Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “SN”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 811 records · Page 45

Spectral line profiles of nickel and argon in supernova 1987A - Expansion velocity and electron scattering effects

Spectra of SN 1987A showing the Ni II 6.634-micron and Ar II 6.983-micron fine-structure lines were obtained from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory in April 1988. The signal-to-noise ratio of 100 near the peaks and resolving power of 200 are sufficient to show the average velocity of expansion from the core of about 1400 km/s and to indicate the range of velocities. An asymmetry in the profiles of both lines and a redshift of the line centroids of about 440 km/s above the 280-km/s recessional velocity of the LMC can be explained in terms of scattering of the photons by electrons in the expanding hydrogen envelope of the supernova. A mass of 0.0030 solar masses of Ni II can be deduced from the line strength of the Ni II line and a mass of 0.0009 solar masses of Ar II from the Ar II line strength.

Witteborn, F. C.↗

P-Cygni features and photospheric velocities

The photospheric velocities implied from the P-Cygni features of H-alpha, H-beta, and H-gamma in SN 1987A differ. This implies that the 'photosphere' relevant to P-Cygni formation may be frequency dependent. To obtain a P-Cygni feature from above a fixed surface, the photons leaving there must not undergo other frequency dependent absorption processes (bound-free or free-free) or be smeared in frequency due to multiple Thomson scattering. The paper delineates different regimes when the frequency dependence of this surface should be manifest, and those when it would not be.

Bildsten, Lars↗

Mass determination of neutrinos

A time-energy correlation method has been developed to determine the signature of a nonzero neutrino mass in a small sample of neutrinos detected from a distant source. The method is applied to the Kamiokande II (Hirata et al., 1987) and IMB (Bionta et al., 1987) observations of neutrino bursts from SN 1987A. Using the Kamiokande II data, the neutrino rest mass is estimated at 2.8 + 2.0, - 1.4 eV and the initial neutrino pulse is found to be less than 0.3 sec full width, followed by an emission tail lasting at least 10 sec.

Chiu, Hong-Yee↗

A real light echo - Nova Persei 1901

Observations of Nova Persei 1901, a light echo from SN 1987A, are reviewed. The large broken outer ring and bright inner ring of the nova are examined. The outer ring has been shown to increase its radius at a speed of about 11 arcmin/year. Since the distance to Nova Persei 1901 is about 400-600 pc, the apparent projected velocity of expansion is about 4-5 c, making the nova the first observed superluminal cosmic source.

Felten, J. E.↗

The emergence of X-rays and gamma-rays from supernova 1987A

Attempts to arrive at a unified scenario for the optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray emission of SN 1987A are discussed. Theoretical spectra are in reasonable agreement with recent observations of hard X-rays by the Ginga and Mir satellites, but the early turn-on of X-rays suggests that the mantle and envelope may be 'leaky', perhaps as a result of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities and clumping. The soft X-ray spectrum should be dominated by a 6.4 keV Fe K-alpha fluorescence line. The reported Ginga detection of 4-10 keV X-ray emission is also discussed.

Shull, J. Michael↗

Big savings from small holes

The status and results to date of the NASA-Lewis/USAF Astronautics study of technology for large spacecraft heat-dissipation by means of liquid-droplet radiation (LDR) are discussed. The LDR concept uses a droplet generator to create billions of 200-micron droplets of a heatsink fluid which will cool through radiation into deep space as they fly toward a dropet collector. This exposure to the space environment entails the maintenance of vapor pressure as low as 10 to the -7th torr; the fluid must also be very stable chemically. While certain oils are good fluids for LDR use at low temperatures, higher-temperature heatsink fluids include Li, Sn, and Ga liquid metals.

White, Alan↗

Mystery spot in supernova 1987A - Reflection or fluorescence by an interstellar cloud?

This paper explores fluorescence and reflection models of the companion to SN 1987A obseved by speckle interferometry, recalling a 1901 precedent. The apparent small angular size of the companion is a severe constraint. A fluorescence model cannot reach the observed brightness unless the ultraviolet burst from the supernova contained as many as 2 x 10 to the 58th ionizing photons. This is about 25 times stronger than generous current models. Even then, the expected line ratios and widths do not fit the observations. The absence of narrow H-alpha and H-beta lines in the supernova spectrum, the ratio of fluxes of the companion in H-alpha and forbidden N II line filters, the invisibility of the companion at 4861 (H-beta), and its detection at 5330 fail to agree with theory. A dust-reflection model is more promising, and the color can be reddened by the evaporation of small grains, but the model still falls more than about 1 mag short in brightness. Furthermore, a dust reflection should have increased in relative brightness in May-June 1987, rather than disappearing as the mystery spot did. If all the observations are correct, neither model is likely to work.

