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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2023

Data Privacy for the Grid: Toward a Data Privacy Standard for Inverter-Based and Distributed Energy Resources

The traditional approach to planning the distribution grid has focused on reliability in the context of gradual and reasonably predictable load growth. Forecasts of load growth, combined with asset management practices, were used by system planners to identify upgrades to the system to maintain or improve reliability. The decisions, typically based within load flow analysis tools, included considerations about contingency scenarios and corporate forecasts (i.e., top-down predictions at a summary level of what would happen in a particular area that could impact load growth and behavior). As a result, today, this traditional approach no longer fits all purposes.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Low-cost embedded optical sensing systems for distribution transformer monitoring

There is a mounting need for low-cost monitoring with online sensing technologies to maintain grid reliability and uptime. Here we introduce an innovative low-cost, embedded optical sensing technology initially focused on transformers that was developed and demonstrated at a major electric utility, Con Edison. A version of it that can be retrofitted onto existing transformers in the field was also developed. Two new 500 kVA distribution network transformers were built with embedded fiber-optic (FO) sensors and qualified per industry standards. Vibration, temperature, and corrosion were key parameters monitored. The first transformer with embedded FO sensors was installed at a Con Edison facility and monitored at our team’s office. The second one was installed in an urban street-side underground location with online data processing/feature extraction algorithms and monitored through a wireless router. Additionally, an older transformer was also retrofitted. Data analysis was done on these transformers showing promising correlations with their corresponding loading cycles. Furthermore, key events such as the transformer primary-side energizing, and other events were detected. In general, the technology was demonstrated over 6 months across the 3 transformers instrumented with promising results. Thus, it has the potential to enable predictive maintenance for transformers and other grid assets.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Hydrogen Based Energy Storage System for Integration with Dispatchable Power Generator (Phase I Feasibility Study)

This project examined the feasibility of integrating hydrogen generation, storage, and use as a means to decarbonize campus activities while retaining the ability to utilize the existing natural gas fired combined heat and power system installed at the campus of the University of California @ Irvine. Analysis of specific potential sites for the integrated system identified a location adjacent to the existing central plant which resulted in minimization of interconnections. A strategy based on use of commercial electrolyzers and gas storage was identified. Primary technology advancements are required for the gas turbine to accommodate higher levels of hydrogen and the integrated controls. The project indicated challenges for adopting the proposed strategy with the present rates and constraints. The availability of a relatively low-cost biogas resource by the campus already decarbonizes the gas turbine to some extent. In the absence of this resource, procurement of electricity directly from large scale renewable operations could facilitate lower electricity costs. Additional solar resources on campus could also help in this regard. The gas turbine cannot be operated below 50% capacity due to air permit constraints. Using the otherwise curtailed gas turbine operation to generate hydrogen via electrolysis by consuming natural gas is not highly efficient and therefore leads to relatively high costs of electricity returned. Several scenarios demonstrate potential for effective decarbonization, yet most involve lower and lower capacity factor for the legacy gas turbine which is not a good use of the asset. A small gas turbine output with higher efficiency operation would help. As would ability to export electricity to the grid. Certainly current rate structures and operational scenarios are less attractive than other possible future structures which should be pushed for in the future.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Draft Methodology for Cybersecurity Analysis for Adoption of Wireless Technology in Nuclear Power Plants

The report is delivered as DOE-NE Cybersecurity Program Milestone M2CT-22IN1104014-Industry cybersecurity guidance adoption status. The milestone is specifically to document the process and the status of the efforts towards developing guidance in support of industry’s adoption of wireless communication technologies. To transform the operation of nuclear power plants, including domestic light-water reactors, advanced reactors, microreactors, and fission battery, for grid and non-grid applications, secure and resilient wireless capabilities are required. In addition, to realize new operational concepts such as autonomous operation and remote monitoring, advanced sensor, and instrumentation, wireless technology is essential. However, industry implementation is low, and there is no technical basis for how to understand and address potential risks for wireless communications for critical plant functions. A methodology with a technical basis for implementing secure wireless communication is crucial. This wireless adoption methodology is intended to assist a licensee in identifying an appropriate technological approach for securing wireless communications in nuclear power plant. However, this methodology does not provide guidance for addressing wireless design criteria or for addressing all the cybersecurity commitments in licensees’ cybersecurity plans (CSPs) including addressing security impact analysis that a licensee must perform before an update to a Critical Digital Asset (CDA). This methodology guides a licensee through a process of evaluating a proposed wireless implementation and drafting a plant change notification for an example use case. The example is a generic/nonproprietary version of the first test case of the methodology, which, if successfully implemented, is part of the consideration for protecting other functions’ use of wireless in a cybersecure manner.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Connecting Minds: AI Use Cases to Bridge Power Systems and Large Language Models for Practical Applications

