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PdN2(CN)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four azanide;palladium(2+) molecules and eight hydrogen cyanide molecules.
CuCl4(CN)2 is Cubane-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four hydrogen cyanide molecules and two CuCl4 clusters. In each CuCl4 cluster, Cu2+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four Cl1- atoms. There are two shorter (2.12 Å) and two longer (2.14 Å) Cu–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cu2+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cu2+ atom.
Zn4P3O13(CN)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of six hydrogen cyanide molecules and one Zn4P3O13 framework. In the Zn4P3O13 framework, there are four inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.03 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three PO4 tetrahedra. There is three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.03 Å) Zn–O bond length. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.05 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three PO4 tetrahedra. There is three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.03 Å) Zn–O bond length. There are three inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.55 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.55 Å) P–O bond length. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.55 Å) P–O bond length. There are thirteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Zn2+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P5+ atom.
N(CN)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmc2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. C4+ is bonded to four N+2.67- atoms to form corner-sharing CN4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of C–N bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.48 Å. There are two inequivalent N+2.67- sites. In the first N+2.67- site, N+2.67- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent C4+ atoms. In the second N+2.67- site, N+2.67- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent C4+ atoms.
MgC4H4(N2O)2(B)2(CN)4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I-42d space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight boron molecules, sixteen hydrogen cyanide molecules, and four MgC4H4(N2O)2 clusters. In each MgC4H4(N2O)2 cluster, Mg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to four equivalent N3- and two equivalent O2- atoms. All Mg–N bond lengths are 2.18 Å. Both Mg–O bond lengths are 2.06 Å. C2+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.16 Å. N3- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Mg2+ and one C2+ atom. H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Mg2+ and two equivalent H1+ atoms.
B(CN)4NH4 is Silicon tetrafluoride-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/a space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four ammonium molecules, four boron molecules, and sixteen hydrogen cyanide molecules.
Mn(SO6)2(CN)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two hydrogen cyanide molecules and one Mn(SO6)2 cluster. In the Mn(SO6)2 cluster, Mn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Mn–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.98 Å. S2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one MnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 55°. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.53 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mn2+ and one S2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Mn2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Mn2+ atom.
Zn4As3O13(CN)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of six hydrogen cyanide molecules and one Zn4As3O13 framework. In the Zn4As3O13 framework, there are four inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.02 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.05 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.07 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.04 Å. There are three inequivalent As5+ sites. In the first As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There is three shorter (1.72 Å) and one longer (1.73 Å) As–O bond length. In the second As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.71–1.73 Å. In the third As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and three longer (1.72 Å) As–O bond length. There are thirteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Zn2+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom.
NaN(CN)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two CN2 ribbons oriented in the (2, 0, 1) direction and two NaCN sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. In each CN2 ribbon, C4+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two N3- atoms. There is one shorter (1.35 Å) and one longer (1.42 Å) C–N bond length. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4+ and one N3- atom. The N–N bond length is 1.25 Å. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4+ and one N3- atom. The N–N bond length is 1.29 Å. In each NaCN sheet, Na1+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent N3- atoms. There are a spread of Na–N bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.78 Å. C4+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.18 Å. N3- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Na1+ and one C4+ atom.
This project has as its overall goal improvement in the intelligent use of our energy resources, specifically petroleum derived products, and is aimed at the development of new routes for the manipulation of C-H and C-C bonds. During this project period, our research is focused on the following general goals: (1) C-H bond activation reactions in functionalized substrates, including alkylnitriles, ketones, esters, ethers, fluoromethanes, alcohols, amines, and alkynes, and fundamental studies of their effects on metal-carbon bond strengths using trispyrazolylborate-rhodium (TpRh) complexes; (2) Hydrogenation reactions using first-row transition metals; and (3) C–CN bond activation in aryl-nitriles and allyl-nitriles.
On behalf of the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has reviewed the development and use of “weakly informed prior” (WIP) probability distributions to obtain industry-wide failure probability and rate distributions for portable “FLEX” equipment, as documented in the Pressurized Water Reactor Owner’s Group (PWROG) report, FLEX Equipment Data Collection and Analysis (PWROG 18043-P) by MM Degonish. The review includes a description of the methods used by the PWROG analysts. It also includes an implementation of those methods for comparison purposes and an implementation of two constrained-noninformative (CN) distributions for further WIP comparisons. The report documents several issues that the review identified in the development of the WIP distributions. They relate to the quality and representativeness of the current portable “FLEX” component data, the choice of informed distributions for related installed components, and the lack of verification for the factors chosen to weaken the information from the installed components. Two errors occurred in the computations: the posterior distribution of the WIP was used to modify the WIP itself, resulting in a lack of independence between the WIP and the data; and an error was made in the conversion of WIP mean and variance values to beta distributions. The INL reviewers think the WIP distributions presented in the report are untenable for use in risk assessments at the present time because of these issues.
