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At least 811 records · Page 45

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2022

Initial Development of Variable Design Lifetimes and Creep-Fatigue Evaluations for ASME Section III, Division 5, Class B Code Rules

This report summarizes the initial development of new ASME Section III, Division 5, Class B rules to address the gaps identified for new high temperature reactor designs. The overall objective is to introduce the design-by-analysis approach, the variable design lifetimes for primary load design, and the strain limits and creep-fatigue damage evaluations for Class B components. It is also desired that the new evaluation procedures do not require stress classification and stress linearization. Further, the data requirements to support the development of design parameters for the new Class B rules would not be overly burdensome, and less extensive than those supporting Class A rules. We have identified the Elastic, Perfectly Plastic (EPP) method as the design by-analysis approach for primary load design, and developed allowable stress criteria for variable design lifetimes, up to 500,000 hours, that only require data typical for the allowable stresses in Section II, Part D, Tables 1A and 1B. We have also adapted the elastic analysis approach from HBB-T-1400 and Section III, Mandatory Appendix XIII, XIII-2400 and XIII-3520(e) for the new Class B creep-fatigue evaluation procedure. A new elastic follow-up-based Isochronous Stress Strain Curve (ISSC) stress relaxation procedure has been developed to provide adequate conservatism commensurate with Class B constructions. No stress classification and stress linearization are required in the new procedure. Future work needed to complete the development is also summarized.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Charge Lifetime Study of K 2 CsSb Photocathode Inside a Jlab DC High Voltage Gun

Two photocathodes are frequently considered for generating high average current electron beams and/or beams with high brightness for current and future accelerator applications: GaAs:Cs and K 2 CsSb. Each photocathode has advantages and disadvantages, and need to demonstrate performance at "production" accelerator facilities. To this end a K 2 CsSb photocathode was manufactured at Brookhaven National Lab and delivered to Jefferson Lab within a compact vacuum apparatus at pressure ~ 5x10 -11 Torr. This photocathode was installed inside a dc high voltage photogun biased at voltages up to 200 kV, and illuminated with laser light at 440 or 532 nm, to generate beams up to 20 mA. Photocathode charge lifetime measurements indicate that under some conditions this cathode has exceptionally high charge lifetime, without measurable QE decay, even from the center of the photocathode where operation using GaAs photocathodes is precluded due to ion bombardment. These studies also suggest a complex QE decay mechanism likely related to chemistry and localized heating via the laser beam.

Mammei, R.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Probing The Longest Dark Matter Lifetimes with the Line Emission Mapper

In the next decade, the proposed Line Emission Mapper (LEM) telescope concept is poised to revolutionize Galactic and extragalactic X-ray sensitivity. The instruments aboard LEM feature unprecedented eV scale energy resolution and an effective area of 1600 cm$^2$ at 0.5 keV. Such features are ideally suited to explore decaying dark matter candidates that predict X-ray signals, including axion-like particles and sterile neutrinos. We present the first forecast of LEM sensitivity to dark matter decays and find sensitivity to lifetimes beyond $\sim 10^{32}$ s in the keV range, surpassing current limits by several orders of magnitude. Notably, our results show that LEM will be the first ever instrument to probe such long dark matter lifetimes in any mass range for any decay channel.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Methods and systems for diagnosis of failure mechanisms and for prediction of lifetime of metal batteries

Methods for diagnosing failure mechanisms and for predicting lifetime of metal batteries include monitoring rest voltage and Coulombic Efficiency over relatively few cycles to provide profiles that indicate, by the trends thereof, a particular failure mechanism (e.g., electrolyte depletion, loss of metal inventory, increased cell impedance). The methods also include cycling over relatively few cycles an anode-free cell, having the same cathode and electrolyte as the metal battery, but with a current collector instead of the anode. Discharge capacity is monitored and profiled, and a discharge capacity curve is fitted to the discharge capacity profile to discern a capacity retention per cycle. The lifetime of the metal battery is determined using the capacity retention per cycle discerned from the anode-free cell. Related systems include a metal-based battery and an anode-free cell or a battery cell reconfigurable between a metal-based and an anode-free cell.

Li, Bin↗

DOE OSTI2025

Carrier Lifetime Control Through the Quantum Confined Stark Effect

This study explores how the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) influences minority carrier lifetimes in III-N quantum wells (QWs) by varying the well width. It is found that increasing QW width from zero (bulk material) increases radiative lifetime due to charge separation until charge screening effects reduce and rectify the QCSE for large well widths.

