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At least 829 records · Page 46
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Thermal modulation of nonlinear ultrasonic waves for nondestructive evaluation of elastic materials

Temperature variation is often considered an undesirable factor in ultrasonic testing, as wave velocity is highly sensitive to thermal fluctuations. However, completely eliminating the temperature effect is difficult, particularly in tests requiring precise velocity measurements. Recently, a method called Thermal Modulation of Nonlinear Ultrasonics (TMNL) has been developed. Instead of eliminating the thermal effect, the TMNL method leverages the temperature variation as a driving force to stimulate the nonlinear response of the medium and modulate the ultrasonic waves propagating in it. These modulated waves can then be used to evaluate the nonlinear behaviours of the test medium. This paper presents a focused review of the TMNL technique, including its theoretical foundations, particularly the conceptual challenges in integrating thermal effects into classical acoustoelastic theory, and recent applications in non-destructive evaluation (NDE). Three case studies are presented to demonstrate TMNL’s application in detecting microcracking in concrete, assessing ageing in polymer materials, and enabling temperature compensation in acoustoelastic tests. In conclusion, the review also summarises related studies, including photothermal crack modulation, and discusses current limitations and future directions of TMNL in elastic media.

NDE↗
DOE OSTI2013

MULTIBAND STUDIES OF THE OPTICAL PERIODIC MODULATION IN THE X-RAY BINARY SAX J1808.4-3658 DURING ITS QUIESCENCE AND 2008 OUTBURST

We report on time-resolved optical imaging of the X-ray binary SAX J1808.4-3658 during its quiescent state and 2008 outburst. The binary, containing an accretion-powered millisecond pulsar, has a large sinusoidal-like modulation in its quiescent optical emission. We employ a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique to fit our multi-band light curve data in quiescence with an irradiated star model, and derive a tight constraint of 50{sup +6}{sub -5} deg on the inclination angle i of the binary system. The pulsar and its companion are constrained to have masses of 0.97{sub -0.22}{sup +0.31} M{sub Sun} and 0.04{sub -0.01}{sup +0.02} M{sub Sun} (both 1{sigma} ranges), respectively. The dependence of these results on the measurements of the companion's projected radial velocity is discussed. We also find that the accretion disk had nearly constant optical fluxes over a {approx}500 day period in the quiescent state our data covered, but started brightening 1.5 months before the 2008 outburst. Variations in modulation during the outburst were detected in our four observations made 7-12 days after the start of the outburst, and a sinusoidal-like modulation with 0.2 mag amplitude changed to have a smaller amplitude of 0.1 mag. The modulation variations are discussed. We estimate the albedo of the companion during its quiescence and the outburst, which was approximately 0 and 0.8 (for isotropic emission), respectively. This large difference probably provides additional evidence that the neutron star in the binary turns on as a radio pulsar in quiescence.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

THE DISCOVERY OF PERIODIC MODULATIONS IN THE OPTICAL SPECTRA OF GALAXIES, POSSIBLY DUE TO ULTRARAPID LIGHT BURSTS FROM THEIR MASSIVE CENTRAL BLACK HOLES

A Fourier transform analysis of 2.5 million spectra in the SDSS survey was carried out to detect periodic modulations contained in the intensity versus frequency spectrum. A statistically significant signal was found for 223 galaxies, while the spectra of 0.9 million galaxies were observed. A plot of the periods as a function of redshift clearly shows that the effect is real without any doubt, because the modulations are quantized at two base periods that increase with redshift in two very tight parallel linear relations. We suggest that this result could be caused by light bursts separated by times on the order of 10{sup -13} s, but other causes may be possible. We investigate the hypothesis that the modulation is generated by the Fourier transform of spectral lines, but conclude that this hypothesis is not valid. Although the light burst suggestion implies absurdly high temperatures, it is supported by the fact that the Crab pulsar also has extremely short unresolved pulses (<0.5 ns) that imply similarly high temperatures. Furthermore, the radio spectrum of the Crab pulsar also has spectral bands similar to those that have been detected. Finally, decreasing the signal-to-noise threshold of detection gives results consistent with beamed signals having a small beam divergence, as expected from non-thermal sources that send a jet, like those seen in pulsars. Considering that galaxy centers contain massive black holes, exotic black hole physics may be responsible for the spectral modulation. However, at this stage, this idea is only a hypothesis to be confirmed with further work.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Superorbital periodic modulation in wind-accretion high-mass X-ray binaries from swift burst alert telescope observations