The research was directed at understanding the role that nanoconfinement has on the dynamics and structure of liquids confined in nanometer size structures. Experiments were conducted using ultrafast infrared methods. The methods were two dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy and polarization pump-probe (PSPP) experiments. In addition FT-IR spectroscopy was used. To augment the experimental work, high level molecular dynamics simulations of the systems were conducted. The system used for confinement were nanoporous silica with essentially monodispersed pores. Pores of different diameters were studies, i.e., 2.5 nm to 8 nm. Water and organic liquids were investigated. The experiments were performed on a vibrational probe molecule, i.e., the CN stretch of the anion SeCN-. The 2D IR experiments measured spectral diffusion, which directly reported on the structural dynamics of the confined liquids. 2D IR was also used to perform chemical exchange measurements, which observed the formation and dissociation of molecular complexes with surface silanols. The PSPP experiments measured orientational relaxation of the probe molecule as well as it vibrational lifetime. All of the observables depended on the diameter of the pores and the type of liquid. The simulations of the observables provided detailed structural information on the structure of the confined liquids and there interactions with the surfaces. In addition to the study of the confinement in nanopores, water in hydrogels was also studied. The same experimental methods were used along with MD simulations. It was found the influence of hydrogels on water did not come from confinement of the water in the hydrogel polymer network, but rather from the interactions of the water with the individual monomers that compose the polymer. In addition, the temperature dependence of a polymer/water system was tracked from below to above the lower critical solution temperature to observe the nature of the phase separated polymer and how water responded to the phase separation.
Typical calibration for catalyst thermal management for compression-ignition engines involves delaying the post-injection into the expansion stroke. Reduced work extraction due to the late heat release event is used to increase the exhaust gas temperature to shorten the time associated with reaching optimal temperatures for aftertreatment systems. Shorter catalyst heat-up time can simultaneously reduce tail-pipe emissions and the typical fuel penalties associated with this mode of operation. In this study, the effects of volatility, reactivity, and oxygen content of the fuel on combustion stability and emissions were studied in a light-duty single-cylinder research engine. Blends of iso-octane/ n-heptane and farnesane/ 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane were used to study the impacts of volatility and reactivity. At constant reactivity, little to no variation in combustion performance was observed due to differences in volatility. On the other hand, increased reactivity improved combustion stability and efficiency at late injection timings (+24 CAD). The combined effect of increase in chemical reactivity and oxygen content was analysed by comparing the baseline #2 diesel operation with two blends of mono-ethers and #2 diesel to achieve cetane numbers (CNs) of 45 and 55, and a pure blend of mono-ether components with CN > 100. Fuels with higher reactivity and oxygen content were found to reduce engine-out hydrocarbon and carbon mono-oxide emissions while also achieving stable combustion at post-injection timings later than those achievable with diesel fuel. The pure ether-blend had the latest achievable post-injection timing (≥+26 CAD) while still maintaining stable combustion. At similar combustion stability, the pure ether blend was found to have 2.8% higher combustion efficiency and 4.3% higher thermal efficiency than the baseline diesel. The ether-diesel blends at CN45 and CN55 were found to have 1.8% higher combustion efficiency than baseline diesel. The results demonstrate that fuels with increased reactivity can increase combustion efficiency, reducing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions, while maintaining similar exhaust temperature and combustion stability compared to baseline diesel. Further greenhouse gas benefits can also be realized as the mono-ether bioblendstocks show potential for >50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions relative to diesel fuel based on their production method.
