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At least 811 records · Page 45

Numerical Analysis of Blast Effects and Mitigation in the Far-Field from Small Explosions

Requirements for explosive safety are often given in terms of a “K-Factor”, correlating incident blast effects with the distance and TNT equivalent weight of an explosion. Traditionally, this is conducted using empirical correlations to experimental measurements (e.g., the Kingery–Bulmash equations). In the far-field, empirical verification of incident overpressure and impulse magnitudes can be difficult; extrapolations from data give expected values at reasonable standoff distances that sometimes are too small to measure on available equipment but are larger than some regulations require. The present paper describes the results of numerical hydrocode analysis to verify the expected incident overpressure and impulse from small hemispherical ground charges of TNT at these relatively large distances. Furthermore, the dynamic effect of incident blast waves on lightweight, modular mitigation barriers is studied to gauge their effectiveness at providing safety standard compliance.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Cost-Disruptive, Low Impact, Modular Form Factor Low-Head Hyropower System

Littoral Power Systems, Inc. (LPS) is writing a new story when it comes to turning the natural power of water into electricity. h-Modulor™ is a new way of designing and building hydropower plants that addresses the crucial issues of cost, environmental impact and regulatory time frames. For decades hydropower developers, owners and operators have struggled to build new or expanded facilities that didn’t cost so much, were friendlier to the environment and didn’t take so much time to license or build. The problem is particularly acute in smaller installations. The burdensome regulatory pathway for projects under 10MW in capacity have eased the licensing requirements for small hydro projects. But in small projects are still very hard, because capital costs are a much larger percentage of the generation revenues than they are in large facilities. There is an acute need for a cost effective solution. Understanding this need and opportunity, LPS conceived a new type of hydropower equipment – a kit of standard, pre-fabricated modular parts for dam safety, power generation, spill control and other hydropower facility functions to be used to build and operate a hydro plant at substantially lower costs than are currently achievable. This system of prefabricated parts also showed promise to reduce environmental impacts, reduce engineering time involved in the licensing process, and possibly provide a new way for regulators to think about licensing that could lead to reduced regulatory timeframes. Because of this invention’s compelling and intriguing promise the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Water Power Technology Office (WPTO) awarded funding to LPS through the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) to develop this new type of hydropower equipment to meet a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) goal and analyze it for dam safety. LPS teamed with professional engineers, PhDs, and geotechnical consultants from GZA GeoEnvironental, Inc. (GZA), Alden Research Laboratory (Alden), University of Massachusetts – Dartmouth (UMass-D), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and AECOM. In collaboration with the engineers and managers at the WPTO and EERE they matured the concepts through substantial design shifts. The project exceeded the original goals and delivered designs beyond the proof-of-concept stage backed up by thorough professional engineering analysis of stability, seepage, and structural integrity. A full-scale section with seals successfully retained water in full-head leakage tests. Construction plans and professional engineering cost estimates indicated an LCOE half of the original LCOE goal. A system of these modules is now on track to be used in a 4.5 MW commercial installation.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

A Direction-Sensitive Detector for Electron Antineutrinos

A modular design is proposed for an electron antineutrino detector based on boron-doped liquid scintillator. Tests have been carried out on small detector systems using neutrons to simulate the antineutrino detection signature. Results from these tests are reported, and the possibility of using a larger system of similar design to detect reactor antineutrinos is discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Design of a Large Diffraction Grating Optical Assembly

The Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) is a diagnostic system in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) that will enable high-speed imaging of imploding targets in the NIF Target Chamber. NIF is a multi-billion dollar project to focus 192 laser beams onto a small target (approximately the size of a pencil eraser) to generate nuclear fusion. The complete ARC system is composed of approximately 80 modular large optical assemblies known as Line Replaceable Units (LRUs). The total estimated weight of the ARC optics alone is 16,000 lbs, with an average optic weight of 200 lbs. Key to the function and performance of ARC is an optical compressor, which uses diffraction gratings known as Grating LRUs to temporally compress a total of 8 laser beams. The resulting high-power beams are focused onto a back-lighter target to create high-energy xrays for imaging. These Grating LRUs are housed inside vacuum vessels called Compressor Vessels (Figures 1-5). There are a total of 32 Grating LRUs, 16 in each Compressor Vessel.

