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At least 829 records · Page 46
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Developing a diagnostic for energetic laser-Compton produced photon beams

This paper describes the design and simulation of a radiation detector system for diagnostic measurements of photon beams produced by Thomson or Compton Scattering. The photon beam is Compton scattered in a thin passive converter, and the resulting electrons are analyzed using a charge-coupled device-based tracker and classification algorithms. The flux of the scattered electrons is much lower than that of the photon beam and is additionally dispersed. This dispersal enables measurements while avoiding pileup, which is important in order to provide diagnostic information from intense 'shot’ based pulsed systems, such as those being built to leverage laser wakefield accelerators. Simulations indicate that the designed system is capable of resolving beam parameters from a single shot. The fidelity to which various beam parameters can be resolved is presented as are methods that could result in further improvement to diagnostic resolution.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Fabrication of low-cost, large-area prototype Si(Li) detectors for the GAPS experiment

A Si(Li) detector fabrication procedure has been developed with the aim of satisfying the unique requirements of the GAPS (General Antiparticle Spectrometer) experiment. Si(Li) detectors are particularly well-suited to the GAPS detection scheme, in which several planes of detectors act as the target to slow and capture an incoming antiparticle into an exotic atom, as well as the spectrometer and tracker to measure the resulting decay X-rays and annihilation products. These detectors must provide the absorption depth, energy resolution, tracking efficiency, and active area necessary for this technique, all within the significant temperature, power, and cost constraints of an Antarctic long-duration balloon flight. We report here on the fabrication and performance of prototype 2"-diameter, 1–1.25 mm-thick, single-strip Si(Li) detectors that provide the necessary X-ray energy resolution of ~4 keV for a cost per unit area that is far below that of previously-acquired commercial detectors. Lastly, this fabrication procedure is currently being optimized for the 4"-diameter, 2.5 mm-thick, multi-strip geometry that will be used for the GAPS flight detectors.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Signals from fluorescent materials on the surface of silicon micro-strip sensors

For the High-Luminosity Upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced with a new, all-silicon tracker (ITk). In order to minimise the amount of material in the ITk, circuit boards with readout electronics will be glued onto the active area of the sensor. Several adhesives, investigated to be used for the construction of detector modules, were found to become fluorescent when exposed to UV light. These adhesives could become a light source in the high-radiation environment of the ATLAS detector. The effect of fluorescent material covering the sensor surface in a high-radiation environment has been studied for a silicon micro-strip sensor using a micro-focused X-ray beam. By positioning the beam parallel to the sensor surface and pointing it both inside the sensor and above the sensor surface inside the deposited glue, the sensor responses from direct hits and fluorescence can be compared with high precision. This contribution presents a setup to study the susceptibility of silicon strip sensors to light contamination from fluorescent materials and shows their impact on the noise and fake signal rate of a sensor operated in a high-radiation environment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

First bulk and surface results for the ATLAS ITk Strip stereo annulus sensors

A novel microstrip sensor geometry, the stereo annulus, has been developed for use in the end-cap of the ATLAS experiment’s strip tracker upgrade at the HL-LHC. Its first implementation is in the ATLAS12EC sensors, a large-area, radiation-hard, single-sided, AC-coupled, n + -in-p design produced by the ITk Strip Sensor Collaboration and fabricated by Hamamatsu Photonics in early 2017. The results of the initial testing of two ATLAS12EC batches are presented here with a comparison to specification. The potential of the new sensor shape to reinvigorate endcap strip tracking is explained and its effects on sensor performance are isolated by comparing the bulk mechanical and electrical properties of the new sensor to the previous iteration of prototype, the conventional barrel ATLAS12A sensor. The surface properties of the new sensor are evaluated for full-size unirradiated sensors as well as for mini sensors unirradiated and irradiated with protons up to a fluence of 2.2 x 10 15 n eq cm -2 . The results show that the new stereo annulus ATLAS12EC sensors exhibit excellent performance and the expected irradiation evolution.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Results from the CBC3 readout ASIC for CMS 2S-modules