We report the discovery using data from the Swift-Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) of superorbital modulation in the wind-accretion supergiant high-mass X-ray binaries 4U 1909+07 (= X 1908+075), IGR J16418–4532, and IGR J16479–4514. Together with already known superorbital periodicities in 2S 0114+650 and IGR J16493–4348, the systems exhibit a monotonic relationship between superorbital and orbital periods. These systems include both supergiant fast X-ray transients and classical supergiant systems, and have a range of inclination angles. This suggests an underlying physical mechanism which is connected to the orbital period. In addition to these sources with clear detections of superorbital periods, IGR J16393–4643 (= AX J16390.4–4642) is identified as a system that may have superorbital modulation due to the coincidence of low-amplitude peaks in power spectra derived from BAT, Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer Proportional Counter Array, and International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory light curves. 1E 1145.1–6141 may also be worthy of further attention due to the amount of low-frequency modulation of its light curve. However, we find that the presence of superorbital modulation is not a universal feature of wind-accretion supergiant X-ray binaries.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

THE EFFECT OF A DYNAMIC INNER HELIOSHEATH THICKNESS ON COSMIC-RAY MODULATION

The time-dependent modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere is studied over different polarity cycles by computing 2.5 GV proton intensities using a two-dimensional, time-dependent modulation model. By incorporating recent theoretical advances in the relevant transport parameters in the model, we showed in previous work that this approach gave realistic computed intensities over a solar cycle. New in this work is that a time dependence of the solar wind termination shock (TS) position is implemented in our model to study the effect of a dynamic inner heliosheath thickness (the region between the TS and heliopause) on the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. The study reveals that changes in the inner heliosheath thickness, arising from a time-dependent shock position, does affect cosmic-ray intensities everywhere in the heliosphere over a solar cycle, with the smallest effect in the innermost heliosphere. A time-dependent TS position causes a phase difference between the solar activity periods and the corresponding intensity periods. The maximum intensities in response to a solar minimum activity period are found to be dependent on the time-dependent TS profile. It is found that changing the width of the inner heliosheath with time over a solar cycle can shift the time of when the maximum or minimum cosmic-ray intensities occur at various distances throughout the heliosphere, but more significantly in the outer heliosphere. The time-dependent extent of the inner heliosheath, as affected by solar activity conditions, is thus an additional time-dependent factor to be considered in the long-term modulation of cosmic rays.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Dark-matter harmonics beyond annual modulation

The count rate at dark-matter direct-detection experiments should modulate annually due to the motion of the Earth around the Sun. We show that higher-frequency modulations, including daily modulation, are also present and in some cases are nearly as strong as the annual modulation. These higher-order modes are particularly relevant if (i) the dark matter is light, O(10) GeV, (ii) the scattering is inelastic, or (iii) velocity substructure is present; for these cases, the higher-frequency modes are potentially observable at current and ton-scale detectors. We derive simple expressions for the harmonic modes as functions of the astrophysical and geophysical parameters describing the Earth's orbit, using an updated expression for the Earth's velocity that corrects a common error in the literature. For an isotropic halo velocity distribution, certain ratios of the modes are approximately constant as a function of nuclear recoil energy. Anisotropic distributions can also leave observable features in the harmonic spectrum. Consequently, the higher-order harmonic modes are a powerful tool for identifying a potential signal from interactions with the Galactic dark-matter halo.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

DISCOVERY OF GAMMA-RAY ORBITAL MODULATION IN THE BLACK WIDOW PSR J1311–3430

We report our discovery of orbitally modulated γ-ray emission from the black widow system PSR J1311−3430. We analyze the Fermi Large Area Telescope data during the off-pulse phase interval of the pulsar and find the orbital modulation signal at a ∼3σ confidence level. Further spectral analysis shows no significant differences for the spectra obtained during the bright and faint orbital phase ranges. A simple sinusoid-like function can describe the modulation. Given these properties, we suggest that the intrabinary γ-ray emission arises from the region close to the companion and the modulation is caused by the occultation of the emitting region by the companion, similar to that is seen in the transitional millisecond pulsar binary (MSP) PSR J1023+0038. Considering the X-ray detection of intrabinary shock emission from eclipsing MSP binaries recently reported, this discovery further suggests the general existence of intrabinary γ-ray emission from them.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Reliability Analysis of Large-Area, Low Pressure-Assisted Silver Sintering for Medium-Voltage Power Modules

