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At least 847 records · Page 47
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Strategies for mitigating the ionization-induced beam head erosion problem in an electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator

Strategies for mitigating ionization-induced beam head erosion in an electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) are explored when the plasma and the wake are both formed by the transverse electric field of the beam itself. Beam head erosion can occur in a preformed plasma because of a lack of focusing force from the wake at the rising edge (head) of the beam due to the finite inertia of the electrons. When the plasma is produced by field ionization from the space charge field of the beam, the head erosion is significantly exacerbated due to the gradual recession (in the beam frame) of the 100% ionization contour. Beam particles in front of the ionization front cannot be focused (guided) causing them to expand as in vacuum. When they expand, the location of the ionization front recedes such that even more beam particles are completely unguided. Eventually this process terminates the wake formation prematurely, i.e., well before the beam is depleted of its energy. Ionization-induced head erosion can be mitigated by controlling the beam parameters (emittance, charge, and energy) and/or the plasma conditions. In this paper we explore how the latter can be optimized so as to extend the beam propagation distance and thereby increase the energy gain. In particular we show that, by using a combination of the alkali atoms of the lowest practical ionization potential (Cs) for plasma formation and a precursor laser pulse to generate a narrow plasma filament in front of the beam, the head erosion rate can be dramatically reduced. Simulation results show that in the upcoming “two-bunch PWFA experiments” on the FACET facility at SLAC national accelerator laboratory the energy gain of the trailing beam can be up to 10 times larger for the given parameters when employing these techniques. Comparison of the effect of beam head erosion in preformed and ionization produced plasmas is also presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

IOTA (Integrable Optics Test Accelerator): Facility and experimental beam physics program

The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) is a storage ring for advanced beam physics research currently being built and commissioned at Fermilab. It will operate with protons and electrons using injectors with momenta of 70 and 150 MeV/c, respectively. The research program includes the study of nonlinear focusing integrable optical beam lattices based on special magnets and electron lenses, beam dynamics of space-charge effects and their compensation, optical stochastic cooling, and several other experiments. In this article, we present the design and main parameters of the facility, outline progress to date and provide the timeline of the construction, commissioning and research. Finally, the physical principles, design, and hardware implementation plans for the major IOTA experiments are also discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Low-z gas stripper as an alternative to carbon foils for the acceleration of high-power uranium beams

The RIKEN accelerator complex started feeding the next-generation exotic beam facility radioisotope beam factory (RIBF) with heavy-ion beams from 2007 after the successful commissioning of RIBF at the end of 2006. Many improvements made from 2007 to 2010 were instrumental in increasing the intensity of various heavy-ion beams. However, the available beam intensity of very heavy ion beams, especially uranium beams, is far below our goal of 1 p{mu}A (6 x 10{sup 12} particles/s). In order to achieve this goal, upgrade programs are already in progress; the programs include the construction of a new 28-GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source and a new injector linac. However, the most serious problem, that of a charge stripper for high-power uranium beams, still remains unsolved, despite extensive research and development work using large foils mounted on a rotating cylinder and a N{sup 2} gas stripper. A gas stripper is free from problems related to lifetime, though the equilibrium charge state in this stripper is considerably lower than that in a carbon foil, owing to the absence of the density effect. Nevertheless, the merits of gas strippers motivated us to develop a low-Z gas stripper to achieve a higher equilibrium charge state even in gases. We measured the electron-loss and electron-capture cross sections of uranium ions in He gas as a function of their charge state at 11, 14, and 15 MeV/nucleon. The equilibrium charge states extracted from the intersection of the lines of the two cross sections were promisingly higher than those in N{sub 2} gas by more than 10. Simple simulations of charge development along the stripper thickness were performed by assuming the measured cross sections. The simulation results show that about 1 mg/cm{sup 2} of He gas should be accumulated to achieve a charge state higher than that of N{sub 2} gas, notwithstanding the difficulty in accumulation of this helium amount owing to its fast dispersion. However, we now believe that the following two solutions can overcome this difficulty: a gas cell with a very large differential pumping system and a gas cell with a plasma window. Their merits and demerits are discussed in the paper.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

2D electron density profile measurement in tokamak by laser-accelerated ion-beam probe

A new concept of Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP) diagnostic has been proposed, of which the key is to replace the electrostatic accelerator of traditional HIBP by a laser-driven ion accelerator. Due to the large energy spread of ions, the laser-accelerated HIBP can measure the two-dimensional (2D) electron density profile of tokamak plasma. In a preliminary simulation, a 2D density profile was reconstructed with a spatial resolution of about 2 cm, and with the error below 15% in the core region. Diagnostics of 2D density fluctuation is also discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Suppression of Beam Hosing in Plasma Accelerators with Ion Motion