Felten, James E.↗

The penultimate supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud - SNR 0540-69.3

Spectra of the SNR 0540-69.3 in the LMC are presented that cover the wavelength interval 3500-9800 A. An optical continuum is observed over this entire wavelength range from synchrotron emission near the 50 ms pulsar inside the remnant. The spectrum contains emission lines shifted by + 370 km/s from the local LMC rest velocity. The line widths average 2735 + or - 200 km/s, indicating an expansion age of 762 + or - 50 yr. Lines of forbidden O I, forbidden O II, forbidden O III, forbidden S II, forbidden S III, forbidden Ar III, forbidden Ni II, forbidden Fe II, forbidden Fe III, and H-alpha are detected, and forbidden Fe V and forbidden Fe VII may be detected. It is very likely that the object is the young SNR following core collapse of a massive star akin to the progenitor of SN 1987A.

Kirshner, Robert P.↗

Are there detectable infrared arcs around supernova 1987A?

The possibility is examined that the recently discovered arcs of reflected light in the LMC around SN 1987A may be accompanied by detectable arcs of thermal IR emission from dust heated by the UV-visual output of the supernova. Detectability depends on the ratio Zeta = Q(a)/Q(p)P, where Q(a) and Q(s) are the visual absorption and scattering efficiencies of the dust and P is the small-angle scattering phase function. Calculations for spherical grains of graphite and silicate are presented. A Mathis-Rumpl-Nordsieck distribution of grain sizes has an effective Zeta of roughly 0.1. Some grain size distributions more heavily weighted toward small grains in the Galaxy have values of Zeta roughly one to two. With current instrumentation, the flux is below or at best close to the detection limit.

Dwek, Eli↗

The modified correlation mass method for detecting neutrino mass from astrophysical neutrino bursts

A modified correlation mass method for calculating the value of a possible neutrino mass from neutrino bursts of astrophysical origin is proposed which can more sensitively detect small neutrino masses than previous methods. Application of the method to the neutrinos detected from SN 1987 A yields a value of 3.6 + or - 0.3 eV for the neutrino mass energy with a confidence level of 97 percent. Assuming a neutrino mass of 3.6 eV, and transforming all of the detected neutrino events back to the point of emission, it is shown that bursts are composed of a short initial pulse (which lasts for about 0.1 sec and contains 30-40 percent of the total neutrinos) and an extended emission lasting for about 10 sec.

Chan, Kwing L.↗

Supernova 1987A

Supernova 1987A (February 23, 1987) in the Large Magellanic Cloud is the brightest supernova to be observed since SN 1604 AD (Kepler). Detection of a burst of neutrinos indicates that a neutron star was formed. Radioactive decay of about 0.07 solar mass of Co-56 is responsible for the observed optical light as well as hard X-rays and gamma-ray lines. Ultraviolet, optical, and infrared 'light echoes' and soft X-rays provide information on the distribution of circumstellar matter and the evolution of the progenitor star.

Mccray, Richard↗

The interaction of supernovae with circumstellar bubbles

This paper examines the interaction of a massive star supernova with the shell created by the fast wind from a blue supergiant, either in the main-sequence phase or in a late evolutionary phase. Making a number of idealizations, the general features of shell interaction are described by semianalytical solutions. The expected properties of the supernova and its environment are discussed, and the hydrodynamics of the interaction is described. It is found that, typically, the shock traversal occurs before the energy transfer is significant. Applications of the model to observed objects are considered, with special attention given to the interaction of SN 1987A with its circumstellar shell, which is expected to occur within decades.

Chevalier, Roger A.↗

Bridgman crystal growth

The objective of this theoretical research effort was to improve the understanding of the growth of Pb(x)Sn(1-x)Te and especially how crystal quality could be improved utilizing the microgravity environment of space. All theoretical growths are done using the vertical Bridgman method. It is believed that improved single crystal yields can be achieved by systematically identifying and studying system parameters both theoretically and experimentally. A computational model was developed to study and eventually optimize the growth process. The model is primarily concerned with the prediction of the thermal field, although mass transfer in the melt and the state of stress in the crystal were of considerable interest. The evolution is presented of the computer simulation and some of the important results obtained. Diffusion controlled growth was first studied since it represented a relatively simple, but nontheless realistic situation. In fact, results from this analysis prompted a study of the triple junction region where the melt, crystal, and ampoule wall meet. Since microgravity applications were sought because of the low level of fluid movement, the effect of gravitational field strength on the thermal and concentration field was also of interest. A study of the strength of coriolis acceleration on the growth process during space flight was deemed necessary since it would surely produce asymmetries in the flow field if strong enough. Finally, thermosolutal convection in a steady microgravity field for thermally stable conditions and both stable and unstable solutal conditions was simulated.

