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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2019

The DAQ and control system for the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector upgrade

In 2017 a new pixel detector was installed in the CMS detector. This so-called Phase-1 pixel detector features four barrel layers in the central region and three disks per end in the forward regions. The upgraded pixel detector requires an upgraded data acquisition (DAQ) system to accept a new data format and larger event sizes. A new DAQ and control system has been developed based on a combination of custom and commercial microTCA parts. Custom mezzanine cards on standard carrier cards provide a front-end driver for readout, and two types of front-end controller for configuration and the distribution of clock and trigger signals. Before the installation of the detector the DAQ system underwent a series of integration tests, including readout of the pilot pixel detector, which was constructed with prototype Phase-1 electronics and operated in CMS from 2015 to 2016, quality assurance of the CMS Phase-1 detector during its assembly, and testing with the CMS Central DAQ. This paper describes the Phase-1 pixel DAQ and control system, along with the integration tests and results. A description of the operational experience and performance in data taking is included.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2023

The New Small Wheel electronics

The increase in luminosity, and consequent higher backgrounds, of the LHC upgrades require improved rejection of fake tracks in the forward region of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer. The New Small Wheel upgrade of the Muon Spectrometer aims to reduce the large background of fake triggers from track segments that don't originate from the interaction point. The New Small Wheel employs two detector technologies, the resistive strip Micromegas detectors and the “small” Thin Gap Chambers, with a total of 2.45 million electrodes to be sensed. The two technologies require the design of a complex electronics system given that it consists of two different detector technologies and is required to provide both precision readout and a fast trigger. It will operate in a high background radiation region up to about 20 kHz/cm 2 at the expected HL-LHC luminosity of $\mathcal{L}$= 7.5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 . The architecture of the system is strongly defined by the GBTx data aggregation ASIC, the newly-introduced FELIX data router and the software based data handler of the ATLAS detector. The electronics complex of this new detector was designed and developed in the last ten years and consists of multiple radiation tolerant Application Specific Integrated Circuits, multiple front-end boards, dense boards with FPGA's and purpose-built Trigger Processor boards within the ATCA standard. The New Small Wheel has been installed in 2021 and is undergoing integration within ATLAS for LHC Run 3. It should operate through the end of Run 4 (December 2032). In this manuscript, the overall design of the New Small Wheel electronics is presented.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS2001

Novel Multiplexing Technique for Detector and Mixer Arrays

Future submillimeter and far-infrared space telescopes will require large-format (many 1000's of elements) imaging detector arrays to perform state-of-the-art astronomical observations. A crucial issue related to a focal plane array is a readout scheme which is compatible with large numbers of cryogenically-cooled (typically < 1 K) detectors elements. When the number of elements becomes of the order of thousands, the physical layout for individual readout amplifiers becomes nearly impossible to realize for practical systems. Another important concern is the large number of wires leading to a 0.1-0.3 K platform. In the case of superconducting transition edge sensors (TES), a scheme for time-division multiplexing of SQUID read-out amplifiers has been recently demonstrated. In this scheme the number of SQUIDs is equal to the number (N) of the detectors, but only one SQUID is turned on at a time. The SQUIDs are connected in series in each column of the array, so the number of wires leading to the amplifiers can be reduced, but it is still of the order of N. Another approach uses a frequency domain multiplexing scheme of the bolometer array. The bolometers are biased with ac currents whose frequencies are individual for each element and are much higher than the bolometer bandwidth. The output signals are connected in series in a summing loop which is coupled to a single SQUID amplifier. The total number of channels depends on the ratio between the SQUID bandwidth and the bolometer bandwidth and can be at least 100 according to the authors. An important concern about this technique is a contribution of the out-of-band Johnson noise which multiplies by factor N(exp 1/2) for each frequency channel. We propose a novel solution for large format arrays based on the Hadamard transform coding technique which requires only one amplifier to read out the entire array of potentially many 1000's of elements and uses approximately 10 wires between the cold stage and room temperature electronics. This can significantly reduce the complexity of the readout circuits.

