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DOE OSTI2025

Energy-enhanced expansion of the standard model effective field theory

We formalize energy-scaling arguments in the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) to estimate the effects of operators up to dimension ten. Our approach relies on weakly coupled UV completions with no presumed large hierarchies between the Wilson coefficients. We introduce a classification based on the number of external legs and an energy-counting parameter. We establish a dual expansion in 𝑣/Λ and 𝐸/Λ. Extending to four-, five-, and six-particle vertices, our framework highlights energy-enhanced operators that dominate high-energy processes at the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider. This organization streamlines experimental analyses to only include operators with energetic impact in their analyses and enhances the discoverability of new physics within the SMEFT framework.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Dark Energy Survey: Implications for cosmological expansion models from the final DES baryon acoustic oscillation and supernova data

The Dark Energy Survey (DES) recently released the final results of its two principal probes of the expansion history: Type Ia supernovae (SNe) and baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO). In this paper, we explore the cosmological implications of these data in combination with external cosmic microwave background (CMB), big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), and age-of-the-Universe information. The BAO measurement, which is ∼ 2 σ away from Planck ’s Λ CDM predictions, pushes for low values of Ω m compared to Planck, in contrast to SN which prefers a higher value than Planck. We identify several tensions among datasets in the Λ CDM model that cannot be resolved by including either curvature ( k Λ CDM ) or a constant dark energy equation of state ( w CDM ). By combining BAO + SN + CMB despite these mild tensions, we obtain Ω k = - 5.5 - 4.2 + 4.6 × 10 - 3 in k Λ CDM , and w = - 0.94 8 - 0.027 + 0.028 in w CDM . In w CDM , BAO and SN push again in different directions of parameter space, favoring, respectively, w < - 1 and w > - 1 . If we open the parameter space to w 0 w a CDM [where the equation of state of dark energy varies as w ( a ) = w 0 + ( 1 - a ) w a ], all the datasets are mutually more compatible, and we find concordance in the [ w 0 > - 1 , w a < 0 ] quadrant, with BAO pushing for w a < 0 and SN for [ w 0 > - 1 , w a < 0 ] . For DES BAO and SN in combination with Planck -CMB, we find a 3.2 σ deviation from Λ CDM , with w 0 = - 0.67 3 - 0.097 + 0.098 , w a = - 1.3 7 - 0.50 + 0.51 , a Hubble constant of H 0 = 67.8 1 - 0.86 + 0.96 km s - 1 Mpc - 1 , and an abundance of matter of Ω m = 0.310 9 - 0.0099 + 0.0086 . For the combination of all the background cosmological probes considered (including CMB’s angular acoustic scale θ ⋆ ), we still find a deviation of 2.8 σ from Λ CDM in the w 0 - w a plane. Assuming a minimal neutrino mass, this work provides tentative evidence for non- Λ CDM physics, which is consistent with recent claims in support of evolving dark energy, or a source of unknown systematics.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

An Introduction to the Federated Architecture for Secure and Transactive Distributed Energy Management Solutions (FAST-DERMS)

Deployment and capability of distributed energy resources (DER) in power systems is growing rapidly. These resources present an opportunity for low-cost provision of energy and grid services. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission recently provided rulings to enable market participation of these distribution-connected resources, but the prevailing strategies for their management may not scale well to meet future needs. This paper introduces the Federated Architecture for Secure and Transactive Distributed Energy Management Solutions (FAST-DERMS) which was designed to address this need. In it we describe the architectural features of the approach, and a reference controls implementation employing a hierarchical coordination that includes stochastic optimization, model predictive control, and a simple real-time management scheme. Sample results from simulation show firm transmission-level service provision measured at the distribution substation.

grid architecture↗

DOE OSTI2025

Day-Ahead Forecasting with Federated LSTM to Plan Energy Sharing in a Community Microgrid

Energy balancing in microgrids is a key enabler of resilience. Community microgrids located close to each other have the added benefit of networking and sharing surplus energy, if available. Such complex decision-making runs on optimization that requires reliable short-term (up to very-short-term) forecasts of energy generation and consumption for scheduling or trading. Each microgrid may also opt to not expose their sensitive data such as consumption patterns of individual businesses or residences. This paper investigates a federated approach to dayahead forecasting that trains naive long short-term memory (LSTM) at each business in a microgrid and aggregates weights at the microgrid controller using proximal regularization. This approach ensures that the controller has access only to energy surplus/deficit and not the actual generation or consumption values, avoiding unwanted exposure of sensitive data. A community microgrid in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico with 3 businesses is selected as a case study with a laboratory-scale computing setup. A central LSTM forecaster, where sensitive data from businesses are aggregated at the controller, is implemented as a baseline for qualifying the results. This work serves as a proof-of-concept for scaling the approach to networked and nested microgrids with more complex control options.