Loveless, James Terrell [Sandia National Laborator↗

DOE OSTI2011

Minority-carrier diffusion length, minority-carrier lifetime, and photoresponsivity of {beta}-FeSi{sub 2} layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

We have epitaxially grown undoped {beta}-FeSi{sub 2} films on Si(111) substrates via atomic-hydrogen-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. {beta}-FeSi{sub 2} films grown without atomic hydrogen exhibited p-type conduction with a hole density of over 10{sup 19} cm{sup -3} at room temperature (RT). In contrast, those prepared with atomic hydrogen showed n-type conduction and had a residual electron density that was more than two orders of magnitude lower than the hole density of films grown without atomic hydrogen (of the order of 10{sup 16} cm{sup -3} at RT). The minority-carrier diffusion length was estimated to be approximately 16 {mu}m using an electron-beam-induced current technique; this value is twice as large as that for {beta}-FeSi{sub 2} prepared without atomic hydrogen. This result could be well explained in terms of the minority-carrier lifetimes measured by a microwave photoconductance decay technique. The 1/e decay time using a 904 nm laser pulse was approximately 17 {mu}s, which is much longer than that for {beta}-FeSi{sub 2} prepared without atomic hydrogen (3 {mu}s). The photoresponsivity reached 13 mA/W at 1.31 {mu}m, which is the highest value ever reported for {beta}-FeSi{sub 2} films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2011

Lifetime Prediction for Degradation of Solar Mirrors using Step-Stress Accelerated Testing (Presentation)

This research is to illustrate the use of statistical inference techniques in order to quantify the uncertainty surrounding reliability estimates in a step-stress accelerated degradation testing (SSADT) scenario. SSADT can be used when a researcher is faced with a resource-constrained environment, e.g., limits on chamber time or on the number of units to test. We apply the SSADT methodology to adegradation experiment involving concentrated solar power (CSP) mirrors and compare the results to a more traditional multiple accelerated testing paradigm. Specifically, our work includes: (1) designing a durability testing plan for solar mirrors (3M's new improved silvered acrylic 'Solar Reflector Film (SFM) 1100') through the ultra-accelerated weathering system (UAWS), (2) definingdegradation paths of optical performance based on the SSADT model which is accelerated by high UV-radiant exposure, and (3) developing service lifetime prediction models for solar mirrors using advanced statistical inference. We use the method of least squares to estimate the model parameters and this serves as the basis for the statistical inference in SSADT. Several quantities of interest canbe estimated from this procedure, e.g., mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) and warranty time. The methods allow for the estimation of quantities that may be of interest to the domain scientists.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2012

Comparison of Accelerated Testing with Modeling to Predict Lifetime of CPV Solder Layers (Presentation)

Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) cell assemblies can fail due to thermomechanical fatigue in the die-attach layer. In this presentation, we show the latest results from our computational model of thermomechanical fatigue. The model is used to estimate the relative lifetime of cell assemblies exposed to various temperature histories consistent with service and with accelerated testing. We alsopresent early results from thermal cycling experiments designed to help validate the computational model.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Energy Levels, Radiative Rates, and Lifetimes for Transitions in Fe XIV

Energy levels, transition rates, and lifetimes are reported for the low-lying 129 levels of Fe XIV, belonging to the n = 3 states (1s{sup 2}2s{sup 2}2p{sup 6})3s{sup 2}3p, 3s3p{sup 2}, 3s{sup 2}3d, 3p{sup 3}, 3s3p3d, 3p{sup 2}3d, 3s3d{sup 2}, and 3p3d{sup 2}. High-accuracy calculations have been performed as benchmarks in the request for accurate treatments of relativity, electron correlation and quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects in multi-valence-electron systems. The calculated energy levels are in excellent agreement with the experimental results and the experimentally compiled energy values, of the National Institute for Standards and Technology wherever available. The calculated values including core–valence correlation are found to be in good agreement with other theoretical and experimental values.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2015

Characterizing non-photochemical quenching in leaves through fluorescence lifetime snapshots