The CBC3 is the latest version of the CMS Binary Chip for readout of the outer radial region of the upgraded CMS Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC. This 254-channel, 130 nm CMOS ASIC is designed to be bump-bonded to a substrate to which sensors will be wire-bonded. It will instrument double-layer 2S-modules, containing two overlaid silicon microstrip sensors, aligned with a parallel orientation. On-chip logic identifies Level-1 trigger primitives from high transverse-momentum tracks by selecting correlated clusters in the two sensors. The CBC3 was delivered in late 2016; wafer probing and performance tests have been carried out. Several prototype modules using the CBC3 have been produced and tested in the lab and in different beams. The results show that the CBC3 satisfies CMS requirements and only small corrections are needed for the final version of the chip for production.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Feasibility of hard X-ray imaging using monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS)

Silicon detectors have been widely used in high energy physics (HEP) experiments. The outstanding properties of silicon detectors include radiation hardness, small material budget, fine spatial resolution, high speed and low cost. In this paper, we report initial results of using a single-bit Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS), a leading candidate for the next generation trackers in high luminosity colliders, for hard X-ray imaging. The MAPS responses to X-ray with different energies are obtained and compared with simulation. The observed cluster sizes are larger than that predicted by the Continuous Slowing Down Approximation (CSDA) model, indicating that the charge diffusion process might play an important in the MAPS response to low energy electrons. In conclusion, this work paves the way towards multiple layer ultrafast silicon sensor applications in synchrotrons and XFEL beamlines.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Test results and prospects for RD53A, a large scale 65 nm CMOS chip for pixel readout at the HL-LHC

The CERN RD53 collaboration was founded to tackle the extraordinary challenges associated with the design of pixel readout chips for the innermost layers of particle trackers at future high energy physics experiments. Around 20 institutions are involved in the collaboration, which has the support of both ATLAS and CMS experiments. The goals of the collaboration include the comprehensive understanding of radiation effects in the 65 nm technology, the development of tools and methodology to efficiently design large complex mixed signal chips and, ultimately, the development of a full size readout chip featuring a 400 × 400 pixel array with 50μm pitch. In August 2017, the collaboration submitted the large scale chip RD53A, integrating a matrix of 400 × 192 pixels and embodying three different analog front-end designs. Here, this work discusses the characteristic of the RD53A chip, with some emphasis on the analog processors, and presents the first test results on the pixel array.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

A HV silicon vertical JFET: TCAD simulations

In the future ATLAS Inner Tracker detector (ITk), several silicon strip modules will be biased by a single High-Voltage (HV) line, so that a switch between each strip sensor and the HV line is required to disconnect faulty sensors. Such a switch must satisfy strict requirements, such as being radiation hard, being able to sustain high voltages in the OFF state and being able to operate in a high magnetic field. At Brookhaven National Laboratory we conceived a new kind of solid-state switch that can potentially meet all the specs: it is a HV silicon vertical JFET. Before designing and fabricating the JFET, we did a study using numerical TCAD simulations that demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating the device in a standard planar technology. As a result, we report such simulations, highlighting in particular a few key parameters to which the JFET performances are most sensitive.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Performance of thin planar n-on-p silicon pixels after HL-LHC radiation fluences

The tracking detector of ATLAS, one of the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), will be upgraded in 2024–2026 to cope with the challenging environment conditions of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The LPNHE, in collaboration with FBK and INFN, has produced 130 μm thick n-on-p silicon pixel sensors which can withstand the expected large particle fluences at HL-LHC, while delivering data at high rate with excellent hit efficiency. Such sensors were tested in beam before and after irradiation both at CERN-SPS and at DESY, and their performance are presented in this paper. Here, beam test data indicate that these detectors are suited for all the layers where planar sensors are foreseen in the future ATLAS tracker: hit-efficiency is greater than 97% for fluences of Φ≲7x10 15 n eq /cm 2 and module power consumption is within the specified limits. Additionally, at a fluence of Φ=1.3x10 16 n eq /cm 2 , hit-efficiency is still as high as 88% and charge collection efficiency is about 30%.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