Carlson, Frederick↗

More data on (possible) gamma ray (point) sources

The 2CG catalog of gamma ray sources was compiled before detailed knowledge was available on the fine-scale structure of the diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission. Two independent analyses to discriminate sources which are either compact objects of due to very local and strong enhancements in the Galactic cosmic-ray distribution from those which are artifacts due to the clumpy gas distribution are about to be completed: a maximum likelihood analysis and a cross correlation analysis. Arguments are given why differences, and therefore confusion, and in resulting source lists can be expected. Detailed analysis of all COS-B gamma-ray data on Geminga (2CG195+04), reveals the existence of a drastic spectral break below 200 MeV. A power-law spectrum with index -1.88 fits the data above about 100 MeV to 3.2 GeV, however, there are also indications for a spectral break above these energies. For energies above about 100 MeV no evidence for a long-term time variability was found. The error region of Geminga was searched for a radio counterpart at wavelengths of 90, 49, 21, 6, and 2 cm using the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and the Very Large Array. So far, 16 sources were detected in this error region. In the direction of 1E0630+178, the Einstein x ray source proposed to be a Vela-like pulsar and the counterpart of Geminga, no radio source was found at 21, 49, and 90 cm with 3 sigma upper limits on the flux densities ranging from 0.5 mJy at 21 cm to 4.5 mJy at 90 cm. Detailed structures in local molecular cloud complexes are so far only resolved in gamma rays for the closet and most massive complexes, namely those in the Orion-Monoceros and the Ophiuchus regions. For both region, there is circumstantial evidence for gamma ray emission from molecular gas that was photodissociated after the passage of a SN shell.

Hermsen, W.↗

Effect of pretreatment on a platinized tin oxide catalyst used for low-temperature CO-oxidation

A commercial platinized tin oxide catalyst used for low-temperature CO oxidation has been characterized using ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) before and after reduction in 40 Torr of CO for 1 hour at various temperatures from 75 to 175 C. The reduction results in loss of surface oxygen, formation of metallic tin, conversion of platinum oxides to Pt-O-Sn and Pt(OH)2 and a small amount of metallic Pt which alloys with the tin. These results should be useful in understanding how the pretreatment temperature affects the catalytic activity of platinized tin oxide toward CO oxidation.

Drawdy, Jean E.↗

Platinized tin oxide catalysts for CO2 lasers: Effects of pretreatment

Platinized tin oxide surfaces used for low-temperature CO oxidation in CO2 lasers have been characterized before and after reduction in CO at 125 and 250 C using ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS indicates that the Pt is present initially as PtO2. Reduction at 125 C converts the PtO2 to Pt(OH)2 while reduction at 250 C converts the PtO2 to metallic Pt. ISS shows that the Pt in the outermost atomic layer of the catalyst is mostly covered by substrate species during the 250 C reduction. Both the ISS and XPS results are consistent with Pt/Sn alloy formation. The surface dehydration and migration of substrate species over surface Pt and Sn appear to explain why a CO pretreatment at 250 C produces inferior CO oxidation activities compared to a 125 C pretreatment.

Gardner, Steven D.↗

Possible infrared signature of decaying particles

A scenario for massive decaying particles is proposed which accounts for the detection of the submillimeter isotropic radiation component of the IR background (Matsumoto et al., 1988). The peak of the decay photon spectrum in the scenario is at several microns. The observed spectrum of the IR background is compared to that of decay photons with degraded energy. Within the limits to the radiative decays of neutrinos from gamma-ray observations os SN 1987A, it is found that the observed spectrum of decay photons is consistent with the IR background spectrum for decaying particle masses in the range between 5 and 18 keV, lifetimes in the range 2-7 X 10 to the 10th s, and a photon branching range of 0.0004 and 0.0009.

Wang, Boqi↗

The discovery of magnetically controlled circumstellar matter in the helium-weak stars HD 5737 and HD 79158

The paper reports the discovery, using combined IUE spectroscopy and Zeeman polarimetric magnetic field measurements, of magnetically controlled circumstellar material in two helium-weak stars. HD 5737 = Alpha Sculptoris is, except for its extreme helium deficiency, similar to the He weak sn star HD 21699. A unique period for the magnetic and C IV and Si IV variations of 21.65 days is reported. The effective (longitudinal) field nulls coincide extremely well with C IV line strength maxima. The magnetic field and equatorial trapped plasma are highly oblique to the rotation axis (about 70 deg), and the line variations appear to be stable. Similar magnetospheric variations in HD 79158 = 36 Lyncis have been discovered, for which no period had been previously available. The period is 3.84 days, yet it too displays magnetic-equatorial plasma. The magnetospheric axis is highly oblique to the rotation axis, around 80 deg.

Shore, Steven N.↗