A technique is described to measure the fluorescence decay profiles of intact leaves during adaptation to high light and subsequent relaxation to dark conditions. We illustrate how to ensure that photosystem II reaction centers are closed and compare data for wild type Arabidopsis thaliana with conventional pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence measurements. Unlike PAM measurements, the lifetime measurements are not sensitive to photobleaching or chloroplast shielding, and the form of the fluorescence decay provides additional information to test quantitative models of excitation dynamics in intact leaves.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Theoretical oscillator strengths, transition probabilities, and radiative lifetimes of levels in Pb V

Theoretical values of oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for 306 spectral lines arising from the 5d{sup 9}ns(n=7,8,9),5d{sup 9}np(n=6,7),5d{sup 9}6d, and 5d{sup 9} 5f configurations, and radiative lifetimes of 9 levels, of Pb V have been obtained. These values were obtained in intermediate coupling (IC) and using ab initio relativistic Hartree–Fock calculations including core-polarization effects. We use for the IC calculations the standard method of least squares fitting of experimental energy levels by means of computer codes from Cowan. We included in these calculations the 5d{sup 8}6s6p and 5d{sup 8}6s{sup 2} configurations. These calculations have facilitated the identification of the 214.25, 216.79, and 227.66 nm spectral lines of Pb V. In the absence of experimental results of oscillator strengths and transition probabilities, we could not make a direct comparison with our results. However, the Stark broadening parameters calculated from these values are in excellent agreement with experimental widening found in the literature. -- Highlights: •Theoretical values of transition probabilities of Pb V have been obtained. •We use for the IC calculations the standard method of least square. •The parameters calculated from these values are in agreement with the experimental values.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Energy levels, lifetimes, and transition probabilities for Mn XII and Ge XIX

Energy levels, transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, line strengths, and lifetimes have been calculated for silicon-like manganese and germanium, Mn XII and Ge XIX. The configurations 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 2}, 3s3p{sup 3}, 3s{sup 2}3p3d, 3s3p{sup 2}3d, and 3p{sup 4} were used in the calculations and 88 fine-structure levels were obtained. The fully relativistic GRASP code has been adopted, and results are reported for all electric dipole, electric quadrupole, magnetic dipole, and magnetic quadrupole transitions among levels of Mn XII and Ge XIX. Comparisons have been made with available theoretical and experimental results.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Energy levels, radiative rates, and lifetimes for transitions in W XL

Energy levels and radiative rates are reported for transitions in Br-like tungsten, W XL, calculated with the general-purpose relativistic atomic structure package (GRASP). Configuration interaction (CI) has been included among 46 configurations (generating 4215 levels) over a wide energy range up to 213 Ryd. However, for conciseness results are only listed for the lowest 360 levels (with energies up to ∼43 Ryd), which mainly belong to the 4s{sup 2}4p{sup 5},4s{sup 2}4p{sup 4}4d,4s{sup 2}4p{sup 4}4f,4s4p{sup 6},4p{sup 6}4d,4s4p{sup 5}4d,4s{sup 2}4p{sup 3}4d{sup 2}, and 4s{sup 2}4p{sup 3}4d4f configurations, and provided for four types of transitions, E1, E2, M1, and M2. Comparisons are made with existing (but limited) results. However, to fully assess the accuracy of our data, analogous calculations have been performed with the flexible atomic code, including an even larger CI than in GRASP. Our energy levels are estimated to be accurate to better than 0.02 Ryd, whereas results for radiative rates (and lifetimes) should be accurate to better than 20% for a majority of the strong transitions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Energy levels, radiative rates, and lifetimes for transitions in W LVIII

Energy levels and radiative rates are reported for transitions in Cl-like W LVIII. Configuration interaction (CI) has been included among 44 configurations (generating 4978 levels) over a wide energy range up to 363 Ryd, and the general-purpose relativistic atomic structure package (GRASP) adopted for the calculations. Since no other results of comparable complexity are available, calculations have also been performed with the flexible atomic code (FAC), which help in assessing the accuracy of our results. Energies are listed for the lowest 400 levels (with energies up to ∼98 Ryd), which mainly belong to the 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 5}, 3s3p{sup 6}, 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 4}3d, 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 3}3d{sup 2}, 3s3p{sup 4}3d{sup 2}, 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 2}3d{sup 3}, and 3p{sup 6}3d configurations, and radiative rates are provided for four types of transitions, i.e. E1, E2, M1, and M2. Our energy levels are assessed to be accurate to better than 0.5%, whereas radiative rates (and lifetimes) should be accurate to better than 20% for a majority of the strong transitions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Second spectrum of Chromium (Cr II), Part II: Radiative lifetimes and oscillator strengths of transitions depopulating low lying 3d{sup 4}4p levels

