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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Deployment of Rapid Assay Systems for Real-time Sorting of Excavation Spoil on Contaminated Land - 19258

To optimise segregation at source, and hence minimise waste production, NUVIA have developed and utilised the Gamma Excavation Monitor (GEM) system. The GEM was designed for land remediation projects, to provide a rapid screening tool for excavator buckets of material. Following successful deployment in the UK, including the Olympic Park site in London, and two major Magnox land remediation projects, the first GEM unit was deployed to Canadian Nuclear Laboratories' (CNL) Chalk River Laboratory (CRL) in 2016. The GEM unit was fitted with a plastic scintillator detector; recent developments have included the utilisation of a sodium iodide. The system is initiated by the presence of an excavator bucket above the detector which triggers proximity switches that automatically start the counting routine. At the end of a short count time, typically 10 seconds, the materials category is indicated by means of a traffic light system, based on either the gross gamma activity or a photo-peak. Using this instrument, material determined not to be radioactive can be re-used on-site. In addition to the traffic light system, results are also transmitted wirelessly to a tablet device. These combined features allow operation of the system without the need to have operatives near the mechanical excavator bucket; therefore, eliminating a significant industrial hazard. Deployments of the GEM on the CRL site have included Storm Water Management project, within the CRL controlled area, and the Foundation Road Landfill Project. The use of the GEM in these projects enabled in-situ decisions to be made regarding the segregation and sentencing of soil rather than having to wait for the analysis of samples; saving time and cost to the project. The Building 492 project involved the excavation of soil within a supervised area to prepare for the installation of modular trailer units. For this specific job, the GEM was calibrated to ensure soil met clearance criteria as stipulated in the Nuclear Substances and Radiation Devices Regulations (Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission; SOR/2000-207). A total of 326 loads of soil were monitored during this project and re-assurance sampling conducted by CNL corroborated the results produced by the GEM system. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Initial Assessment of Cover Degradation Features at the Mexican Hat, Utah, UMTRCA Disposal Site - 19556

The Mexican Hat, Utah, Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) Title I Disposal Site is located on the Navajo Reservation in southeast Utah. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensed the site to the US Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management (LM) for custody and long-term care. LM manages long-term surveillance and maintenance activities at the site with the principal goal of protecting human health and the environment. The disposal cell was designed to encapsulate low-level radioactive mill tailings and other residual radioactive materials (RRM) in a way that minimizes the need for active maintenance and limits radon gas emanation and precipitation infiltration. The disposal cell has a multicomponent cover, consisting of a 60 cm thick (24 inch), low-permeability, bentonite-amended radon barrier, overlain by a 15 cm thick (6 inch) sandy gravel bedding/filter layer and a 30 cm thick (12 inch) riprap erosion-protection layer. Under UMTRCA, designs intended to control and contain RRM shall be effective for up to 1000 years, to the extent reasonably achievable and, in any case, for at least 200 years. In 2016, multiple subtle depressions were identified on the rock cover along the toe and lower portions of the northeast side slope of the disposal cell. Due to concerns regarding potential impacts to disposal cell performance and erosion resistance, evaluations of the depressions and cell cover design and construction were initiated. The evaluations included reviews of the disposal cell as-built drawings and supporting design calculations for the rock cover components. Also, in 2017, a weather monitoring station was installed at the site to collect continuous site-specific meteorological data, and repeatable ground-based light imaging, detection, and ranging (lidar) topographical and aerial photogrammetry surveys were implemented to monitor for potential changes in the surface depression features. The evaluations also included visual inspections of the depressions, and in 2018, small-area manual excavations of the rock cover components (test pits) were performed to observe the conditions of the cover components, scan for radioactivity, and observe evidence of erosion on the surface of the radon barrier material. Voids and incisions were discovered within the radon barrier on the north and northeast side slopes of the disposal cell. Visual observations at test pits indicate that the bedding/filter material is highly segregated and may not be in conformance with the disposal cell engineering and construction design specifications. Post-construction development of a weak to strongly cemented material has also been observed immediately below the base of the bedding layer in test pits with observed radon barrier degradation. A series of radiological surveys have been performed at the site, and radiological readings have not exceeded natural background conditions in the vicinity of the site. Thus, the site remains protective of human health and the environment. Implementation of continuous radiological monitoring at the site will be initiated in fall 2018 through the deployment of radon cups and thermoluminescent dosimeters to obtain data that provides supporting evidence that the disposal cell remains protective of human health and the environment. Evaluations to determine the cause(s) of the depression features and associated radon barrier erosion are ongoing. Possible mechanisms of cover degradation identified thus far include segregated bedding material that would allow for higher precipitation runoff velocities, resulting in erosion of the radon barrier; post-construction cementation of radon barrier or aeolian material that could negatively affect the performance of the radon barrier; cation exchange leading to the development of cementation; and aeolian deposition affecting precipitation runoff. Moreover, geotechnical sampling and testing is planned to verify spatial cover conditions relative to design specifications. The resulting information will be used to identify possible causes for the surface depressions and associated radon barrier degradation, gain insight on potential long-term performance implications along the side slopes of the disposal cell, and identify potential corrective actions. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multi-scale modeling of the electric field assisted sintering process