42 ENGINEERING↗

The PROPEL Hydro System (Final Report)

This paper summarizes research, development and outcome of a modular system for powering non-powered dams. There are approximately 77,000 non-powered dams in the US, a non-trivial fraction of which could be used to generate power. Development in this area has been slow because building projects costs too much and takes too long. The PROPEL-Hydro system combines modular components for the intake and foundation, an ai driven project design and evaluation tool, and a turbine optimized for performance on small and low head sites. Work included a combination of site evaluation, refinement of power electronics, value analysis supported by computational fluid mechanics and software development to support a project evaluation tool. The result is a reduction in installed cost/kW and resulting LCOE.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

A modular reactor design for in situ synchrotron x-ray investigation of atomic layer deposition processes

Synchrotron characterization techniques provide some of the most powerful tools for the study of film structure and chemistry. The brilliance and tunability of the Advanced Photon Source allow access to scattering and spectroscopic techniques unavailable with in-house laboratory setups and provide the opportunity to probe various atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes in situ starting at the very first deposition cycle. Here, we present the design and implementation of a portable ALD instrument which possesses a modular reactor scheme that enables simple experimental switchover between various beamlines and characterization techniques. As first examples, we present in situ results for (1) X-ray surface scattering and reflectivity measurements of epitaxial ZnO ALD on sapphire, (2) grazing-incidence small angle scattering of MnO nucleation on silicon, and (3) grazing-incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy of nucleation-regime Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} ALD on amorphous ALD alumina and single crystalline sapphire.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Modular invariant inflation

Modular invariance is a striking symmetry in string theory, which may keep stringy corrections under control. In this paper, we investigate a phenomenological consequence of the modular invariance, assuming that this symmetry is preserved as well as in a four dimensional (4D) low energy effective field theory. As a concrete setup, we consider a modulus field T whose contribution in the 4D effective field theory remains invariant under the modular transformation and study inflation drived by T. The modular invariance restricts a possible form of the scalar potenntial. As a result, large field models of inflation are hardly realized. Meanwhile, a small field model of inflation can be still accomodated in this restricted setup. The scalar potential traced during the slow-roll inflation mimics the hilltop potential V{sub ht}, but it also has a non-negligible deviation from V{sub ht}. Detecting the primordial gravitational waves predicted in this model is rather challenging. Yet, we argue that it may be still possible to falsify this model by combining the information in the reheating process which can be determined self-completely in this setup.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

In-can Melter for Fukushima Waste: From Laboratory Scale Tests to the Industrial Design Definition - 19021

The In-Can melter process is being developed and qualified to treat waste arising from decommissioning and dismantling operations. This robust, simple and versatile in situ vitrification process is designed for high or medium level waste and is compact enough to be implemented in a decommissioned cell or close to the waste to be treated. It is developed to treat liquid and solid waste, to produce a small amount of secondary waste and to minimize investment and operating costs. The In-Can vitrification process is also developed with a modular design in order to be adapted regarding to nuclear operators' needs and requirements. The close collaboration between the CEA and Orano constitutes a unique structure able to provide a full and integrated solution, from the scenarios studies and matrix design definitions to the industrial implementation. The evaluation of the In-Can process for Fukushima water treatment secondary waste is a project led by Orano, CEA and ANADEC. This paper presents the first results of this project from the scenarios and glass formulation studies to the feasibility evaluation to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station implementation. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

A summary of the results from the DOE advanced gas reactor (AGR) fuel development and qualification program

Modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) designs were developed to provide natural safety, which prevents core damage under all licensing basis events. The principle that guides their design concepts is to passively maintain core temperatures below fission product release thresholds under all accident scenarios. The required level of fuel performance and fission product retention reduces the radioactive source term by many orders of magnitude relative to source terms for other reactor types and allows a graded approach to emergency planning and the potential elimination of the need for evacuation and sheltering beyond a small exclusion area. Achieving this level, however, is predicated on exceptionally high coated-particle fuel fabrication quality and excellent performance under normal operation and accident conditions. The design goal of modular HTGRs is to meet the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Protective Action Guides (PAGs) for offsite dose at the Exclusion Area Boundary (EAB). To achieve this, the reactor design concepts require a level of fuel integrity that is far better than that achieved for all prior U.S.-manufactured tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Accelerating polyketide synthase engineering for high TRY production of biofuels and bioproducts (Final Technical Report)

Polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes have a modular, deterministic logic that holds the potential to act as a flexible chemical factory for the biological production of a huge diversity of valuable small molecule compounds. However, engineering a custom PKS to produce a specific desired product currently requires years of trial and error, for reasons that remain poorly understood. In this project, we have developed a rapid, high throughput, Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) cycle for polyketide synthases (PKSs) and demonstrate its utility for production of materials precursors. The objectives are 1) to develop a rapid, high-throughput (HT) DBTL cycle for PKSs that will enable production of a large number of unnatural, organic molecules on demand at high titer, rate, and yield (TRY); 2) to demonstrate the utility of the PKS DBTL cycle to produce three molecules: one commodity chemical (caprolactam or valerolactam) and two novel materials precursors (caprolactam or valerolactam derivatives); and 3) to demonstrate the utility of the PKS DBTL cycle to increase the TRY of one molecule (caprolactam or valerolactam). In this project, we have successfully demonstrated our high throughput PKS DBTL pipeline, and have biologically produced valerolactam and several other novel nylon monomers.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Accelerating polyketide synthase engineering for high TRY production of biofuels and bioproducts (CRADA Final Report)

Polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes have a modular, deterministic logic that holds the potential to act as a flexible chemical factory for the biological production of a huge diversity of valuable small molecule compounds. However, engineering a custom PKS to produce a specific desired product currently requires years of trial and error, for reasons that remain poorly understood. In this project, we have developed a rapid, high throughput, Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) cycle for polyketide synthases (PKSs) and demonstrate its utility for production of materials precursors. The objectives are 1) to develop a rapid, high-throughput (HT) DBTL cycle for PKSs that will enable production of a large number of unnatural, organic molecules on demand at high titer, rate, and yield (TRY); 2) to demonstrate the utility of the PKS DBTL cycle to produce three molecules: one commodity chemical (caprolactam or valerolactam) and two novel materials precursors (caprolactam or valerolactam derivatives); and 3) to demonstrate the utility of the PKS DBTL cycle to increase the TRY of one molecule (caprolactam or valerolactam). In this project, we have successfully demonstrated our high throughput PKS DBTL pipeline, and have biologically produced valerolactam and several other novel nylon monomers.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Investigation of design principles for metal-binding and conductive protein assemblies

Throughout the lifetime of this initiative, including renewals, we focused on understanding the fundamental principles of protein-protein interface design that enable predictable and modular spatial and kinetic control of multi-component protein self-assembly in 1D, 2D, and 3D, including the interface with inorganic materials, small molecules, and metal ions. We designed individual protein components that bind specific metal ions, including REEs and transport ions across lipid membranes. We created helical 1D filaments of repeating units with programmed periodicity, pitch, and multi-component environmentally responsive self-assembling protein fibers. We showed that these filaments reversibly assemble and disassemble under specific pH conditions and created end-specific caps that independently tune the balance of attachment and detachment rates at each terminus of the filament. Using similar filaments, we succeeded in binding arrays of heme and chlorophyll molecules and assembling patterned helical coatings around carbon nanotubes in efforts to create de novo conductive nanowires. By arraying REE binding sites in a large circular tandem array with a repeat protein-based cyclic oligomer, we created a molecular scaffold for superradiance and paramagnetic quantum sensing. We created a range of one-component and two-component self-assembling 2D arrays and showed that when designed to engage cell receptors, these arrays can control cell behavior from outside the cell signal to inside the cell. We designed helical repeat proteins with variable lengths displaying charged residues in a pattern matched to the cation lattice of mica. achieved a range of ordered states with an epitaxial match to the underlying crystal lattice. We further applied the learned principles of protein-induced biomineralization to design proteins with an interface lattice matching CaCO 3 and guide the formation of specific crystal forms of CaCO 3 from solution, a significant advance toward the global need to manage carbon. In all cases of mineral lattice matching and biomineralization, we followed assembly using molecularly resolved in situ AFM imaging and extracted information about assembly pathways and energetics, applying deep learning to quantify the dynamics of protein self-organization. We developed techniques for using dynamic metal-dependent interfaces on protein nanopores for discriminatively sensing dilute REEs in solution and demonstrated the use of strong metal-binding interfaces to drive nanocage disassembly for conditional nanocompartmentalization applications. This grant supported 11 people, including Asim Bera, Evans Brackenbrough, Andrew Borst, Nikita Hanikel, Timothy Huddy, Emily Joyce, Alex Young-Seug Kang, Ryan Kibler, Joshua Morris Lubner, Harley Pyles, and Shuai Zhang. The research effort culminated in the production of published papers and theses. Electronic Thesis/Dissertation are distributed by ProQuest/UMI Dissertation Publishing and made available on an open access basis through UW Libraries ResearchWorks Service.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Automated laboratory based X-ray beamline with multi-capillary sample chamber

An automated laboratory based X-ray beamline with a multi-capillary sample chamber capable of undertaking small angle X-ray scattering measurements on a maximum of 104 samples at a time as a function of temperature between 5 and 85 °C has been developed. The modular format of the system enables the user to simultaneously equilibrate samples at eight different temperatures with an accuracy of ±0.005 °C. This system couples a rotating anode generator and 2D optoelectronic detector with Franks X-ray optics, leading to typical exposure times of less than 5 min for lyotropic liquid crystalline samples. Beamline control including sample exchange and data acquisition has been fully automated via a custom designed LabVIEW framework.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

ORCHID: Orchestrated Retrieval-Augmented Classification of High-Risk Property with Intelligent Decision-Making

