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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1988

Diagnostics of silane and germane radio frequency plasmas by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

In situ plasma diagnostics using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy have shown different dissociation characteristics for GeH4 and SiH4 in radio frequency (rf) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-SiGe:H) thin films. The GeH4 dissociation rate in rf plasmas is a factor of about 3 larger than that of SiH4. Plasma diagnostics have revealed that the hydrogen dilution of the SiH4 and GeH4 mixed plasma plays a critical role in suppressing the gas phase polymerization and enhancing the GeH4 dissociation.

Perry, Joseph W.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Multiple relaxation and inhomogeneous broadening in resonance enhanced Raman scattering - Application to tunable infrared generation

The solutions for the imaginary susceptibility of the Raman field transition with arbitrary relaxation rates and field strengths are examined for differing sets of relaxation rates with emphasis on alkali metal vapors which have spontaneous emission dominated relaxation. The model is further expanded to include Doppler broadening and used to predict the peak gain as a function of detuning for a frequency doubled alexandrite laser-pumped cesium vapor gain cell.

Ryan, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Comment on linewidths and shifts in the Stokes-Raman Q branch of D2 in He

Collision-induced widths and shifts for Raman Q-branch transitions of D2 in He were calculated from S matrices obtained with converged close coupling scattering calculations on an accurate theoretical interaction potential. Results agree well with experimental values. Discrepancies between experimental line shifts and theoretical values from an earlier study (Blackmore et al., 1988) are traced to a computational error in that work. The effects of vibrational inelasticity and of centrifugal distortion on energy levels and on potential matrix elements, all of which were ignored in the earlier study, are explicitly considered here and found to be small.

Green, Sheldon↗
NASA NTRS1989

Observation of atmospheric fronts using Raman lidar moisture measurements

This paper presents the results of a field program using a ground-based Raman lidar system to observe changes in moisture profiles as a cold and a warm front passed over the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The lidar operating only during darkness is capable of providing continuous high vertical resolution profiles of water vapor mixing ratio and aerosol scattering ratio from near the surface to about 7 km altitude. The lidar data acquired on three consecutive nights from shortly after sunset to shortly before sunrise, along with upper air data from specially launched rawinsondes, have provided a unique visualization of the detailed structure of the two fronts.

Melfi, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Dicke narrowing of the polarized Stokes-Raman Q branch of the v = 0-1 transition of D2 in He

Results are presented from calculations of several Stokes-Raman Q branch line shapes of the v = 0-1 transition of D2 in He in the low pressure regime where Dicke narrowing is observed. Consideration is given to five different approximations: a form of the generalized Hess theory (Monchick and Hunter, 1987), two high pressure asymptotes of Hess's method, the moment method of Corey and McCourt (1984), and a collision kernel method. It is found that the generalized Hess and the collision kernel methods have the best agreement with experiments.

Blackmore, Robert↗
NASA NTRS1990

Stimulated Raman scattering seeded by a fibre continuum

A broadband continuum generated in a germanosilicate optical fiber has been used as a coherent seed to initiate stimulated Raman scattering in gases. The technique used is described. The results show a fivefold increase in conversion efficiency and a similar reduction in the requisite pump power.

Selker, M. D.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Raman Q-branch line shapes as a test of the H2-Ar intermolecular potential

The line-shape cross sections of vibrational Raman Q-branch spectra are determined theoretically for D2 and H2 in Ar. The calculations are based on accurate close-coupling matrices and the intermolecular potential obtained by Le Roy and Hutson (1987) from spectra of van der Waals complexes. The calculation techniques applied are explained, and the results are presented in tables and graphs and discussed in detail with reference to published experimental data. Agreement to within about 25 percent is obtained for the line widths, but the line shifts are found to be a factor of two smaller than the measured values, and a temperature dependence of line-width cross sections is predicted which is not observed experimentally.

Green, Sheldon↗
NASA NTRS1989

Raman properties of various carbonaceous materials and their astrophysical implications

It is well known that a large number of celestial objects exhibit, in the range 3 to 12 micron, a family of emission features called unidentified infrared bands (UIR). They usually appear together and are associated with UV sources. Recently various authors have suggested that these features could be attributed to solid carbonaceous materials. Following this interest, a systematic analysis was performed of various types of amorphous carbon grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), produced in lab. Updating results of Raman measurements performed on several carbonaceous materials, chosen according to their astrophysical interest, are presented. The measurements were made by means of a Jobin-Yvon monochromator HG2S and standard DC electronic. The line at 5145 A of an Ar+ laser was used as excitation source.

Blanco, A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic characterization of homogeneous solution concentration gradients near a container wall at different temperatures

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used to study the solution concentration gradient in succino nitrile-rich and water-rich homogeneous solutions. The spectroscopic data shows significant concentration dependency. Although FTIR-attenuated total reflectance could not yield surface spectra since the evanescent infrared wave penetrated deep into the bulk solution, it showed that water-rich clusters were decreased at higher temperatures. This result is consistent with the calorimetric results reported earlier.

Loo, B. H.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Raman spectral observation of a new phase observed in nickel electrodes cycled to failure

A ‘new phase’ is reported in nickel electrodes from Ni/H2 boilerplate cells which were cycled to failure in electrolyte of variable KOH concentration (21–36%). Raman spectra clearly show the presence of this phase, and these spectra have been used to estimate the amounts present on these electrodes. Ten of twelve electrodes examined contain this new phase. The cycle life at higher KOH concentrations (31 and 36%) was greatly reduced, and nickel electrodes from these cells exhibited extensive amounts of this new phase. The presence of this ‘new phase’ correlates with cell failure defined by low end of discharge voltages. It is proposed that the lowered capacity and failure of these electrodes was caused by loss of active mass and formation of a phase with reduced electrochemical activity. These results indicate that formation of this new phase is accelerated at higher KOH concentrations.

