active site, implying a role in the release of cleaved products during polyprotein processing. Thus, the primary determinant for differential inhibitor potency between the GI and GII proteases is the increased flexibility in the BII-CII loop of the GII proteases caused by the H-G mutation in this loop. Therefore, the inherent flexibility of the BII-CII loop in GII proteases is a critical factor to consider when developing broad-spectrum inhibitors for HuNoV proteases.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Light-nuclei production and search for the QCD critical point

We discuss the potential of light-nuclei measurements in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies for the search of the hypothetical QCD critical end-point. A previous proposal based on neutron density fluctuations has brought appealing experimental evidences of a maximum in the ratio of the number of tritons times protons, divided over deuterons square, $\mathcal{O}_{tpd}$. However these results are difficult to reconcile with the state-of-the-art statistical thermal model predictions. Based on the idea that the QCD critical point can lead to a substantial attraction among nucleons, we propose new light-nuclei multiplicity ratios involving 4 He in which the maximum would be more noticeable. We argue that the experimental extraction is feasible by presenting these ratios formed from actual measurements of total and differential yields at low and high collision energies from FOPI and ALICE experiments, respectively. We also illustrate the possible behavior of these ratios at intermediate energies applying a semiclassical method based on flucton paths using the preliminary NA49 and STAR data for $\mathcal{O}_{tpd}$ as input.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