The electric field assisted sintering (EFAS) process involves tightly coupled physics that influence microstructural evolution in the particles being compacted. It is also an inherently multi-scale phenomenon, with the microstructure of the compact influencing the subsequent engineering-scale response of the sintering system. To improve understanding of how processing parameters influence microstructural evolution, we have developed a multi-scale modeling approach that couples a continuum-level model of the sintering system with a phase-field model for microstructural evolution of particles within the compact. The phase-field model couples the effect of chemical and electrical driving forces on microstructural evolution and includes the effect of charged defect segregation to surfaces and grain boundaries; this segregation leads to enhanced defect transport and heat generation at these interfaces in response to applied electric field. The effect of enhanced heat generation on particle neck growth and the influence of microstructural evolution on the engineering-scale model are demonstrated.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Stabilizing Iodine in 2D Mixed Halide Perovskites: Dion–Jacobson Versus Ruddlesden–Popper Phases

Iodine electrochemistry plays an important role in driving iodide‐oxidation induced halide migration in 3D halide perovskites. When subjected to light illumination or electrochemical bias, mixed halide perovskites undergo halide segregation followed by iodine expulsion from the crystal lattices. To mitigate such intrinsic halide ion mobility in 3D perovskites, lower‐dimensional (2D) perovskites are employed as barriers to stabilize the perovskite layers. Interestingly, 2D halide perovskites also exhibit halide ion mobility that is dependent on the binding configuration, viz., Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) and Dion–Jacobson (DJ) phases. Hybrid RP‐DJ perovskites with a mixed Br:I ratio of 50:50 show increased stability following continuous photoirradiation. Spectroscopic studies that probe iodine migration and expulsion in photoirradiated 2D films of different configurations are presented here. The effective strategy of blending two different 2D phases (RP‐DJ) offers new opportunities to develop stable 2D/3D perovskite interfaces in solar cells.

2D halide perovskites↗
DOE OSTI2020

Structure and activity of supported bimetallic NiPd nanoparticles: influence of preparation method on CO 2 reduction

