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At least 829 records · Page 46
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Strain tuning of vestigial three-state Potts nematicity in a correlated antiferromagnet

Electronic nematicity is a state of matter in which rotational symmetry is spontaneously broken and translational symmetry is preserved. In strongly correlated materials, nematicity often emerges from fluctuations of a multicomponent primary order, such as spin or charge density waves, and is termed vestigial nematicity. One widely studied example is Ising nematicity, which arises as a vestigial order of collinear antiferromagnetism in the tetragonal iron pnictide superconductors. Because nematic directors in crystals are restricted by the underlying crystal symmetry, recently identified quantum materials with three-fold rotational symmetry offer a new platform to investigate nematic order with three-state Potts character. Here, in this study, we demonstrate strain control of three-state Potts nematicity as a vestigial order of zigzag antiferromagnetism in FePSe 3 . Optical linear dichroism measurements reveal the nematic state and demonstrate the rotation of the nematic director by uniaxial strain. We show that the nature of the nematic phase transition can also be controlled by strain, inducing a smooth crossover transition between a Potts nematic transition and an Ising nematic flop transition. Elastocaloric measurements demonstrate the signatures of two coupled phase transitions, indicating that the vestigial nematic transition is separated from the antiferromagnetic transition. This establishes FePSe 3 as a system to explore three-state Potts vestigial nematicity.

Hwangbo, Kyle↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mott transition and correlation effects on strictly localized states in an octagonal quasicrystal

Flat-band systems have attracted significant attention as platforms for studying strongly correlated electron physics, where the dominance of electron-electron interactions over kinetic energy gives rise to a variety of emergent phenomena. Quasicrystals are compelling systems for studying these phenomena as they host degenerate strictly localized states at zero energy due to perfect destructive interference patterns. In this study, we use the slave-rotor mean-field approach to investigate the effects of electron interactions within the Hubbard model on the Ammann-Beenker quasicrystal. The phase diagram characterizing metallic and Mott insulator regions indicates a first-order phase transition. Our analysis shows that the local coordination number affects the local quasiparticle weight, displaying varying metallicity across the sites. Furthermore, we focus on the strictly localized states that arise in the noninteracting limit. We find that interactions and deviation from particle-hole symmetry induce spectral splitting, broadening, and partial delocalization of the localized states, depending on the local environment. In particular, certain localized states with higher coordination numbers remain more robust compared to others. Finally, our results highlight the critical role of local geometry in shaping correlation effects in flat-band quasicrystals.

Mott insulators↗
NASA NTRS1986

Spatial and temporal variability of infrared-observable properties of the Jovian atmosphere: A partial survey

Examination of infrared characteristics of the Jovian atmosphere are made using Voyager IRIS mapping from 1979, groud based scanning from 1979-1983, and ground based mapping from 1983 to the present. In general, there is a strong correlation between tropospheric thermal properties and the visual cloud albedo for all observations. The Voyager IRIS maps show no strong evidence for day/night differences. Temperature differences diminish with depth in the troposphere. Temporal changes over several weeks indicate a high correlation between thermal and visual properties, although no changes in the distribution of para H2 and ortho H2 are seen. Stratospheric banded organization is different from the troposphere, and there is a temperature enhancement near the north magnetic pole. The spatial distributions of ammonia gas and ammonia ice absorption are different. Stratospheric temperatures exhibit seasonal hemispheric asymmetry. Other temperature changes at and below the 150-mb level correlate with changes in the Jovian visual structure. The stratospheric temperature field is uncorrelated with visual features or temperatures below the 150-mb level. Elevated temperatures are observed near both north and south magnetic pole positions. Both the meridional positions and the relative intensities of stratospheric banded organization change significantly, especially after 1982. Ground based mapping confirms a correlation between temperatures and various measures of cloud distribution. Complex and unexpected characteristics are observed in the stratospheric temperature field; these include dramatic temporal changes on short time scales.