Patricia L Loyselle↗
NASA NTRS1990

Stimulated Raman-scattering threshold behavior of binary mixture micrometer-sized droplets

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) from binary liquid mixture micrometer-sized droplets irradiated by nanosecond laser pulses exhibits previously unreported features. SRS emission at wavelength shifts corresponding to combination frequencies of the individual component Stokes shifts are observed in droplets but not in bulk mixtures. Furthermore, droplet SRS thresholds are determined by component refractive indices and concentrations, in contrast to bulk thresholds, for which self-focusing likely plays a dominant role.

Biswas, Abhijit↗
NASA NTRS1991

Differential absorption and Raman lidar for water vapor profile measurements - A review

Differential absorption lidar and Raman lidar have been applied to the range-resolved measurements of water vapor density for more than 20 years. Results have been obtained using both lidar techniques that have led to improved understanding of water vapor distributions in the atmosphere. This paper reviews the theory of the measurements, including the sources of systematic and random error; the progress in lidar technology and techniques during that period, including a brief look at some of the lidar systems in development or proposed; and the steps being taken to improve such lidar systems.

Grant, William B.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Laser-induced stimulated Raman scattering in the forward direction of a droplet - Comparison of Mie theory with geometrical optics

This paper uses Mie theory to treat electromagnetic scattering and to evaluate field enhancement in the forward direction of a small droplet irradiated by a high-energy beam and compares the results of calculations with the field-enhancement evaluation obtained via geometrical optics treatment. Results of this comparison suggest that the field enhancement located at the critical ring region encircling the axis in the forward direction of the droplet can support laser-induced Raman scattering. The results are supported by experimental observations of the interaction of a 120-micron-diam water droplet with a high-energy Nd:YAG laser beam.

Srivastava, Vandana↗
NASA NTRS1991

Structure of an internal bore and dissipating gravity current as revealed by Raman lidar

The Raman lidar observations of a weak gravity current and an internal bore associated with a thunderstorm gust front are presented. These observations have been complemented by conventional surface meteorologial analyses, special radiosonde data, spectral and bandpass filter analysis of barograph data, and infrared satellite imagery. Results obtained reveal the time-space continuity and dynamic nature of two boundary-layer disturbances seen in the lidar data. A comparison of the lidar display with the rawinsonde data makes it possible to determine the thermal fields associated with these disturbances at high temporal resolution (2 min) and an altitude of 6 km. The airflow associated with the disturbances was inferred by synthesizing the lidar and rawinsonde data. One of the two disturbances represents a dissipating outflow boundary (gust front) and can be characterized as a gravity current. The second disturbance represents an internal bore propagating ahead of the gravity current on a surface-based stable layer, which acted as a waveguide. The lidar revealed a mean bore depth of 1.9 km, observed and calculated speeds were in good agreement (about + or - 20 percent).

Koch, Steven E.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Raman shifting of KrF laser radiation for tropospheric ozone measurements

The differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurement of tropospheric ozone requires use of high average power UV lasers operating at two appropriate DIAL wavelengths. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that a KrF excimer laser can be used to generate several wavelengths with good energy conversion efficiencies by stimulated Raman shifting using hydrogen (H2) and deuterium (D2). Computer simulations for an airborne lidar have shown that these laser emissions can be used for the less than 5 percent random error, high resolution measuremment of ozone across the troposphere using the DIAL technique. In the region of strong ozone absorption, laser wavelengths of 277.0 and 291.7 nm were generated using H2 and D2, respectively. In addition, a laser wavelength at 302.0 nm was generated using two cells in series, with the first containing D2 and the second containing H2. The energy conversion efficiency for each wavelength was between 14 and 27 percent.

Grant, William B.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Improved Raman-Emission Detector

Improved apparatus excites and detects Raman emissions in sample gas mixture to measure concentration of species. Sensitivity increased by novel design features as increasing collection of emissions using paraboloidal reflector and collecting lens coaxial with beam instead of spherical reflector and condensing lens on axis perpendicular to illuminating beam.

Mckinney, Gary N.↗
NASA NTRS1992

A New Raman DIAL Technique for Measuring Stratospheric Ozone in the Presence of Volcanic Aerosols

This paper describes a new lidar scheme to measure stratospheric ozone in the presence of heavy volcanic aerosol loading. The eruptions of the Philippine volcano Pinatubo during June 1991 ejected large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere to altitudes of at least 30 km. The resulting aerosols have severely affected the measurements of stratospheric ozone when using traditional Rayleigh differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique, in which the scattering mechanism is almost entirely Rayleigh and which assumes a small amount or no aerosols. In order to extract an ozone profile in the regions below about 30 km where the Rayleigh lidar returns are contaminated by aerosol scattering from Mt. Pinatubo cloud, we have used a Raman lidar technique, where the scattering mechanism depends solely on molecular nitrogen. In this scheme there is no aerosol scattering component to the backscattered lidar return. Using this technique in conjunction with the Rayleigh DIAL measurement, the GSFC stratospheric ozone lidar has measured ozone profiles between 15 and 50 km during the recently held UARS correlative measurement campaign (February-March 1992) at JPL's Table Mountain Facility in California.

Upendra N. Singh↗