Here, bimetallic Ni-Pd and monometallic reference catalysts were prepared by decomposing organometallic precursors, Ni(cod) 2 and Pd 2 (dba) 3 , leading to nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 3 to 6 nm. Two different synthesis procedures were followed: i) solution synthesis using capping ligand (hexadecylamine) followed by impregnation of pre-formed nanoparticles on SiO 2 , called Sol-immobilization (SI); and 2) direct precursor decomposition onto SiO 2 , without stabilizer, called Direct Decomposition (DD). Samples prepared by SI procedure are alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles, whereas samples obtained by DD one show phase segregation. Interestingly, DD samples show better activity for CO 2 hydrogenation into CO (reverse water-gas shift reaction - RWGS) than SI ones. The best compromise between activity for CO 2 activation (at lower temperature) and CO selectivity was achieved with Ni DD and NiPd DD catalysts. Moreover, the addition of palladium increased the concentration of surface undercoordinated sites, which chemisorb CO weakly, thus improving activity and selectivity, in opposition to other samples that chemisorb CO strongly, in multiband configuration. In the presence of Pd, different decomposition rates drive the formation of smaller and more active Ni clusters. The knowledge acquired here on the influence of synthesis conditions on the catalytic properties of Ni-Pd catalysts should guide us to better catalysts for CO 2 transformations into valuable products.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Growth Phenomena and Bandgap Shift in Melt-Grown β-(In x Ga 1- x ) 2 O 3 Alloys

β-Ga 2 O 3 is an emerging ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor with great promise for power electronics and optoelectronics. Alloys in the In 2 O 3 -Ga 2 O 3 system are interesting for optoelectronic applications, particularly where bandgap tuning is desirable. Herein, β-(In x Ga 1- x ) 2 O 3 alloys with target compositions x = 0.025 or 0.10 are grown from the melt using the Czochralski and vertical gradient freeze techniques. Growth with 10 mol% In yields only small, needle-like crystals, while 2.5 mol% In allows growth of centimeter-sized single crystals. A substantial degree of indium segregation is unveiled by spatial measurements of lattice parameters and the bandgap. The bandgap decreases by a maximum of 0.28 eV in the case of the highest In content crystals. Z-contrast transmission electron microscopy confirms a solely octahedral coordination of In in the β-Ga 2 O 3 lattice. With indium concentrations higher than 2.5 mol%, samples contain micron-scale voids that impart a dark coloration. All measured crystals are electrically conductive, with carrier concentrations varying 10 16 –10 17 cm -3 depending upon the location of the sample in the growth. Lastly, a unique luminescence with unknown origin centered around 2.0 eV is revealed by photoluminescence spectroscopy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Investigation on Physical Properties of Sn-Modified Cubic Cu{sub 2}O Nanostructures

Cubic Cu{sub 2−x} Sn{sub x}O (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) nanostructures have been developed with the solvothermal method. X-ray diffraction data analysis confirms the formation of a pristine Cu{sub 2}O phase below x=0.3 Sn{sup 2+} substitution, and SnO-related phases appear in 0.3 substitute sample indicating phase segregation starts at x≥0.3. The magnetization versus applied field (M − H) curves have been determined using a vibrating sample magnetometer at 300 K which reveals that ferromagnetic behavior of synthesized nanomaterials is reliant on the substituent concentration and enhanced gradually with its addition in the material. Photoluminescence spectra show that ferromagnetism originates from the induced magnetic moment in defects created as cation vacancies in the host material. Beside these, the dielectric measurements were performed at various frequencies (20 Hz–1 MHz) and in the temperature range of 100 to 350 K.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Influence of Thermomechanical Treatment on Structural-Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties of the Cu–Al–Ni Shape-Memory Alloys