Orton, Glenn S.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Correlation of X-ray burst properties with source state in the 'atoll' source 4U/MXB 1636 - 53

A series of Exosat observations of the 'atoll' source 4U/MXB 1636 - 53 shows that duration and temperature of the X-ray bursts strongly correlate with the X-ray spectral and fast variability characteristics of the persistent emission of the source. This implies that spectral shape, fast variability, and burst duration and temperature all correlate well with accretion rate M. This provides a strong argument that in the atoll sources, source-state is determined by M, just as in the Z sources. These observations also show that the persistent X-ray intensity can vary independently from the other mentioned characteristics. Therefore, intensity is probably not a good measure for the accretion rate.

Van Der Klis, M.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Strain coupling of oxygen non-stoichiometry in perovskite thin films

The effects of strain and oxygen vacancies on perovskite thin films have been studied in great detail over the past decades and have been treated separately from each other. While epitaxial strain has been realized as a tuning knob to tailor the functional properties of correlated oxides, oxygen vacancies are usually regarded as undesirable and detrimental. In transition metal oxides, oxygen defects strongly modify the properties and functionalities via changes in oxidation states of the transition metals. However, such coupling is not well understood in epitaxial films, but rather deemed as cumbersome or experimental artifact. Only recently it has been recognized that lattice strain and oxygen non-stoichiometry are strongly correlated in a vast number of perovskite systems and that this coupling can be beneficial for information and energy technologies. Recent experimental and theoretical studies have focused on understanding the correlated phenomena between strain and oxygen vacancies for a wide range of perovskite systems. These correlations not only include the direct relationship between elastic strain and the formation energy of oxygen vacancies, but also comprise highly complex interactions such as strain-induced phase transitions due to oxygen vacancy ordering. Therefore, we aim in this review to give a comprehensive overview on the coupling between strain and oxygen vacancies in perovskite oxides and point out the potential applications of the emergent functionalities strongly coupled to oxygen vacancies.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Revisiting the first Sandia Fracture Challenge with transient deformation heating and strain localization considerations

In this study, we present a systematic experimental study and accompanying theoretical analysis of the dependence of ductile fracture on strain localization, strain hardening rates, deformation-induced thermal softening, and transient heat conduction under spatially uniform as well as spatially heterogeneous deformation. Spatially uniform cases are studied via standard dogbone shaped specimens subject to uniaxial tension. Spatially heterogeneous deformation is studied via the so-called Sandia Fracture Challenge (SFC) specimen, which is a standard compact tension specimen modified with three machined holes in front of a blunt notch. We utilize the same precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steel used in the first SFC experiments, i.e. 15-5 PH with an H1075 heat treatment. We also study 15-5 PH in Condition A and with the H900 heat treatment, each of which has a different hardening behavior and ductility. We find that the ductility does not correlate with the deformation to first crack initiation in the SFC specimen. Instead, hardening rates are better correlated. Moreover, a re-examination finds that an accurate calibration of the hardening rates is strongly correlated with accurate blind predictions of ductile fracture in the SFC specimens. Given that thermal softening can greatly affect hardening rates, we provided a thermographic analysis of deformation-induced heating and transient heat transfer in both the dogbone shaped samples and the SFC specimens. Transient heating in stainless steels is found to have first-order effects on the strain at the onset of necking, strain to fracture, as well as strain localization and ductile fracture in complex geometries even under so-called quasi-static loading rates.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Probing water distribution in compressed fuel-cell gas-diffusion layers using X-ray computed tomography

X-ray computed tomography was used to investigate geometrical land and channel effects on spatial liquid-water distribution in gas-diffusion layers (GDLs) of polymer-electrolyte fuel cells under different levels of compression. At low compression, a uniform liquid-water front was observed due to water redistribution and uniform porosity; however, at high compression, the water predominantly advanced at locations under the channel for higher liquid pressures. Lastly, at low compression, no apparent correlation between the spatial liquid water and porosity distributions was observed, whereas at high compression, a strong correlation was shown, indicating a potential for smart GDL architecture design with modulated porosity.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Geometrical picture of the electron–electron correlation at the large- D limit