High-Risk Property (HRP) classification is critical at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites, where inventories include sensitive and often dual-use equipment. Compliance must track evolving rules designated by various export control policies to make transparent and auditable decisions. Traditional expert-only workflows are time-consuming, backlog-prone, and struggle to keep pace with shifting regulatory boundaries. We propose ORCHID, a modular agentic framework for HRP classification that pairs retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with human oversight to produce policy based outputs that can be audited. Small cooperating agents—retrieval, description refiner, classifier, validator, and feedback logger—coordinate via agent-to-agent messaging and invoke tools through the Model Context Protocol (MCP) for model-agnostic on-premise operation. The interface follows an "Item to Evidence to Decision" loop with step-by-step reasoning, on-policy citations, and append-only audit bundles (run-cards, prompts, evidence). In preliminary tests on real HRP cases, ORCHID improves accuracy and traceability over a non-agentic baseline while deferring uncertain items to Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). The demonstration shows single item submission, grounded citations, SME feedback capture, and exportable audit artifacts—illustrating a practical path to trustworthy LLM assistance in sensitive DOE compliance workflows.

Das, Sanjay [ORNL] (ORCID:0009000542591915)↗

FAST Equipment Lease with Liberty University, Inc. (Cooperative Research and Development Final Report)

Liberty University, Inc. (Participant) will receive government owned equipment from NREL to evaluate and perform fatigue testing of bladders in use for small scale pumped storage hydropower. NREL is providing technical support to advance Liberty University's pumped storage hydropower (PSH) concept towards commercialization. The concept creates modular upper and lower watertight enclosures (tanks or reservoirs) connected by a series of modular pipe lengths (penstock).

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

Standard Modular Hydropower: Case Study on Modular Facility Design

Hydropower is a reliable, cost-effective, and widely deployed method of harnessing the power of river systems for human benefit.The undeveloped technical hydropower resource in the United States consists overwhelmingly of sites with small hydropower potential of less than 10 MW of installed capacity. Most existing hydropower projects and the bulk of proposed projects in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission development pipeline are also small hydropower projects. However, the rate of development of new small hydropower projects is at a historical low because of the risks, costs, and uncertainty associated with project development. An acute challenge is the identification and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts, such as alterations to streamflow and water quality and the introduction of barriers that threaten geomorphologic processes and the resiliency of ecological communities. Success in new small hydropower development demands that low-cost, innovative approaches be developed to decrease the adverse environmental impacts of construction and operation.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

Production and testing of the large-area photon detector ArCLight

Compact large-area dielectric photon detectors that ensure modular noble liquid detectors can sense scintillation light signals for triggering and reconstruction purposes with minimal impact to the overall target volume. ArCLight is a small-volume, sizeable sensitive-area detector that consists of a light trap covered in a thin layer of TPB that can be placed inside a time projection chamber's electric field. These sensors are used in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment Near Detector liquid argon (DUNE ND-LAr). They are constructed and tested at the University of Bern and will be deployed in the prototype experiment ProtoDUNE-ND. The talk discusses the details of assembling ArCLights, the quality control methods, and the test studies done with LEDs to assess their performance.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DEM and MELT In-Can Vitrification Process for Fukushima Daiichi Water Treatment Secondary Waste - 20034

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station was severely damaged by a tsunami induced by the earthquake on March 11, 2011. A large amount of water treatment secondary waste has been generated from the purification work of contaminated water that consists of the water flowing into the reactor building. The Mid and Long-Term Road map specifies that solid waste at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station should be stored safely and reasonably according to its characteristics. In order to meet this goal, a versatile treatment solution is needed, and the In-Can vitrification seems to be a suitable solution. The DEM and MELT In-Can vitrification process is being developed and qualified in France to treat waste arising from decommissioning and dismantling operations. This qualification is carried out through the consortium of the DEM and MELT project coordinated by CEA which gathers Orano, ECM technologies and Andra. The DEM and MELT In-Can vitrification process is a robust, simple and versatile in situ vitrification process. It is designed for high or intermediate level waste and is compact enough to be implemented in an existing facility or close to the waste to be treated. It is developed to treat liquid and solid waste, to produce a small amount of secondary waste and to minimize investment and operating costs. The DEM and MELT In-Can vitrification process is also developed with a modular design in order to be adapted to nuclear operators needs and requirements. The In-Can melting process has already been developed and fully qualified by the CEA for Alpha liquid waste and can be rated TRL 7 for this scope. The In-Can vitrification technology is considered as a qualified solution that could be applied for the treatment of waste resulting from the D and D work in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The feasibility evaluation of the DEM and MELT In-Can vitrification process for Fukushima Daiichi water treatment secondary waste is a project led by Orano, CEA and ANADEC. This R and D project is performed by the funds from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as The Subsidy Program 'Project of Decommissioning and Contaminated Water Management'. This paper presents the first results of this feasibility evaluation, from the scenarios and glass formulation definition to the industrial implementation feasibility. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