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and development of large language models (LLMs) present the opportunity to develop a new generation of power systems applications. In contrast with early power system AI applications based on structured numerical data, LLMs offer unique capabilities to perform logical reasoning using text documents, unstructured data, and application programming interface (API) calls to computational software. This paper seeks to bridge the knowledge gap between power systems engineers and LLM developers through a crosscutting explanation of use cases, characteristics, requirements, practical considerations from the perspectives of both LLM capabilities and industry needs. Specific focus is given to applications that can be realistically deployed by electric utilities. After introducing the architecture of LLMs and unique challenges of the power systems domain, this paper proposes twenty representative LLM applications grouped into categories of 1) power system operations, 2) asset management, 3) system planning and analytics, and 4) energy management and protection systems. Five use cases are presented within each category with descriptions of the motivation, objectives, approaches, example inputs / outputs, and benefits of each use case.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2025

CIE Analysis Process for Engineered Systems

"CIE Analysis Process for Engineered Systems" outlines a comprehensive methodology for integrating Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) principles into both new and existing engineered systems. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (DOE CESER), the process aims to achieve cyber-informed decisions by producing functional security requirements for new systems and retrofitting existing systems to mitigate digital risks. The document details a step-by-step approach, including mission and function definition, digital asset awareness, consequence analysis, and mitigation analysis. It emphasizes the importance of documenting mechanical, electrical, programmable, and network components to protect system functions and provides examples and considerations for each step. The ultimate goal is to ensure that engineered systems remain resilient against cyber threats, maintaining safety, performance, and reliability.

42 - ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS2015

Prototype Imaging Spectrograph for Coronagraphic Exoplanet Studies (PISCES) for WFIRST-AFTA

Prototype Imaging Spectrograph for Coronagraphic Exoplanet Studies (PISCES) is a lenslet array based integral field spectrometer (IFS) designed for high contrast imaging of extrasolar planets. PISCES will be used to advance the technology readiness of the high contrast IFS baselined on the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope/Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets (WFIRST-AFTA) coronagraph instrument. PISCES will be integrated into the high contrast imaging testbed (HCIT) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and will work with both the Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC) and the Shaped Pupil Coronagraph (SPC) configurations. We discuss why the lenslet array based IFS was selected for PISCES. We present the PISCES optical design, including the similarities and differences of lenslet based IFSs to normal spectrometers, the trade-off between a refractive design and reflective design, as well as the specific function of our pinhole mask on the back surface of the lenslet array to reduce the diffraction from the edge of the lenslets. The optical analysis, alignment plan, and mechanical design of the instrument will be discussed.

Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope Astrophysics ↗

NASA NTRS2015

UV-LED Project

The performance of certain classes of instruments - ones in which the test article is suspended, or floats, within the instrument - is adversely affected by the buildup of electric charge on the floating object. When spacecraft components are grounded, this charge can be easily controlled. But in the case of a free-floating asset, another method of charge dissipation is needed. One method is to use ultraviolet light to create a flow of electrons to or from the test mass, controlling its charge.

Electric charge build up↗

NASA NTRS1996

The Moon is not Space

The Moon as a venue for remote sensing has certain geometrically-based advantages over free flyers that facilitate reuse of assets: lack of dispersion of emplaced facilities; reduction (compared to space) of the dimension of mobility space from 3 to 2; repetitive lunar-station to Earth-station communications geometry.

assets↗

DOE OSTI2021

Case Study: The Tower Companies' Commercial Office Solar PV

This case study describes how the Tower Companies selected and successfully executed onsite solar photovoltaic installations at its commercial office properties and highlights the resulting increase in asset value.

solar, solar PV, photovoltaic, onsite solar, comme↗

DOE OSTI2022

Simulating Impacts of Extreme Events on Grids with High Penetrations of Wind Power Resources