Karasik, Boris S.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Looking at Earth from space: Direct readout from environmental satellites

Direct readout is the capability to acquire information directly from meteorological satellites. Data can be acquired from NASA-developed, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-operated satellites, as well as from other nations' meteorological satellites. By setting up a personal computer-based ground (Earth) station to receive satellite signals, direct readout may be obtained. The electronic satellite signals are displayed as images on the computer screen. The images can display gradients of the Earth's topography and temperature, cloud formations, the flow and direction of winds and water currents, the formation of hurricanes, the occurrence of an eclipse, and a view of Earth's geography. Both visible and infrared images can be obtained. This booklet introduces the satellite systems, ground station configuration, and computer requirements involved in direct readout. Also included are lists of associated resources and vendors.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2024

The DUNE DAQ Application Framework

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation neutrino experiment that will probe the properties of these elusive particles with unparalleled precision. It will also act as an observatory for neutrino bursts caused by nearby supernovae, in the event that one occurs while the experiment is in operation. Given these goals, the DUNE trigger and DAQ system must be able to maintain extremely high uptime and provide a path for full readout of the detectors for very long times (up to 100s). To achieve these ends, we have designed the DUNE DAQ system around a flexible “application framework”, which provides a modular interface for specific tasks while handling the interconnections between them. The application framework collects modules into applications which can then be interacted with as units by the control, configuration and monitoring systems. One of the key features of the framework is its communications abstraction layer, which allows for modules to interact with both internal queues and external network connections with a single transport-agnostic interface. We will report on the architecture and features of the framework.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS2004

A 90GHz Bolometer Camera Detector System for the Green

We describe a close-packed, two-dimensional imaging detector system for operation at 90GHz (3.3 mm) for the 100m Green Bank Telescope (GBT). This system will provide high sensitivity (less than 1mJy in 1s) rapid imaging (15'x15' to 150 micron Jy in 1 hr) at the world's largest steerable aperture. The heart of this camera is an 8x8 close-packed, Nyquist-sampled array of superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers. We have designed and are producing a functional superconducting bolometer array system using a monolithic planar architecture and high-speed multiplexed readout electronics. With an NEP of approximately 2 x 10(exp -17) W/square root of Hz, the TES bolometers will provide fast, linear, sensitive response for high performance imaging. The detectors are read out by an 8x8 time domain SQUID multiplexer. A digital/analog electronics system has been designed to enable read out by SQUID multiplexers. First light for this instrument on the GBT is expected within a year.

Benford, Dominic J.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Wearable Wireless Telemetry System for Implantable BioMEMS Sensors

Telemetry systems of a type that have been proposed for the monitoring of physiological functions in humans would include the following subsystems: Surgically implanted or ingested units that would comprise combinations of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)- based sensors [bioMEMS sensors] and passive radio-frequency (RF) readout circuits that would include miniature loop antennas. Compact radio transceiver units integrated into external garments for wirelessly powering and interrogating the implanted or ingested units. The basic principles of operation of these systems are the same as those of the bioMEMS-sensor-unit/external-RFpowering- and-interrogating-unit systems described in "Printed Multi-Turn Loop Antennas for Biotelemetry" (LEW-17879-1) NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 6 (June 2007), page 48, and in the immediately preceding article, "Hand-Held Units for Short-Range Wireless Biotelemetry" (LEW-17483-1). The differences between what is reported here and what was reported in the cited prior articles lie in proposed design features and a proposed mode of operation. In a specific system of the type now proposed, the sensor unit would comprise mainly a capacitive MEMS pressure sensor located in the annular region of a loop antenna (more specifically, a square spiral inductor/ antenna), all fabricated as an integral unit on a high-resistivity silicon chip. The capacitor electrodes, the spiral inductor/antenna, and the conductor lines interconnecting them would all be made of gold. The dimensions of the sensor unit have been estimated to be about 110.4 mm. The external garment-mounted powering/ interrogating unit would include a multi-turn loop antenna and signal-processing circuits. During operation, this external unit would be positioned in proximity to the implanted or ingested unit to provide for near-field, inductive coupling between the loop antennas, which we have as the primary and secondary windings of an electrical transformer.