A new Transition Radiation detector based on GEM technology

Transition Radiation Detectors (TRD) have the potential feature of separating particles by their gamma factor. Classical TRDs are based on Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC) or straw tubes, using a Xenon based gas mixture to efficiently absorb transition radiation photons. These detectors operate well in experiments with relatively low particle multiplicity. The performance of MWPC-TRD in experiments with luminosity of order 10 34 cm 2 s –1 and above, is significantly deteriorated due to the high particle multiplicity and channel occupancy. Replacing MWPC or straw tubes with a high granularity Micro Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGD) like Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs), could improve the performance of the TRD. In addition, GEM technology allows one to combine a tracker with TRD identification (GEM-TRD/T). This report presents a new TRD development based on GEM technology for the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC). The first beam test was performed at Jefferson Lab (Hall-D) using 3–6 GeV electrons. A GEM-TRD/T module has been exposed to electrons with and without a fiber radiator. First results of test beam measurements and comparison with Geant4 Monte Carlo are introduced here.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Extending the dynamic range of electronics in a Time Projection Chamber

When Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) are used in low to intermediate heavy ion collisions, the mass and momentum range of the emitted particles cover a wide range in energy losses. Many TPC readout electronics currently only have a single gain output with a fixed dynamic range. In a recent set of experiments using the SAMURAI Pion-Reconstruction and Ion-Tracker (StrRIT) TPC, it was important to simultaneously measure relativistic pions and heavy ion tracks from the same collisions. As the ionization from a track's energy loss is collected and multiplied by the anode wires, a distribution of image charges is induced on the TPC read-out pads. If the avalanche on a wire is large enough, the charge collected by pads directly underneath will saturate the readout electronics; pads farther away in the distribution will not be saturated. Using these unsaturated pads and the known pad distribution function, we can estimate the charge on saturated pads, increasing the dynamic range by a factor of 5.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

The CLAS12 Forward Tagger

This document presents the technical layout and the performance of the CLAS12 Forward Tagger (FT). The FT, composed of an electromagnetic calorimeter based on PbWO$_4$ crystals (FT-Cal), a scintillation hodoscope (FT-Hodo), and several layers of Micromegas trackers (FT-Trk), has been designed to detect electrons and photons scattered at polar angles from 2$^\circ$ to 5$^\circ$ and to meet the physics goals of the hadron spectroscopy program and other experiments running with the CLAS12 spectrometer in Hall B.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Radiation-hard miniature optical engine with high bandwidth

Future silicon trackers will be operated in an intense radiation environment and require large volumes of data to be transmitted off detector. In addition, the optical modules must be of low mass in order to limit multiple scattering and nuclear interactions that would degrade the overall performance of the detector. Here, we present a miniature optical engine that satisfies these constraints. The optical engine consists of an ASIC driving a VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) array in an optical package. Two ASICs are designed to operate a 12-channel VCSEL array at 1.28 or 5.12 Gb/s per channel, which yields a total data rate of up to 60 Gb/s. The core transistors are fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process which enhance the radiation-hardness. Each channel contains equalizer (CTLE) and clock-data recovery circuits (CDR) so that the ASIC can restore the highly distorted electrical signal after propagating through several meters of cables of small diameter. The equalizer, CDR, and VCSEL driver are configured via a digital I 2 C chip interface with triple redundant memory to mitigate single event upset (SEU) effects. The bias and modulation currents are controlled by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). We present the design of the circuit together with the results of the simulations and preliminary measurements.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Strip sensor performance in prototype modules built for ATLAS ITk

ATLAS experiment is preparing an upgrade of its detector for High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operation. The upgrade involves installation of the new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). In the context of the ITk preparations, more than 80 strip modules were built with prototype barrel sensors. They were tested with electrical readout on a per-channel basis. In general, an excellent performance was observed, consistent with previous ASIC-level and sensor-level tests. However, the lessons learned included two phenomena important for the future phases of the project. First was the need to store and test the modules in a dry environment due to humidity sensitivity of the sensors. The second was an observation of high noise regions for 2 modules. The high noise regions were tested further in several ways, including monitoring the performance as a function of time and bias voltage. Additionally, direct sensor-level tests were performed on the affected channels. The inter-strip resistance and bias resistance tests showed low values, indicating a temporary loss of the inter-strip isolation. A subsequent recovery of the noise performance was observed. Here we present the test details, an analysis of how the inter-strip isolation affects the module noise, and the relationship with sensor-level quality control tests.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Humidity sensitivity of large area silicon sensors: Study and implications