Sundararajan, Aditya [ORNL] (ORCID:000000033577854↗

DOE OSTI2025

Single-Cell Universal Logic-in-Memory Using 2T-nC FeRAM: An Area and Energy-Efficient Approach for Bulk Bitwise Computation

This work presents a novel approach to configure 2T-nC ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) for performing single cell logic-in-memory operations, highlighting its advantages in energy-efficient computation over conventional DRAM-based approaches. Unlike conventional 1T-1C dynamic RAM (DRAM), which incurs refresh overhead, 2T-nC FeRAM offers a promising alternative as a non-volatile memory solution with low energy consumption. Our key findings include the potential of quasi-nondestructive readout (QNRO) sensing in 2T-nC FeRAM for logic-in-memory (LiM) applications, demonstrating its inherent capability to perform inverting logic without requiring external modifications, a feature absent in traditional 1T-1C DRAM. We successfully implement the MINORITY function within a single cell of 2T-nC FeRAM, enabling universal NAND and NOR logic, validated through SPICE simulations and experimental data. Additionally, the research investigates the feasibility of 3D integration with 2T-nC FeRAM, showing substantial improvements in storage and computational density, facilitating bulk-bitwise computation. Our evaluation of eight real-world, data-intensive applications reveals that 2T-nC FeRAM achieves 2× higher performance and 2.5× lower energy consumption compared to DRAM. Furthermore, the thermal stability of stacked 2T-nC FeRAM is validated, confirming its reliable operation when integrated on a compute die. These findings emphasize the advantages of 2T-nC FeRAM for LiM, offering superior performance and energy efficiency over conventional DRAM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Individual and Simultaneous Imaging of ⁹⁹mTc and ¹⁷⁷Lu With a Preclinical Broad Energy-Spectrum CZT-Based SPECT

Radiopharmaceutical therapy has demonstrated a high efficacy in the treatment of various tumor types. One of the radionuclides already used in the clinic is 177Lu, a beta emitter that also emits several photons imageable with SPECT. Quantitative imaging of 177Lu is critical for developing new radiopharmaceuticals. Energy resolution is an important factor when imaging multiple photon emissions. Solid-state detectors offer a superior performance over scintillators, that are commonly used in commercially-available preclinical SPECT scanners. This study demonstrates the feasibility of 99m Tc and 177Lu quantitative imaging in mouse phantoms, individually and simultaneously, with a SPECT prototype built with four CdZnTe (CZT) detector heads and a custom-designed and energy-optimized parallel-hole tungsten collimator. With a custom implementation of the one-step late (OSL) image reconstruction algorithm, the system is capable of imaging energies from ~70 keV to 250 keV. Above 250 keV, images were significantly affected by septal penetration, consistent with the collimator design. A recovery coefficient within 25% was obtained for activities as low as 2 kBq/mL for 99m Tc and 45% for 177Lu. Compared to a commercial NaI-based preclinical SPECT (VECTor4/CT), our prototype showed a superior energy resolution (< 5% at 140 keV), a similar uniformity with a high-compact design.

Encarnação, Pedro M C C↗

DOE OSTI2025

Plasmonic pathway to hybrid nanomaterials through energy transfer

Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET) is a promising approach for plasmonic photocatalysis and energy conversion, but challenges include elucidating the mechanism and maximizing its efficiency, both of which are hampered by competing processes. Another challenge is demonstrating that PIRET can photoinitiate reactions that follow efficient pathways compared to bulk processes. We report a plasmon-induced route to plasmonic-polymer hybrid nanomaterials using in operando single-particle spectroelectrochemistry. An energy transfer efficiency of 40% is achievable when the spectral overlap between gold nanorod scattering and polymer absorption is maximized. We also show that PIRET-initiated polymerization proceeds through a different mechanism than bulk polymerization, supported by spectroscopic evidence and density functional theory calculations, highlighting efficient energy cascading from photon to plasmon to exciton and, lastly, to unconventional light-initiated chemistry.