Molten salts play a crucial role in advancing Generation IV nuclear energy technology, with chloride-based salts like NaCl-UCl 3 garnering significant attention due to their distinctive properties. However, the corrosive nature of molten salts causes the dissolution of chromium (Cr), leading to the formation of CrCl 2 and CrCl 3 species in molten chlorides. Moreover, the radioactive decay of nuclear fuel gives rise to fission products, including Cs, Sr, and I chlorides. The first part of this report presents a comprehensive study utilizing ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to investigate the properties of eutectic NaCl-UCl 3 molten salt in the presence of corrosion products (CrCl 2 and CrCl 3 ) and fission product (CsCl). The study focuses on essential structural and thermophysical properties such as density, mixing energy, coordination numbers (CN), and Radial Distribution Functions (RDF) of the salts with varying compositions of corrosion products and fission product, covering a range from 0% to 13.5%. The results offer valuable insights into the behavior of corrosion and fission products in uranium-based molten salts, providing essential data that can be used as input to the MTDB-TC and MSTDB-TP property databases being developed by the NEAMS program. Due to their favorable characteristics such as low melting points, high boiling points, and low costs, MgCl 2 +NaCl+KCl (MNK) eutectic salts have recently attracted attention as high-temperature heat transfer fluids. The incorporation of LiCl into MNK salts can further reduce their melting points and increase their specific heat capacities, which is de- sirable for high-temperature heat transfer applications. The second part of this report presents the development and validation of a new shell-model potential for the MgCl 2 +NaCl+KCl+LiCl system, which captures the polarization of Cl anions. The extensive comparison with experimental data and AIMD simulations demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of the potential. Furthermore, using this potential, we elucidate the intricate network structure in MNK eutectic salts that is formed through polyhedron sharing. This research contributes to a fundamental understanding of the atomic structures and thermophysical properties of multi-component molten salts, which is crucial for future development of heat transfer fluids for applications in molten salt reactors.
Two low-cost redox couples with near neutral or alkaline pH - 7,8-dihydroxyphenazine-2-sulfonic acid (DHPS) and chrome chelated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA) with ammonia – are identified to generate hydrogen evolution spontaneously on Pt/C catalysts. Cr-EDTA redox couple has two times higher hydrogen evolution rate than that of DHPS, and the charged Cr-EDTA molecules are fully utilized to generate hydrogen gas, while ~ 50% of DHPS molecules are utilized to produce hydrogen spontaneously on Pt/C catalysts. The Cr-EDTA electrolyte enables cost reduction by allowing cheap raw material of Cr and corrosion resistant alloy instead of costly superalloy for catalytic reactor systems. Furthermore, the Cr-EDTA with ammonia as a negolyte for flow batteries was validated to suppress hydrogen evolution side reaction, reach 99% of coulombic efficiency in flow cell operation paired with Fe(CN)6 redox couple near neutral pH.
For the last several decades, numerous strategies have been proposed to be able to interconvert electricity and commodity fuels for transportation and other applications. Even as solar and wind energy become more widely available, these renewable energy sources are not always available where the population is most dense or during peak times of energy demand. One plausible solution to the issue of electricity storage and transport is to use electricity to drive the formation of high-energy compounds and chemical fuels. As a result, the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 into chemical fuels has received major attention as a multi-pronged approach for electricity coversion, storage, and transport. Similar strategies are also attractive for conversion of N 2 and NO x into value added compounds such as ammonia. Metalloporphyrin and metallocorrole complexes are comprised of aromatic tetrapyrrole scaffolds and have been extensively studied as homogeneous catalysts for critical catalytic processes like the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) to generate CO as feedstock for the Fischer–Tropsch process to generate a variety of hydrocarbons as chemical fuels. Despite their significance and impact, efficiently driving such catalytic reduction processes is challenging for multiple reasons. Such processes require multiple-electron transfer events, as opposed to single-electron redox chemistry that forms high-energy singly-reduced intermediates. In addition, these electron transfer events must be coupled to proton-transfer steps and avoid application of high overpotentials where proton (H + ) reduction to generate H 2 (as well as other side-reactions) can lower the selectivity and energy efficiency of the eCO 2 RR process. Certain Fe(III) aromatic tetrapyrroles (e.g., porphyrins and corroles) have been reported to overcome these challenges, but are often difficult to synthesize and modify, and have a tendency to support single-electron redox chemistry at the metal as opposed to multielectron redox involving the ligand and metal in concert. Other families of tetrapyrroles in which all four meso-carbons are reduced (i.e., sp 3 -hybridized) are also known in the literature. These non-aromatic tetrapyrroles are known as porphyrinogens and support multi-electron redox chemistry which has been elaborated by several groups, prompting researchers to consider whether these scaffolds may improve the kinetics