In electronic structure calculations, the correlation energy is defined as the difference between the mean field and the exact solution of the non relativistic Schrödinger equation. Such an error in the different calculations is not directly observable as there is no simple quantum mechanical operator, apart from correlation functions, that correspond to such quantity. Here, we use the dimensional scaling approach, in which the electrons are localized at the large-dimensional scaled space, to describe a geometric picture of the electronic correlation. Both, the mean field, and the exact solutions at the large-D limit have distinct geometries. Thus, the difference might be used to describe the correlation effect. Moreover, correlations can be also described and quantified by the entanglement between the electrons, which is a strong correlation without a classical analog. Entanglement is directly observable and it is one of the most striking properties of quantum mechanics and bounded by the area law for local gapped Hamiltonians of interacting many-body systems. This study opens up the possibility of presenting a geometrical picture of the electron–electron correlations and might give a bound on the correlation energy. Furthermore, the results at the large-D limit and at D = 3 indicate the feasibility of using the geometrical picture to get a bound on the electron–electron correlations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Correlated atomic dynamics in liquid seen in real space and time

In liquids, the timescales for structure, diffusion, and phonon are all similar, of the order of a pico-second. This not only makes characterization of liquid dynamics difficult but also renders it highly questionable to describe liquids in these terms. In particular, the current definition of the structure of liquids by the instantaneous structure may need to be expanded because the liquid structure is inherently dynamic. Here, we advocate describing the liquid structure through the distinct-part of the Van Hove function, which can be determined by inelastic neutron and x-ray scattering measurements as well as by simulation. It depicts the dynamic correlation between atoms in space and time, starting with the instantaneous correlation function at t = 0. The observed Van Hove functions show that the atomic dynamics is strongly correlated in some liquids, such as water. The effect of atomic correlation on various transport properties of fluid, including viscosity and diffusivity, is discussed.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Direct evidence of octupole deformation in neutron-rich 144 Ba

Here, the neutron-rich nucleus 144 Ba (t 1/2 = 11.5 s) is expected to exhibit some of the strongest octupole correlations among nuclei with mass numbers A less than 200. Until now, indirect evidence for such strong correlations has been inferred from observations such as enhanced E1 transitions and interleaving positive- and negative-parity levels in the ground-state band. In this experiment, the octupole strength was measured directly by sub-barrier, multistep Coulomb excitation of a post-accelerated 650-MeV 144 Ba beam on a 1.0–mg/cm 2 208 Pb target. The measured value of the matrix element, < 3 1 –∥M(E3)∥0 1 + >= 0.65( +17 –23 ) eb 3/2 , corresponds to a reduced B(E3) transition probability of 48( +25 –34 ) W.u. This result represents an unambiguous determination of the octupole collectivity, is larger than any available theoretical prediction, and is consistent with octupole deformation.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

MO-E-17A-08: Attenuation-Based Size Adjusted, Scanner-Independent Organ Dose Estimates for Head CT Exams: TG 204 for Head CT