As extreme weather events become more frequent and intense, the demand for connecting grid operation and infrastructure planning with extreme event models will increase as well. We present a methodology for creating damage contingencies and scenarios for electric transmission grids during a hurricane strike. Included is an example case study: Hurricane Dolly damaging a synthetic 2000 bus test system during its landing in Southern Texas. Using WIND Toolkit meteorological data in conjunction with fragility curves for various electric grid elements, we generate stochastic damage scenarios that can be used for short- and long-term planning problems including emergency asset management. We perform statistical analysis of damages and quantify topological effects on example synthetic grid. Also, we investigate loss-of-load events during two-day economic dispatch experiment. Finally, we point out various shortcomings of our method and suggest how it can be improved.

data-driven forecasting↗

DOE OSTI2022

The Net Zero World Initiative

The U.S. is committed to working with countries all over the globe to accelerate clean climate goals from ambition to action, and the Net Zero World Initiative is the latest example of our dedication. The Net Zero World Initiative is uniquely positioned to achieve rapid global energy decarbonization. It will partner with countries to help them implement climate ambition pledges and accelerate global transitions to net zero, resilient, and inclusive energy systems. The Net Zero World Initiative Will Harness Unique USG and Lab Assets in Partnership with Philanthropies. Scale-up and goals listed.

accelerate↗

DOE OSTI2022

NLIT 2022 Axonius Presentation

Axonius, a cybersecurity asset management tool used at INL, provides visibility into users, devices, software, and hardware in use at the lab. This visibility, provided by aggregating data on lab entities from many tools' perspectives, makes incident response, configuration management, and IT operations more capable.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Developing a Supply Chain Security Program

Amid growing concerns over foreign manufacturing for components and devices deployed in critical energy infrastructure, this research from the national labs will highlight best practices for developing and maintaining a supply chain security program. Tools for asset inventory, tips for developing and maintaining software- and hardware-bills-of-materials (SBOMs and HBOMs), recommended contractual language for vendor agreements, and identification of responsibilities will be shared. We discuss the one-time requirements to enable a successful supply chain security program and the best ways to operationalize this program for maximum impact, including development of robust practices for vulnerability tracking, patch management, and workarounds, with understanding of the reliability and uptime requirements for utilities. The recommendations shared are based on a cyber-informed engineering approach to identification of high-consequence impacts and the engineering controls related to supply chain management that can best mitigate these impacts. This approach allows for prioritization of resources. Additionally, we highlight relative up-front and ongoing costs associated with recommended controls. Viewers will leave with an understanding what a supply chain security program is, and what steps, prioritized for resource-constrained organizations, can build a robust program.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

ATR Raw & Fire Water Configuration Management

Located missing data for existing equipment such as make and model and create missing models and Cat IDs in Asset Suite.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Value-based Insights from the Implementation of Hierarchical Control for Energy Savings and Demand Response in Residential Premises

As the adoption of distributed energy resources and electric vehicles at residential customer premises increases exponentially, behind-the-meter assets can be utilized to achieve energy cost reduction and demand response through coordination and control strategies. A hierarchical control architecture from the utility headend to residential premises is implemented to attain these objectives. This paper extracts the values from the development, implementation, and deployment of that control hierarchy. The development of the control philosophy is built upon the existing advanced metering infrastructure, communication protocols, and industry-compatible application programming interfaces. Results are presented visually with analytical insights by utilizing the data from hardware-in-the-loop testing and simulation analysis out of the collected data from the field.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2025

Digital Assurance Checklist for Homeowners and Installers

This document provides a comprehensive Digital Assurance Checklist for securing behind-the-meter energy assets, focusing on both installers and homeowners. As distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar PV and battery storage become integral to residential energy systems, cybersecurity emerges as a critical component of reliability and safety. The guide outlines actionable steps for installers during pre-installation, commissioning, and post-installation phases, emphasizing practices like network segmentation, credential management, firmware validation, and homeowner education. For homeowners, the document introduces a tiered approach to cyber hygiene—from essential measures like strong Wi-Fi credentials and automatic updates to advanced strategies such as network segmentation, DNS filtering, and intrusion detection. By adopting these practices, stakeholders can mitigate cyber risks, safeguard energy infrastructure, and ensure resilient, secure operation of DER systems. Additional resources and references to industry standards are included to support implementation.

99 - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Digital Assurance Checklist for Homeowners and Installers

99 - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