Using the methods of optical and electron microscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction analyses, the influence of thermomechanical treatment on the mechanical properties, average grain size, and structural and phase transformations is investigated in the Cu–Al–Ni triple alloys exhibiting a shape memory effect. In the alloys under study with a fixed content of 3wt% Ni the concentration of aluminum was varied from 9 to 14 wt%. It is shown that in the alloys subjected to thermal treatment, including forging and homogenizing annealing using controlled recrystallization in the austenitic state followed by quenching, the grain-boundary disintegration and segregation disappear. It is found out that the microstructure of the alloys in the hot-forged and hardened states with the content of aluminum 9–10 wt%. consists of the grains of the average dimensions within 60–80 μm, with the content of aluminum 10–12 wt% – 100–350 μm, while in the alloys with the content of aluminum up to 14 12 wt% the average grain size reaches 1 mm. According to the data of mechanical testing at room temperature, with a decrease in the content of aluminum the ultimate tensile strength (σ{sub UTS}), the yield strength (σ{sub М}) and the relative elongation (δ) increase. An improvement of the mechanical properties of the alloys is attributed to the grain structure refinement of the β{sub 2}-austenite and package substructure of the β'{sub 1}-and γ'{sub 1}-martensites as the content of aluminum in the alloys decreases. For instance, in the fine-grained alloys containing 9.2 and 9.5 wt% Al the value of relative elongation remains at a high level (>10%), while for the other alloys with 10–14 wt% Al it does not exceed 5%. As the content of aluminum in the alloys decreases, the character of the specimen fracture under uniaxial tension changes (from brittle to ductile).

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Oxygen Effects and Selective Oxidation of Group IV Alloying Additions in Group V-Based Refractory Multi-principal Element Alloys

Refractory multi-principal element alloys (RMPEAs) hold significant potential for advancing ultra-high-temperature technologies due to their remarkable strength retention under these conditions. However, the beneficial effects of alloying on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties are often obscured by the presence of interstitial alloying elements. The intricate interactions between substitutional alloying elements of Groups IV, V, and VI and interstitial content, whether intentional or incidental, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the impact of dissolved oxygen on the microstructural evolution and stability of RMPEAs primarily composed of Group V elements, Nb and V, along with Group IV elements Ti, Zr, and Hf. We show that the strong affinity of oxygen for Group IV elements Zr and Hf leads to the internal precipitation of oxides during heat treatment, which competes with the homogenization of the as-cast dendritic microstructure. Here, we demonstrate that careful control and design of oxygen content and Group IV alloying additions are essential to minimize micro-segregation and prevent the detrimental precipitation of internal oxides. To address these challenges, we propose employing non-equilibrium solidification calculations to predict and optimize as-cast solidification structures, thereby reducing the reliance on homogenization processes.

Alloy design↗
DOE OSTI2018

Solidification Behavior of Calcium Ferrite Under Ultrasonic Vibration

Ultrasonic vibration was applied to the solidification process of calcium ferrite (CF) to modify the grain size and improve the homogeneity of the solidified microstructure. The effects of ultrasound on microstructure, density, compressive strength, and reducibility were studied. The acoustic pressure decreased and then increased along the axis symmetry due to the attenuation of acoustic pressure and reflection of ultrasonic waves in the melt under a fixed power. When the ultrasonic power was increased, the general acoustic pressure increased, which was beneficial to the avoidance of macropores and to improvement of the microstructure. Coarse acicular CF grains were significantly refined; the grain size decreased from 1967 to 442 μm when the ultrasonic power was increased from 0 to 300 W. The density of the samples increased from 4370 to 4680 kg/m{sup 3} due to cavitation and acoustic streaming effects. Ultrasonic vibration greatly improved the ultimate compressive strength of CF; the values were 41.8 ± 2.1 to 67.3 ± 3.4 MPa for ultrasonic powers of 100 to 300 W, respectively. Without ultrasonic treatment, it was only 37.4 ± 1.9 MPa. Ultrasonic vibration also influenced the reduction time of CF due to the composition segregation in the slag during solidification.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microsegregation Measurement: Methods and Applications