Purpose: AAPM Task Group 204 described size specific dose estimates (SSDE) for body scans. The purpose of this work is to use a similar approach to develop patient-specific, scanner-independent organ dose estimates for head CT exams using an attenuation-based size metric. Methods: For eight patient models from the GSF family of voxelized phantoms, dose to brain and lens of the eye was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations of contiguous axial scans for 64-slice MDCT scanners from four major manufacturers. Organ doses were normalized by scannerspecific 16 cm CTDIvol values and averaged across all scanners to obtain scanner-independent CTDIvol-to-organ-dose conversion coefficients for each patient model. Head size was measured at the first slice superior to the eyes; patient perimeter and effective diameter (ED) were measured directly from the GSF data. Because the GSF models use organ identification codes instead of Hounsfield units, water equivalent diameter (WED) was estimated indirectly. Using the image data from 42 patients ranging from 2 weeks old to adult, the perimeter, ED and WED size metrics were obtained and correlations between each metric were established. Applying these correlations to the GSF perimeter and ED measurements, WED was calculated for each model. The relationship between the various patient size metrics and CTDIvol-to-organ-dose conversion coefficients was then described. Results: The analysis of patient images demonstrated the correlation between WED and ED across a wide range of patient sizes. When applied to the GSF patient models, an exponential relationship between CTDIvol-to-organ-dose conversion coefficients and the WED size metric was observed with correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.77 for the brain and lens of the eye, respectively. Conclusion: Strong correlation exists between CTDIvol normalized brain dose and WED. For the lens of the eye, a lower correlation is observed, primarily due to surface dose variations. Funding Support: Siemens-UCLA Radiology Master Research Agreement; Disclosures - Michael McNitt-Gray: Institutional Research Agreement, Siemens AG; Research Support, Siemens AG; Consultant, Flaherty Sensabaugh Bonasso PLLC; Consultant, Fulbright and Jaworski.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-781: Using An Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) for Correlating Linac Photon Beam Energies

Purpose: Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) have proven to be useful for measuring several parameters of interest in linear accelerator (linac) quality assurance (QA). The purpose of this project was to evaluate the feasibility of using EPIDs for determining linac photon beam energies. Methods: Two non-clinical Varian TrueBeam linacs (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) with 6MV and 10MV photon beams were used to perform the measurements. The linacs were equipped with an amorphous silicon based EPIDs (aSi1000) that were used for the measurements. We compared the use of flatness versus percent depth dose (PDD) for predicting changes in linac photon beam energy. PDD was measured in 1D water tank (Sun Nuclear Corporation, Melbourne FL) and the profiles were measured using 2D ion-chamber array (IC-Profiler, Sun Nuclear) and the EPID. Energy changes were accomplished by varying the bending magnet current (BMC). The evaluated energies conformed with the AAPM TG142 tolerance of ±1% change in PDD. Results: BMC changes correlating with a ±1% change in PDD corresponded with a change in flatness of ∼1% to 2% from baseline values on the EPID. IC Profiler flatness values had the same correlation. We observed a similar trend for the 10MV beam energy changes. Our measurements indicated a strong correlation between changes in linac photon beam energy and changes in flatness. For all machines and energies, beam energy changes produced change in the uniformity (AAPM TG-142), varying from ∼1% to 2.5%. Conclusions: EPID image analysis of beam profiles can be used to determine linac photon beam energy changes. Flatness-based metrics or uniformity as defined by AAPM TG-142 were found to be more sensitive to linac photon beam energy changes than PDD. Research funding provided by Varian Medical Systems. Dr. Sasa Mutic receives compensation for providing patient safety training services from Varian Medical Systems, the sponsor of this study.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of superconductivity on the shape of flat bands

Abstract For the first time, basing both on experimental facts and our theoretical consideration, we show that Fermi systems with flat bands should be tuned with the superconducting state. Experimental measurements on magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene of the Fermi velocity V F as a function of the temperature T c of superconduction phase transition have revealed , where N s (0) is the density of states at the Fermi level. We show that the high- T c compounds exhibit the same behavior. Such observation is a challenge to theories of high- T c superconductivity, since V F is negatively correlated with T c , for . We show that the theoretical idea of forming flat bands in strongly correlated Fermi systems can explain this behavior and other experimental data collected on both and twisted bilayer graphene. Our findings place stringent constraints on theories describing the nature of high- T c superconductivity and the deformation of flat band by the superconducting phase transition.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2016

X-RAY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE STEADY STATES OF GRS1915+105