The production of large area sensors is one of the main challenges that the ATLAS collaboration faces for the new Inner-Tracker full-silicon detector. During the prototype fabrication phase for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider upgrade, several ATLAS institutes observed indications of humidity sensitivity of large area sensors, even at relative humidities well below the dew point. Specifically, prototype Barrel and End-Cap silicon strip sensors fabricated in 6-inch wafers manifest a prompt decrease of the breakdown voltage when operating under high relative humidity, adversely affecting the performance of the sensors. In addition to the investigation of these prototype sensors, a specific fabrication batch with special passivation is also studied, allowing for a deeper understanding of the responsible mechanisms. Here we present an extensive study of this behaviour on large area sensors. The locations of the hotspots at the breakdown voltage at high humidity are revealed using different infrared thermography techniques. Several palliative treatments are attempted, proving the influence of sensor cleaning methods, as well as baking, on the device performance, but no improvement on the humidity sensitivity was achieved. Furthermore, a study of the incidence of the sensitivity in different batches is also presented, introducing a hypothesis of the origins of the humidity sensitivity associated to the sensor edge design, together with passivation thickness and conformity. Several actions to be taken during sensor production and assembly are extracted from this study, in order to minimize the impact of humidity sensitivity on the performance of large area silicon sensors for High Energy Physics experiments.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design, assembly and operation of a Cosmic Ray Tagger based on scintillators and SiPMs

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab aims to search for the SM forbidden μ – → e – conversion in Al muonic atoms. The signal signature consists of 104.96 MeV electrons, identified by a straw-tube tracker and a crystal calorimeter, made of two annular disks. Here, in order to calibrate the calorimeter disks with minimum ionizing particles (MIP) before the installation, we have realized a Cosmic Ray Tagger (CRT) at Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) of INFN. The CRT consists of two planes of eight 2.5 x 1.5 x 160 cm 3 plastic scintillator (EJ-200) bars, coupled to SiPMs on both edges, so as to estimate longitudinal hit positions from time differences. 3D MIP tracking is achieved by reconstructing hit positions in the two planes, placed above and below the disks, and allows to calibrate the energy response, to align the time offsets, and to study the detector performances dependence along the crystals axis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Status of the data acquisition, trigger, and slow control systems of the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab

The Mu2e experiment at the Fermilab will search for a coherent neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus with a sensitivity improvement by a factor of 10,000 over existing limits. In this work, the Mu2e Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) uses otsdaq framework as the online Data Acquisition System (DAQ) solution. Developed at Fermilab, otsdaq integrates several framework components — an artdaq-based DAQ, an art-based event processing, and an EPICS-based detector control system (DCS), and provides a uniform multi-user interface to its components through a web browser. Data streams from the Mu2e tracker and calorimeter are handled by the artdaq-based DAQ and processed by a one-level software trigger implemented within the art framework. Events accepted by the trigger have their data combined, post-trigger, with the separately read out data from the Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto system. Foundation of the Mu2e DCS, EPICS – an Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System – is an open-source platform for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving. A prototype of the TDAQ and the DCS systems has been built and tested over the last three years at Fermilab’s Feynman Computing Center, and now the production system installation is underway. This work presents their status and focus on the installation plans and procedures for racks, workstations, network switches, gateway computers, DAQ hardware, slow controls implementation, and testing.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

AI-assisted optimization of the ECCE tracking system at the Electron Ion Collider

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a cutting-edge accelerator facility that will study the nature of the “glue” that binds the building blocks of the visible matter in the universe. The proposed experiment will be realized at Brookhaven National Laboratory in approximately 10 years from now, with detector design and R&D currently ongoing. Notably, EIC is one of the first large-scale facilities to leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI) already starting from the design and R&D phases. The EIC Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment (ECCE) is a consortium that proposed a detector design based on a 1.5 T solenoid. The EIC detector proposal review concluded that the ECCE design will serve as the reference design for an EIC detector. Herein we describe a comprehensive optimization of the ECCE tracker using AI. The work required a complex parametrization of the simulated detector system. Herein our approach dealt with an optimization problem in a multidimensional design space driven by multiple objectives that encode the detector performance, while satisfying several mechanical constraints. We describe our strategy and show results obtained for the ECCE tracking system. The AI-assisted design is agnostic to the simulation framework and can be extended to other sub-detectors or to a system of sub-detectors to further optimize the performance of the EIC detector.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