Mitigation of the beam hose instability in plasma-based accelerators is required for the realization of many applications, including plasma-based colliders. The hose instability is analyzed in the blowout regime including plasma ion motion, and ion motion is shown to suppress the hose instability by inducing a head-to-tail variation in the focusing force experienced by the beam. Furthermore, stable acceleration in plasma-based accelerators is possible, while, by use of proper bunch shaping, minimizing the energy spread and preserving the transverse beam emittance.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Accelerator Upgrades Required for Beam Operation at Fermilab in the PIP-II/DUNE Era

The Proton Improvement Plan - II (PIP-II) injector linac is an 800 MeV superconducting H⁻ linac, christened Linac2, that will replace the existing 400 MeV injector to the accelerator complex at Fermilab. The higher energy, intensity and repetition rate require various upgrades to the existing accelerator complex consisting of the Booster, the Recycler Ring and the Main Injector, in order to be able to accept and accelerate beam from PIP-II. In this paper we discuss various upgrades that are required and steps being taken to implement them.

Krishnagopal, S. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Accelerator Upgrades Required for Beam Operation at Fermilab in the PIP-II/DUNE Era

The Proton Improvement Plan - II (PIP-II) injector linac is an 800 MeV superconducting H$^-$ linac, christened Linac2, that will replace the existing 400 MeV injector to the accelerator complex at Fermilab. The higher energy, intensity and repetition rate require various upgrades to the existing accelerator complex consisting of the Booster, the Recycler Ring and the Main Injector, in order to be able to accept and accelerate beam from PIP-II. In this paper we discuss various upgrades that are required and steps being taken to implement them.

Krishnagopal, S. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2010

Beam dynamics of the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment-II, a novel pulse-compressing ion accelerator

Intense beams of heavy ions are well suited for heating matter to regimes of emerging interest. A new facility, NDCX-II, will enable studies of warm dense matter at approx1 eV and near-solid density, and of heavy-ion inertial fusion target physics relevant to electric power production. For these applications the beam must deposit its energy rapidly, before the target can expand significantly. To form such pulses, ion beams are temporally compressed in neutralizing plasma; current amplification factors of approx50-100 are routinely obtained on the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In the NDCX-II physics design, an initial non-neutralized compression renders the pulse short enough that existing high-voltage pulsed power can be employed. This compression is first halted and then reversed by the beam's longitudinal space-charge field. Downstream induction cells provide acceleration and impose the head-to-tail velocity gradient that leads to the final neutralized compression onto the target. This paper describes the discrete-particle simulation models (one-, two-, and three-dimensional) employed and the space-charge-dominated beam dynamics being realized.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Transverse self-modulation of ultra-relativistic lepton beams in the plasma wakefield accelerator

The transverse self-modulation of ultra-relativistic, long lepton bunches in high-density plasmas is explored through full-scale particle-in-cell simulations. We demonstrate that long SLAC-type electron and positron bunches can become strongly radially self-modulated over centimeter distances, leading to wake excitation in the blowout regime with accelerating fields in excess of 20 GV/m. We show that particles energy variations exceeding 10 GeV can occur in meter-long plasmas. We find that the self-modulation of positively and negatively charged bunches differs when the blowout is reached. Seeding the self-modulation instability mitigates the effect of the competing hosing instability. This work reveals that a proof-of-principle experiment to test the physics of bunch self-modulation can be performed with available lepton bunches and with existing experimental apparatus and diagnostics.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1984

The DE-AC accelerator system for high beam current density

A radically different ion accelerator system design has been developed to increase the extracted beam current density of ion thrusters. By independently controlling plasma ion extraction and acceleration, the Decoupled Extraction and Amplified Current (DE-AC) accelerator system gives higher beam currents at lower electric field stress levels. Results are presented for DE-AC grid system operation with the Test Bed Ion Engine. Using argon propellant, feasibility of a 60 mA/sq cm beam current density is shown. A discussion of power supply requirements, specific impulse operation and grid system geometrical design is presented also.