Multi-layer insulating ceramic substrates can enable medium-voltage (MV) power modules with reduced peak electric field. This benefit is particularly important for MV silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs due to their higher operating voltages. Large-area, low-pressure assisted silver sintering is a potential solution for bonding substrates to create a multi-layer structure. The voiding content and defect density of the bond used to create the multi-layer substrate stack-up is critical to the reliability of the power module and the thermal performance, as this bond is in the primary path for heat dissipation in the power module structure. Here, samples of two-layer direct bonded aluminum (DBA) stacks have been fabricated and subjected to thermal cycling to analyze their reliability. Passive thermal cycling from -40 degrees C to 200 degrees C was performed. Cross-sections were cut at pre-determined intervals and imaged with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). After 1000 thermal cycles, adhesive failures are observed between the sintered silver and the DBA surface. Cross-sections were cut and imaged via optical microscope and SEM. Thermal analyzer measurements are recorded on a 10-kV SiC power module utilizing the sintered DBA substrate stacks.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Elucidating PID Degradation Mechanisms and In Situ Dark I–V Monitoring for Modeling Degradation Rate in CdTe Thin-Film Modules

A progression of potential-induced degradation (PID) mechanisms are observed in CdTe modules, including shunting/junction degradation and two different manifestations of series resistance depending on the stress level and water ingress. The dark I-V method for in-situ characterization of Pmax based on superposition was adapted for the thin-film modules undergoing PID in view of the degradation mechanisms observed. An exponential model based on module temperature and relative humidity was fit to the PID rate for multiple stress levels in chamber tests and validated by predicting the observed degradation of the module type in the field.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Historical Analysis of Champion Photovoltaic Module Efficiencies

Champion photovoltaic (PV) cell and module efficiencies have been reported in Progress in PV since 1993. Following the evolution of these efficiencies enables researchers to track the progress of various technologies. National Renewable Energy Laboratory has maintained a historical chart of the champion cell efficiencies, but has not published a similar chart of champion module efficiencies. Here, we analyze champion module efficiencies and compare them to champion cell efficiencies to better understand technology trends over the last three decades, highlighting that, in some cases, module efficiencies exceed 90% of cell efficiencies. Recommendations are provided on how to change the data collection and reporting for champion efficiencies to increase the value of these records.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Transmission Electron Microscopy Study on Microstructure of Degraded CdTe Mini-Modules

In this paper, we employ transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) to study the structure and chemistry of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar cells with different extents of degradation. The studied regions originate from the same photovoltaic mini-module, which was subjected to one-sun light exposure at a temperature of 100 degrees C for 400 h to induce light and heat degradation. EDS maps reveal a discontinuous CdS layer and particles rich in O and S but Te-depleted within the CdTe absorber layer after the light and heat stress. These features could act as enhanced recombination centers, resulting in decreased photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Additionally, the most degraded CdTe sample shows a strong accumulation of Na precisely localized in the discontinuous part of the CdS layer. The local Na concentration is determined to be ~16 at.%. In addition, appreciable Na accumulation is observed at the soda-lime glass/transparent conductive oxide interface in both degraded CdTe solar cells. The microstructure of the baseline CdTe mini-module with no stress was also investigated to demonstrate that the structure difference was caused by the light- and heat-induced degradation, instead of module fabrication. These results highlight the need to control the distribution of Na in fielded CdTe modules to sustain long-term high-power output.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Surface Stress Characterization and Trends in Thermally Strengthened Photovoltaic Module Glass