Oh, Hyuncheol [University of Illinois Urbana-Champ↗

DOE OSTI2026

Stochastic mean-field theory and applications to multinucleon transfer and kinetic energy dissipation processes in heavy-ion collisions

In this Review article, a brief description of the stochastic mean-field (SMF) theory for describing reaction dynamics in low-energy heavy-ion collisions at bombarding energies in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier is presented. In these collisions, as a result of strong Pauli blocking, binary nucleon collisions do not have a significant effect on the dissipation and fluctuations. At low energies, the mean-field fluctuations, due to initial correlations, have a dominant effect on fluctuations of macroscopic variables. The SMF theory proposes the determination of an ensemble of single-particle density matrices by specifying random initial fluctuations according to a distribution law. Employing an ensemble of single-particle density matrices, not only the mean values but also the distribution functions of the one-body observables can be determined. If the di-nuclear structure is maintained in heavy-ion collisions, such as deep inelastic collisions and fast quasi-fission reactions, a much simpler description of the reaction mechanism can be derived in terms of several macroscopic variables such as mass and charge asymmetry, and relative linear and relative angular momentum. In this case, by geometric projection of the SMF equations, it is possible to derive the quantal Langevin equations for macroscopic variables. As an application of quantal transport description, an analysis of multinucleon transfers and kinetic energy dissipation and fluctuations is presented for selected quasi-fission reactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Quantum information meets high-energy physics: input to the update of the European strategy for particle physics

Some of the most astonishing and prominent properties of Quantum Mechanics, such as entanglement and Bell nonlocality, have only been studied extensively in dedicated low-energy laboratory setups. The feasibility of these studies in the high-energy regime explored by particle colliders was only recently shown and has gathered the attention of the scientific community. For the range of particles and fundamental interactions involved, particle colliders provide a novel environment where quantum information theory can be probed, with energies exceeding by about 12 orders of magnitude those employed in dedicated laboratory setups. Furthermore, collider detectors have inherent advantages in performing certain quantum information measurements and allow for the reconstruction of the state of the system under consideration via quantum state tomography. Here, we elaborate on the potential, challenges, and goals of this innovative and rapidly evolving line of research and discuss its expected impact on both quantum information theory and high-energy physics.

Physics↗

DOE OSTI2025

Energy Supply Security Index (eesi) v0.1.0

This software computes different metrics that quantify energy supply security. It computes metrics for the amount of energy self-production, autonomy, system adequacy, self-sufficiency and autarky. The software has been developed to compute metrics that are introduced in a journal manuscript, and the software is intended to be published to make the underlying metric calculation accessible and reproducible to the reader of the article. Potential use of the software is for policymakers, energy planners and researchers to guide energy system infrastructure decisions.

Sulzer, Matthias [Swiss Federal Laboratories for M↗

DOE OSTI2025

High-energy transient gas pinholes via saturated absorption

This Letter presents a spatial filter based on saturated absorption in gas as an alternative to the solid pinhole in a lens–pinhole–lens filtering system. We develop an analytic model that describes this process and demonstrate spatial filtering with simulations and experiments. We show that an ultraviolet laser pulse focused through ozone will have its spatial profile cleaned if its peak fluence rises above the ozone saturation fluence. Specifically, we demonstrate that a 5 ns 266 nm beam with 4.2 mJ of the initial energy can be effectively cleaned by focusing through a 1.4% ozone–oxygen mixture, with about 76% of the main beam energy transmitted and 89% of the sidelobe energy absorbed. In conclusion, this process can be adapted to other gases and laser wavelengths, providing alignment-insensitive and damage-resistant pinholes for high-repetition-rate high-energy lasers.

Ou, K. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID↗

DOE OSTI2026

Design of a Microbunched Electron Cooler Energy Recovery Linac

Microbunched electron Cooling (MBEC), a type of Coherent electron Cooling (CeC), is a possible way to cool high energy protons; such an electron cooler can be driven by an energy recovery linac (ERL). The beam parameters of this design are based on cooling 275 and 100 GeV protons at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), requiring 150 and 55 MeV electrons, respectively. If implemented, a high energy cooler would serve to increase the average luminosity of the collider by mitigating the emittance growth caused by various processes. This ERL is designed to deliver a bunch charge of 1 nC, an average current of 100 mA, and strict requirements on the transverse emittance, slice energy spread, and longitudinal distribution profile. This paper covers the current state of the design.

Accelerator Physics↗

DOE OSTI2026

Design of a microbunched electron cooler energy recovery linac

Accelerator Physics↗

DOE OSTI2024

Carbonate Management to Enable Energy- and Carbon-Efficient CO 2 Electrolysis (Final Technical Report)

The rapid growth and plummeting cost of solar energy have created great interest in using CO 2 electrolysis to produce chemical feedstocks and fuels such as carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethanol, and propanol. While research in CO 2 electrolysis has yielded substantial progress in both fundamental understanding of the requisite electrocatalytic reactions and design of prototype devices, the energy efficiency (electrical energy to-product) and carbon efficiency (CO 2 -to-product) of CO 2 electrolysis remain far too low for large-scale deployment. A preponderance of evidence indicates that the principal reason for these low efficiencies is the rapid and thermodynamically favorable reaction of CO 2 with hydroxide (OH–) to form carbonate , which forces CO 2 electrolysis cells to operate under conditions that result in large voltage and CO 2 losses. This “CO 3 2 – problem” presents a fundamental scientific barrier to creating a viable electrochemical option for converting solar energy into chemicals and fuels.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Multilayer Electrodes with Metalized Polymer Current Collector for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries with Extreme-Fast-Charging Capability