Aston, G.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multi-beam operation of LANSCE accelerator facility

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator facility has been in operation for 50 years performing important scientific support for national security. The unique feature of the LANSCE accelerator facility is multi-beam operation, delivering beams to five experimental areas. The near-term plans are to replace obsolete and almost end-of-life systems of the LANSCE linear accelerator with a modern 100-MeV Front End with significant improvement in beam quality. This paper summarizes experimental results obtained during the operation of the LANSCE accelerator facility and considers plans to expand the performance of the accelerator for near- and long-term operations.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2014

RF conditioning and beam experiments on 400 keV RFQ accelerator at BARC

A 400 keV Radio-frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ) has been designed, developed and tested at BARC. This will be used as a neutron generator (via D-T reaction). The RFQ operates at a resonant frequency of 350 MHz and needs an RF power of ∼ 60 kW to accelerate the deuteron beam to 400 keV within a length of 1.03 m. Though the RFQ is designed for deuteron beam, it was tested by accelerating both the proton and deuteron beams to their designed values of 200 and 400 keV respectively. The proton and deuteron beam experiments required peak RF power of approx. 15 kW and 60 kW respectively at 350 MHz. The RF power from the tetrode amplifier and coaxial transmission lines is coupled to the cavity by a coaxial loop coupler. As the coupler and cavity operated at vacuum of better than 2e-6 torr, extensive RF conditioning of the cavity and coupler was performed to reach at the desired power levels. (author)

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Transverse emittance reduction in muon beams by ionization cooling

Accelerated muon beams have been considered for the next-generation studies of high-energy lepton–antilepton collisions and neutrino oscillations. However, high-brightness muon beams have not yet been produced. The main challenge for muon acceleration and storage stems from the large phase-space volume occupied by the beam, derived from the production mechanism of muons through the decay of pions. The phase-space volume of the muon beam can be decreased through ionization cooling. Here we show that ionization cooling leads to a reduction in the transverse emittance of muon beams that traverse lithium hydride or liquid hydrogen absorbers in the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment. Our results represent a substantial advance towards the realization of muon-based facilities that could operate at the energy and intensity frontiers.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Ion acceleration and heating by kinetic Alfvén waves associated with magnetic reconnection

In a previous study on the generation and signatures of kinetic Alfv en waves (KAWs) associated with magnetic reconnection in a current sheet revealed that KAWs are a common feature during reconnection [Liang et al. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 121, 6526 (2016)]. In this paper, ion acceleration and heating by the KAWs generated during magnetic reconnection are investigated with a three-dimensional (3-D) hybrid model. It is found that in the outflow region, a fraction of inflow ions are accelerated by the KAWs generated in the leading bulge region of reconnection, and their parallel velocities gradually increase up to slightly super-Alfv enic. As a result of waveparticle interactions, an accelerated ion beam forms in the direction of the anti-parallel magnetic field, in addition to the core ion population, leading to the development of non-Maxwellian velocity distributions, which include a trapped population with parallel velocities consistent with the wave speed. We then heat ions in both parallel and perpendicular directions. In the parallel direction, the heating results from nonlinear Landau resonance of trapped ions. In the perpendicular direction, however, evidence of stochastic heating by the KAWs is found during the acceleration stage, with an increase of magnetic moment μ. The coherence in the T $\perp$ ion temperature and the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields of KAWs also provides evidence for perpendicular heating by KAWs. The parallel and perpendicular heating of the accelerated beam occur simultaneously, leading to the development of temperature anisotropy with the perpendicular temperature T $\perp$ >T $\parallel$ temperature. The heating rate agrees with the damping rate of the KAWs, and the heating is dominated by the accelerated ion beam. In the later stage, with the increase of the fraction of the accelerated ions, interaction between the accelerated beam and the core population also contributes to the ion heating, ultimately leading to overlap of the beams and an overall anisotropy with T $\perp$ >T $\parallel$ .

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

High Efficiency Uniform Wakefield Acceleration of a Positron Beam Using Stable Asymmetric Mode in a Hollow Channel Plasma

Plasma wakefield acceleration in the blowout regime is particularly promising for high-energy acceleration of electron beams because of its potential to simultaneously provide large acceleration gradients and high energy transfer efficiency while maintaining excellent beam quality. However, no equivalent regime for positron acceleration in plasma wakes has been discovered to date. We show that after a short propagation distance, an asymmetric electron beam drives a stable wakefield in a hollow plasma channel that can be both accelerating and focusing for a positron beam. A high charge positron bunch placed at a suitable distance behind the drive bunch can beam-load or flatten the longitudinal wakefield and enhance the transverse focusing force, leading to high efficiency and narrow energy spread acceleration of the positrons. Three-dimensional quasistatic particle-in-cell simulations show that an over 30% energy extraction efficiency from the wake to the positrons and a 1% level energy spread can be simultaneously obtained. Further optimization is feasible.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cascade Models in Simulation of Extended Heavy Targets Irradiated by Accelerated Proton and Deuteron Beams

The paper presents a survey of the main numerical models used for simulation of interaction of accelerated particle beams with target nuclei. These models form the core of the software for simulation of various experiments and experimental facilities both for scientific and applied purposes. The beam and target parameters considered in detail in this study (protons and deuterons with energies from 0.66 to 4 AGeV and bulk U targets) cover the range of interest in development of new concepts of nuclear power production aided by accelerated particle beams.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