Simultaneous changes in photovoltaic (PV) module architecture-such as increased area, replacing the polymeric backsheet with a glass backsheet, and reducing glass thickness from 3.2 to 2.0 mm-have resulted in a novel failure called spontaneous glass breakage. Spontaneous glass breakage results in front and/or rear glass failure without any obvious cause. The resulting low-energy fracture patterns have raised concerns about the thermal strengthening in 2.0-mm glass. We present validation of a nondestructive method for measuring the glass surface stress in PV modules. We use a scattered light polariscope to examine the glass properties of 11 modules from 6 solar fields, with and without spontaneous glass breakage. Based on a Mann-Whitney test p-value of 1.4 x 10-6, we conclude that there is a correlation between lower surface stress and susceptibility to spontaneous breakage. A Kendall's Tau test p-value of 2.0 x 10-4 indicates a correlation between increased module area and lower surface stress. We find that 2.0-mm glass can be, and often is, fully tempered (surface stress ≥69 MPa), but inspecting the fracture pattern is not a reliable way to assess the amount of thermal strengthening. A combination of factors, not just surface stress, influences glass breakage.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Evaluation of PV Module Field Performance

This paper describes an effort to inspect and evaluate PV modules in order to determine what failure or degradation modes are occurring in field installations. This paper will report on the results of six site visits, including the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) Hedge Array, Tucson Electric Power (TEP) Springerville, Central Florida Utility, Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), the TEP Solar Test Yard, and University of Toledo installations. The effort here makes use of a recently developed field inspection data collection protocol, and the results were input into a corresponding database. The results of this work have also been used to develop a draft of the IEC standard for climate and application specific accelerated stress testing beyond module qualification. TEP Solar Test Yard, and University of Toledo installations. The effort here makes use of a recently developed field inspection data collection protocol, and the results were input into a corresponding database. The results of this work have also been used to develop a draft of the IEC standard for climate and application specific accelerated stress testing beyond module qualification. TEP Solar Test Yard, and University of Toledo installations. The effort here makes use of a recently developed field inspection data collection protocol, and the results were input into a corresponding database. The results of this work have also been used to develop a draft of the IEC standard for climate and application specific accelerated stress testing beyond module qualification.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Practical Irradiance Model for Bifacial PV Modules

A model, suitable for a row or multiple rows of photovoltaic (PV) modules, is presented for estimating the backside irradiance for bifacial PV modules. The model, which includes the effects of shading by the PV rows, is based on the use of configuration factors to determine the fraction of a source of irradiance that is received by the backside of the PV module. Backside irradiances are modeled along the sloped height of the PV module, but assumed not to vary along the length of the PV row. The backside irradiances are corrected for angle-ofincidence losses and may be added to the front side irradiance to determine the total irradiance resource for the PV cell. Model results are compared with the measured backside irradiances for NREL and Sandia PV systems, and with results when using ray tracing software.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Combined-Accelerated Stress Testing System for Photovoltaic Modules

Combining the stress factors of the natural environment into a single test for photovoltaic modules requires fewer modules, fewer parallel tests, and makes it possible to discover potential weaknesses that are not known textbfa priori in new module designs. In this work, we present the necessary textbfhardware and textbfsoftware capabilities for developing, implementing, and performing Combined-Accelerated Stress Testing (C-AST) protocols for photovoltaic modules, using off-the-shelf equipment and accessible software development tools, with the aim of supporting the development of C-AST capabilities by the photovoltaic community.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Prediction of Potential-Induced Degradation Rate of Thin-Film Modules in the Field Based on Coulombs Transferred

We validated the use of coulombs transferred between the active cell circuit and ground as an index for quantitatively predicting degradation rate in the field for two thin-film module types undergoing potential-induced degradation (PID). The dependence was determined by comparing the degradation rate and leakage current in the field (Cocoa, Florida) to accelerated tests (85 degrees C, 85% relative humidity), both with the application of -1,000 V bias to the cell circuit. The two module types, which degraded about 4% and 11% in power after application of 96 h of bias in chamber, degraded 5% in the field by PID within 200 days and 6 days, respectively. The signatures of PID in the thin-film modules by electroluminescence, photoluminescence, and thermography are shown so that PID in fielded thin-film modules can be identified.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Artifact-Free Coring Procedures for Removing Samples from Photovoltaic Modules for Microscopic Analysis

An important step in producing more reliable and efficient photovoltaic modules is to establish a relationship between the microscopic properties of modules deployed in the field for many years and efficiency-related parameters. The first step in accomplishing this task is to be able to identify and remove small areas from these modules without causing any damage to these samples. In this work, we will describe two different procedures to core small areas of deployed and stressed solar panels produced with different materials (Si, CIGS, and CdTe), and we will prove that these processes did not damage the cored material. We will also show that the coring procedure changes for different types of photovoltaic modules.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