The pursuit of batteries capable of extreme fast charging (XFC), that also satisfy high energy and safety criteria, poses a significant challenge to current lithium-ion battery technologies. Additionally, the increasing demand for aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) in electrification, and vehicle light weighting is driving these metals towards near-critical status in the medium term. This study introduced metalized polymer films by depositing an Al or Cu thin layer onto two sides of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film – named mPET/Al and mPET/Cu, as lightweight, cost-effective alternatives to traditional metal current collectors in LIBs. We have utilized current collectors that significantly reduce weight (by 73%), thickness (by 33%), and cost (by 85%) compared to traditional metal foil counterparts. We conducted an extensive evaluation of their mechanical and electrical properties, including in-plane and through-plane resistivities, affirming their suitability for the roll-to-roll battery manufacturing process. Additionally, a novel XFC testing protocol was employed to thoroughly assess the cells' (both half and full-cell) performance across various C-rates and under long-term tests. These advancements have the potential to enhance energy density to 280 Wh/kg at the electrode level under 10-minute charging at 6C. Through testing, including a novel XFC protocol across various C-rates and long-term cycling (up to 1000 cycles) in different cell configurations, we have demonstrated the superior performance of these metalized polymer films. Notably, mPET/Cu and mPET/Al foils exhibited comparable capacities to conventional cells under XFC, with the mPET cells showing a 27% improvement in energy density at 6C and maintaining significant energy density after 1000 cycles. This study underscored the potential of mPET foils to revolutionize the roll-to-roll battery manufacturing process and significantly advance the performance metrics of LIBs in EV applications. Moreover, our results suggest that there is potential to enhance the performance of mPET foils, especially mPET/Al, by optimizing the manufacturing process to achieve higher conductivity.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Energy Exchange in Dynamic DNA-Metal Hybrid Materials (Final Technical Report)

This report details research results from the 1 year renewal of DE-SC0017270, Energy Exchange in Dynamic DNA-Metal Hybrid Materials, including the primary findings associated with this research. This work investigated interactions between dynamic DNA origami energy harvesting materials and inorganic materials responsive to electromagnetic fields with two primary areas of inquiry: cyclic energy conversion and mechanical energy storage and transfer. This work resulted in 5 publications, including 1 in revision, and 1 issued patent.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Using Neural Networks for Low Energy Reconstruction and Neutron Identification in the MicroBooNE LArTPC

Identifying and reconstructing final-state neutrons from neutrino interactions in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) will enhance future oscillation measurements by recovering missing energy and improving neutrino interaction channel identification. However, neutrons are challenging to reconstruct as the majority leave only small, isolated charge signatures known as blips. Here we present initial efforts to identify neutrons in the MicroBooNE LArTPC with low energy protons from neutron-argon inelastic interactions that present as blips below the traditional tracking threshold in the TPC. Unlike for tracks, there is no algorithmic method to determine direction for blips since they span only a few wires. Therefore, we developed and trained a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to reconstruct the directionality of proton-induced blips, allowing us to separate signal from background by selecting blips that point back to the neutrino vertex. The model achieves a preliminary average angular resolution of 17 degrees when tested on a simulated sample of protons over 6 MeV in kinetic energy. This novel tool will enhance neutron detection in LArTPCs and expand a broad range of other low-energy physics searches such as for solar and supernova neutrinos.

Silva, Liani Isabel [Unlisted, US]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Multi-Scale Modeling of the Evolution of Structure and Properties in Materials for Nuclear Energy Applications [Slides]

Nuclear energy is an important component of an overall strategy to address climate change. Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is the U.S. Department of Energy’s primary facility for research and development in nuclear science and technology for energy generation, supporting the improvement and life extension of the existing reactor fleet and the development and licensing of new reactor designs. Computational modeling is an important component of these activities, particularly in the area of materials for nuclear applications, where experimental data can be very challenging and expensive to acquire, and where data is especially scarce for new reactor designs. INL has used multi-scale modeling – linking atomistic, mesoscale, and engineering scales – to improve the ability to predict the performance of materials for nuclear energy applications. In this talk, I will give an overview of the approach and tools used, and several examples of application, including performance of nuclear fuels, understanding radiation-driven formation of nanoscale void and gas bubble superlattices, and powder densification through electric field assisted sintering.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