Radiative lifetime and oscillator strength values were computed by means of a pseudo-relativistic Hartree–Fock model including core-polarization and compared successfully with experimental data given in the literature for respectively numerous low-lying Cr II 3d{sup 4}4p levels, up to 54784 cm{sup −1}, and transitions depopulating these levels. Then transition probability and branching fraction data were also deduced in the wavelength range 1825–94400 Å. Furthermore the extracted radial integral values, obtained with the help of the oscillator strength parameterization method, are given for involved transitions in this work, i.e. 3d{sup 4}4s–3d{sup 4}4p, 3d{sup 5}–3d{sup 4}4p and 3d{sup 4}4p–3d{sup 4}4d. We confirm our observed previous general trends, noting once again a decreasing of transition radial integral values with filling nd shells of the same principal quantum numbers for nd{sup k}(n+1)s → nd{sup k}(n+1)p transitions.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Relativistic large scale CI calculations of energies, transition rates and lifetimes in Ca-like ions between Co VIII and Zn XI

Energies, E1, E2 and M1 transition rates and lifetimes are reported for the lowest 134 fine-structure levels of the 3p{sup 6}3d{sup 2}, 3p{sup 6}3d4s, 3p{sup 5}3d{sup 3} and 3p{sup 6}3d4p configurations in all Ca-like ions between Co VIII and Zn XI. The calculations have been performed using the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) and relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) methods. Important core–valance and core–core electron correlation effects are systematically accounted with large scale configuration interaction expansion. The Breit interaction and leading quantum-electrodynamical (QED) contributions such as the vacuum polarization and self-energy corrections are also included in the RCI calculations. The results are compared with the compiled data from the NIST ASD and other calculations to evaluate the accuracy of the present calculations. Our results have good agreement with previous relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT) calculations and the data from the NIST ASD, except for Zn XI. Present calculations provide some missing data, especially for Cu X and Zn XI, in the NIST ASD.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2018

Increase of lifetime cadmium intake dose-dependently increased all cause of mortality in female inhabitants of the cadmium-polluted Jinzu River basin, Toyama, Japan

Highlights: • The mortality risk ratios of LCd (+1 g) for all causes in women were dose-dependently increased (risk ratio: 1.08). • Relative risk of LCd for kidney and urinal tract disease, renal diseases and renal failure were higher in women. • Life prognosis was adversely affected by Cd-exposure, especially in women. Exposure to cadmium (Cd) via food is supposed to affect life prognosis of inhabitants of Cd-polluted area in Japan. However, there have been few reports demonstrating a significant relationship between the amount of Cd intake and mortality. We aimed to investigate the relationship between mortality and individual lifetime Cd intake (LCd) in inhabitants of the polluted Jinzu River basin, Toyama, Japan.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Type IV failure in weldment of creep resistant ferritic alloys: II. Creep fracture and lifetime prediction

The creep rupture behavior (Type IV failure) for weldments of creep strength enhanced ferritic steel is numerically analyzed, using an integrated microstructure- and micromechanics-based finite element model. To account for the large microstructure gradients across weldments, a two-dimensional digital microstructure is constructed based on the actual observed microstructure of ferritic steel weldment by using the Voronoi-tessellation method. According to the fracture mechanism studies and literature experimental observations, the Type IV failure is identified as an intergranular creep fracture in the fine-grained or intercritical heated affected zone (FGHAZ or ICHAZ). In the present study, the following micromechanics model is employed to determine the micromechanical and microstructural origins for the failure process above, accounting for the underlying physical fracture mechanisms at different length scales, including nucleation of grain boundary cavities, their growth by competition of grain boundary diffusion and grain interior creep, viscous grain boundary sliding, and the emergence of microcracks by coalescence and their evolution to the ultimate failure. The methodology demonstrates the capabilities in modeling the Type IV failure and providing quantitative creep rupture lifetime prediction which shows an excellent agreement with long-term creep experimental data for creep strength enhanced ferritic steels and their weldments. In particular, the drop-off in time to rupture at high temperatures and low stress levels in the creep rupture curves is quantitatively predicted, and the transition of failure mechanisms from creep-controlled to diffusion-controlled creep fracture mechanism is illustrated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