and efficiencies of multi-electron steps attendant to activation of thermodynamically stable small-molecule substrates such as CO 2 , N 2 , NO 3 − , and NO 2 − . Although porphyrinogens support multi-electron redox properties, the four sp 3 -hybridized meso-carbons inherent to the tetrapyrrole core completely disrupt π-conjugation between pyrrolic units, which compromises the photochemical properties of porphyrinogens in comparison to that of traditional porphyrinoids. Moreover, the highly reducing nature of porphyrinogens predisposes these platforms to extreme air and water sensitivity. Accordingly, such metalated porphyrinogens are often pyrophoric and/or incompatible with many common organic solvents (CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 , CH 3 CN, EtOAc, etc.). Hence, reports of efficient small-molecule activation or catalysis supported by porphyrinogens have been limited. To overcome the instability of porphyrinogens while retaining the scaffold’s attractive multi-electron redox properties, we have directed attention to establishing less-well studied groups of non-aromatic tetrapyrroles (i.e., phlorins, biladienes, and isocorroles). These non-traditional tetrapyrroles each contain just a single sp 3 -hybridized meso-carbon, which ablates the platforms aromaticity but still provides an extended π-framework. In addition to developing innovative platforms that may be used to sustainably generate value-added chemicals, fuels, and ammonia via either photo- or electrocatalytic approaches our work also has significantly broadened our understanding of how to prepare and modulate the properties of non-aromatic tetrapyrroles for other applications. Our efforts entailed a synergistic partnership and active collaborations with Drs. David C. Grills and Mehmed Z. Ertem (both of Brookhaven National Lab) to better characterize isocorroles (and related non-aromatic tetrapyrroles) using a variety of advanced spectroscopic and theoretical methods. Our combined efforts have shown that the combination of properties that isocorroles (and related tetrapyrroles) provide results in good chemical stability paired with unique redox and photochemical characteristics that are not typically supported by simple and/or unadorned aromatic tetrapyrroles. Beside redox chemistry, the photochemistry of isocorroles and other non-aromatic tetrapyrroles containing one sp 3 -hybridized meso-carbon is also appealing due to their absorption in the long-visible to near-IR regions, which are essential for photocatalysis and related applications that benefit from direct excitation at these wavelengths. The results reported vastly improve our understanding of non-aromatic tetrapyrrole synthesis, properties and utility for activation of small molecule substrates such as O 2 and CO 2 in the presence of weak cationic organic acids.
Recent changes in emission patterns may have altered the historical stability of light attenuation strengths within the Arctic and, more specifically, the polar dome. While there have been decades of past and ongoing research on how atmospheric constituents, such as aerosols, affect light absorption, the bulk of this work is focused on the visible region. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in understanding laser light propagation at wavelengths such as 1 and 2 µm in this area. There is a need to evaluate how specific environmental parameters affect the propagation of light in this wavelength region, in particular: the extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients, and how they relate to particle concentration; cn 2 and refractive index variations. Seasonally dependent variations in particle concentrations and compositions introduce different absorption and scattering characteristics that, in conjunction with varying temperatures, index-of-refraction variations, and wind, can result in laser beam focus and irradiance degradation. Understanding the fundamental influence of these parameters with respect to the propagation of light across a wide spectral band could lead to new insights about the minimal required datastreams required to provide accurate light propagation forecasting.
Human Interferon (IFN) alpha, beta, and gamma participate in the body's natural immune response to lethal virus infection and disease.The NIAID Modeling Host Responses to Understand Severe Human Virus Infections Research Program project (2013 - 2018) aimed to develop an improved comprehensive understanding of the host response to a suite of viruses causing lethal infections leveraging a systems biology approach. The NIAID Modeling Host Responses to Understand Severe Human Virus Infections Research Program project (2013-2018) aimed to develop an improved comprehensive understanding of the host response to a suite of viruses causing lethal infections leveraging a systems biology approach. Herein, PNNL sub-projects provide a never before released comprehensive infectious disease collection of primary and secondary transformation multi-Omics data profiling a series of priority pathogen primary experimental studies for enhanced open-access to viral Omics datasets and project lifecycle metadata. Secondary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Transcriptomics (T) dataset downloads each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific Human Interferon (IFN), interferon alpha (IFNα), interferon beta (IFNβ), and/or interferon gamma (IFNγ) stimulated response to an experimental virus infection treatment study. Host sample types include cerebellum ["CB", BTO:0000232], cortical neurons ["CN", BTO:0004102], cortex ["CT", BTO:0000233], dendritic cells ["DC", BTO:0002042], granule cell neurons ["GCN", BTO:0003393], lymph node ["LN", BTO:0000784], and serum ["SE", BTO:0001239] from mouse (Mus musculus) tissue collections.