Microsegregation is chemical variation at the microstructural level in a solidified ingot, which can cause undesirable effects on material properties. Its formation is driven by different levels of solute elemental solubility between solid and liquid phases, resulting in solute buildup or depletion in the liquid phase during solidification. Characterization of microsegregation can be essential for understanding its formation and removing it through heat treatment. Measurement is frequently carried out via scanning electron microscope (SEM), though metallographic analysis, mechanical testing and optical radiography have been used. SEM analysis can consist of point measurements on single dendrites, line scans across or along dendrites, elemental maps, and extended line-based or grid-based analyses extending over many dendrites, which can generate large amounts of data. Line-based or grid-based data can be analyzed using scatterplots of element concentrations to visualize segregation behavior and sorting/ranking of data by a single element or a combination of elements, to give compositional profiles as a function of extent of solidification. For both qualitative and quantitative analyses, effects of phase transformations and secondary phases need to be considered as well as sorting of measurement errors when generating compositional profiles. Applications of analysis include determination of partition ratios, examination of solute–element interactions, determination of effects of cooling rate and back diffusion, applications to freckling studies, validations of modeling, and development of heat-treatment profiles.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Unexpected Charpy Impact Toughness Spike of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo Steel After Simulated Postweld Heat Treatment

The present study elaborates on the effect of simulated postweld heat treatment (SPWHT) on microstructure and mechanical property variations of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel. With the increase in SPWHT holding time, lath ferrite tends to morph into blocky ferrite, and carbides aggregate along grain boundaries. Although tensile strength keeps decreasing, Charpy impact toughness undergoes a spike, followed by a sharp decrease. Such an interesting phenomenon is explained by the competition between high-angle grain boundary population and carbide segregation, and bodes well to the pressure vessel industry for optimized PWHT.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Assessing the Influence of NaCl on the Reduction of a Siliceous Laterite Nickel Ore Under Caron Process Conditions

The reduction by hydrogen and the thermal decomposition of a siliceous nickel laterite ore in the presence of NaCl were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Reduction tests on H{sub 2} atmosphere in rotary kiln were performed in the presence of NaCl and the product of the reaction was leached in ammoniacal solution. The presence of only 1 pct of NaCl in the furnace increased the nickel extraction values from ≈ 3 to ≈ 90 pct when the experiment was carried out at 850 °C. According to the results of X-ray diffractometry and TGA, the presence of NaCl in the system and the reducing atmosphere of H{sub 2} promote the segregation of nickel according to the following steps: (1) Nickel oxide reduction by hydrogen: NiO + H{sub 2(g)} → Ni + H{sub 2}O{sub (g)}. (2) Formation of HCl: Al{sub 2}SiO{sub 5} + 2NaCl + SiO{sub 2} + H{sub 2}O → 2HCl(g) + 2NaAlSiO{sub 4}. (3) Chlorination of metallic nickel by HCl: Ni + 2HCl{sub (g)} → NiCl{sub 2} + H{sub 2(g)}. (4) Reduction of nickel chloride by hydrogen: NiCl{sub 2} + H{sub 2(g)} → Ni + 2HCl{sub (g)}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Porosity Prediction in A356 Wheel Casting

A FLUENT™-based thermal-fluid-compositional model has been developed and applied to a low-pressure, die-cast, A356 aluminum alloy wheel to explore the effects of macro-segregation of hydrogen and late-stage liquid encapsulation on pore formation during solidification. Based on the evolution of temperature, pressure, and hydrogen concentration in the liquid output from FLUENT, the porosity size distribution has been predicted at a number of locations in a commercially produced wheel using an in-house micro-porosity model. The porosity model incorporates pore nucleation kinetics based on hydrogen supersaturation, and two modes of pore growth: the first, occurring at low solid fractions is based on hydrogen diffusion; and the second, occurring at high solid fractions is based on conservation of volume. Samples from a commercially cast wheel have been analyzed using X-ray micro-tomography to provide basic validation of the micro-porosity model. The predicted results showed that the evolution in pressure has the dominant effect on pore growth, but only under conditions where pores have nucleated prior to late-stage liquid encapsulation. Otherwise, the cooling rate appears to have the dominant effect. The accuracy of the model is discussed in terms of the predicted pore size distribution and number density of pores. Areas for continued development are presented.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Structure and Reactivity of Low-Rank Coal Chars Prepared from Fluidized Bed and Moving Bed Pyrolyzers and the Potential for Using Them in Pulverized Coal Injection (PCI)