We report on the X-ray spectral behavior within the steady states of GRS1915+105. Our work is based on the full data set of the source obtained using the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) on the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and 15 GHz radio data obtained using the Ryle Telescope. The steady observations within the X-ray data set naturally separated into two regions in the color–color diagram and we refer to these regions as steady-soft and steady-hard. GRS1915+105 displays significant curvature in the coronal component in both the soft and hard data within the RXTE/PCA bandpass. A majority of the steady-soft observations displays a roughly constant inner disk radius (R{sub in}), while the steady-hard observations display an evolving disk truncation which is correlated to the mass accretion rate through the disk. The disk flux and coronal flux are strongly correlated in steady-hard observations and very weakly correlated in the steady-soft observations. Within the steady-hard observations, we observe two particular circumstances when there are correlations between the coronal X-ray flux and the radio flux with log slopes η∼0.68±0.35 and η∼1.12±0.13. They are consistent with the upper and lower tracks of Gallo et al. (2012), respectively. A comparison of the model parameters to the state definitions shows that almost all of the steady-soft observations match the criteria of either a thermal or steep power-law state, while a large portion of the steady-hard observations match the hard-state criteria when the disk fraction constraint is neglected.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1987

The effects of interactions on spiral galaxies. II - Disk star-formation rates

H-alpha emission-line and IRAS far-IR observations of interacting spiral and irregular galaxies are here used to assess the influence of interactions on their global star-formation rates. Two samples of interacting galaxies were observed: a complete sample of close pairs, and an Arp atlas sample of peculiar systems. When compared to a control sample of single galaxies, both samples of interacting systems exhibit systematically higher levels of H-alpha and infrared emission on average, and a larger dispersion in emission properties. Emission levels in the very active system are much more strongly correlated with the properties of the interaction than with the internal properties of the galaxies themselves. Strong disk emission is almost always accompanied by unusually strong nuclear activity. Simple star-formation burst models can reproduce the observed H-alpha equivalent widths and broadband colors of most of the galaxies. The bursts are relatively short (few times 10 million yr) and rarely involve more than 1-2 percent of a galaxy's total mass.

Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Pre-mixed flame simulations for non-unity Lewis numbers

A principal effect of turbulence on premixed flames in the flamelet region is to wrinkle the flame fronts. For non-unity Lewis numbers (Le), the local flame structure is altered in curved regions. This effect is examined using direct numerical simulations of the three dimensional, constant density, decaying isotropic turbulence with a single step, finite rate chemical reaction. Simulations of Lewis numbers 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 are compared. The turbulent flame speed, S(sub T), increases as Le decreases. The correlation between S(sub T) and u prime found in previous Le = 1 simulations has a strong Lewis number dependency. The variance of the pdf of the flame curvature increases as Le decreases, indicating that the flames become more wrinkled. A strong correlation between local flame speed and curvature was found. For Le greater than 1, the flame speed increases in regions concave towards the products and decreases in convex regions. The opposite correlation was found for Le less than 1. The mean temperature of the products was also found to vary with Lewis number. For Le = 0.8, it is less than the adiabatic flame temperature and for Le = 1.2 it is greater.

Rutland, C. J.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Application of Reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-R) Signals in the Estimation of Sea Roughness Effects in Microwave Radiometry

In February-March 2009 NASA JPL conducted an airborne field campaign using the Passive Active L-band System (PALS) and the Ku-band Polarimetric Scatterometer (PolSCAT) collecting measurements of brightness temperature and near surface wind speeds. Flights were conducted over a region of expected high-speed winds in the Atlantic Ocean, for the purposes of algorithm development for salinity retrievals. Wind speeds encountered were in the range of 5 to 25 m/s during the two weeks deployment. The NASA-Langley GPS delay-mapping receiver (DMR) was also flown to collect GPS signals reflected from the ocean surface and generate post-correlation power vs. delay measurements. This data was used to estimate ocean surface roughness and a strong correlation with brightness temperature was found. Initial results suggest that reflected GPS signals, using small low-power instruments, will provide an additional source of data for correcting brightness temperature measurements for the purpose of sea surface salinity retrievals.

Voo, Justin K.↗