Utilizing pyrolysis chars as the injection fuel in a blast furnace can reduce the dependence on high-quality pulverized coal injection (PCI) coal. In this study, the physical properties and reaction characteristics of chars prepared from two different industrial-scale pyrolyzers (fluidized bed and moving bed) are investigated. The results reveal remarkable component segregation in the char particles with different particle sizes. The properties of large-size char particles are found to better satisfy the PCI fuel requirement in a blast furnace. Compared with PCI coal, the char particles exhibit a rough surface, well-developed pore structure, and less-ordered chemical structure of carbon. Results from isothermal combustion, isothermal gasification, and drop tube furnace experiments show that both types of chars exhibit a better reactivity than PCI coal. The excellent reactivity of chars is closely related to its high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and relatively poor chemical ordering during conversion. Based on these characteristics, both fluidized bed char (FBC) and moving bed char (MBC) have a great potential to be used as PCI fuels. The application method of chars for PCI in a blast furnace is proposed finally.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of Diffusion Length in Modeling of Equiaxed Dendritic Solidification under Buoyancy Flow in a Configuration of Hebditch–Hunt Experiment

Modeling of equiaxed solidification is vital for understanding the solidification process of metallic alloys. In this work, an extended literature review is given for the models currently used for equiaxed solidification simulations. Based on this analysis, we present a three-phase multiscale equiaxed solidification model in which some approximations regarding solute transport at microscopic scale are put together in a new way and incorporated into macroscopic transport equations. For the latter, a term relating to the momentum exchange between the two phases is revised, and a modification for the grain packing algorithm is proposed. A modernized model for equiaxed dendrite growth is tested using a case of solidification of Sn-5 wt pct Pb alloy in a parallelepiped cavity that mimics the Hebditch–Hunt experiment. The results obtained using two approaches to calculate diffusion length are presented and compared both with each other and with numerical results from elsewhere. It is demonstrated that diffusion length has a crucial effect on the final segregation pattern.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mechanical Properties of the Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr Alloys with Different Morphologies of Long-Period Stacking Ordered Phases

Long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases with different morphologies and distributions were obtained in the direct chill cast Mg-6.9Gd-3.2Y-1.5Zn-0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy by controlling the homogenization time or cooling rate. Microstructural evolution and the effect of various LPSO phases on the mechanical properties were investigated. There is no obvious α-Mg grain growth during homogenization at 510 °C. Intragranular thin-platelet and coagulated LPSO phases hardly improve the strength but help to develop the ductility. Numerous lamellar phases, which contain “ABCA”-type building blocks with RE and Zn segregation, form during the furnace-cooling process. Lamellar phases, which exhibit lower thermostability compared with the thin-platelet LPSO, slightly improve the tensile yield strength and induce numerous cracks which result in the premature fracture.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Powder spreading, densification, and part deformation in binder jetting additive manufacturing

Binder jetting additive manufacturing (AM) can print complex structures in economical and scalable manner. Binder jetting AM comprises of deposition and weak binding of particles, known as green part, at room temperature and subsequent binder removal and sintering densification at high temperatures. However, during the densification (i.e., sintering), the part significantly deforms due to volume shrinkage. The deformation during sintering is difficult to predict, which prevents the widespread application of this technology. In this research, powder spreading simulation using discrete element method (DEM) was performed first to capture local variations in powder bed configuration. Second, finite element method (FEM) with a phenomenological continuum constitutive model was used to predict part shrinkage during the sintering process. DEM simulation showed variations in packing density, particle segregation, formation of uneven powder bed surface, and shift in particle size distribution (PSD). The sintering simulation modeled part deformation with a reasonable accuracy of 3% for solid-state sintering and intermediate liquid phase sintering. A demonstration case with non-uniform initial packing density showed that inhomogeneous green part density and PSD should be accounted for prediction of part deformation in binder jetting AM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