Simons, Rainee N.↗

DOE OSTI2019

Design and Evaluation of a Pixelated PSD-capable Scintillator Detector with SiPM Readout

We present the detector response comparison between a 10x10 pixellated array of scintillator read out with Anger logic using four 2" Hamamatsu R7724-100 super bialkali photomultiplier tubes (PMT) and a custom Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) board consisting of 100 C-series 6x6 mm SiPMs from SensL. An array of these pixellated detectors are currently used in the Neutron Coded Aperture (NCA) imaging system. The energy, timing and pulse shape discrimination response using both readout schemes are presented, along with an analysis of multiple scatter events occurring within the block. An evaluation of the impact of photodetector readout on the overall detection efficiency and imaging accuracy is presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

The DUNE-DAQ Application Framework

The deep underground neutrino experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation neutrino experiment that will probe the properties of these elusive particles with unparalleled precision. It will also act as an observatory for neutrino bursts caused by nearby supernovae, in the event that one occurs, while the experiment is in operation. Given these goals, the DUNE trigger and DAQ system must be able to maintain extremely high uptime and provide a path for full readout of the detectors for very long times (up to 100 s). To achieve these ends, we have designed the DUNE DAQ system around a flexible “application framework,” which provides a modular interface for specific tasks while handling the interconnections between them. The application framework collects modules into applications, which can then be interacted with as units by the control, configuration, and monitoring systems. One of the key features of the framework is its communication abstraction layer, which allows for modules to interact with both internal queues and external network connections with a single transport-agnostic interface. We will report on the architecture and features of the framework.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

Superconducting Levitated Detector of Gravitational Waves

A magnetically levitated mass couples to gravity and can act as an effective gravitational wave detector. We show that a superconducting sphere levitated in a quadrupolar magnetic field, when excited by a gravitational wave, will produce magnetic field fluctuations that can be read out using a flux tunable microwave resonator. With a readout operating at the standard quantum limit, such a system could achieve broadband strain noise sensitivity of h ≲ 10 − 20 / Hz for frequencies of 1 kHz–1 MHz, opening new corridors for astrophysical probes of new physics. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2023

The ETROC2 prototype for CMS MTD Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) upgrade

The Endcap Timing ReadOut Chip (ETROC) is designed to process LGAD signals with time resolution down to about 40-50ps per hit. The ETROC2 is the first full size (16x16) prototype design with the front-end based on and scaled up from the ETROC1 (4x4). The readout designs at pixel and global level and the system interfaces are all new and are compatible with the final chip specifications in terms of functionality. The ETROC2 is intended as a learning chip, as a stepstone to the ETROC3 which is intended as the pre-production design. The ETROC2 design and test results will be presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

The ETROC2 prototype for CMS MTD Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) upgrade

The ETROC2 prototype for CMS MTD Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) upgrade 520__ $$aThe Endcap Timing ReadOut Chip (ETROC) is designed to process LGAD signals with time resolution down to about 40-50ps per hit. The ETROC2 is the first full size (16x16) prototype design with the front-end based on and scaled up from the ETROC1 (4x4). The readout designs at pixel and global level and the system interfaces are all new and are compatible with the final chip specifications in terms of functionality. The ETROC2 is intended as a learning chip, as a stepstone to the ETROC3 which is intended as the pre-production design. The ETROC2 design and test results will be presented.

Gong, Datao↗

NASA NTRS1969

Quasilog scaler

Quasi-logarithmic readout of conventional binary scaler provided by reduced logic system following generalized equations

Weissman, R.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Precision pointing thrustor.

A satellite experiment to test the predicted relativistic precession of a gyroscope moving through a gravitational field has been under development at Stanford University for a number of years. The instruments will be located in a liquid helium bath to insure dimensional stability and to permit using superconducting types of circuitry for readout of the gyro orientation. Heat leaks in the system cause the helium to boil and the resultant helium gas is used for attitude control. The principal subject of the paper is the design and experimental evaluation of an electromagnetically actuated differential thrustor which was built and tested at Stanford University. The results are unique because most propulsion systems operate on-off in order to utilize propellant efficiently. In this case, the gas must flow continually to provide cooling, and the requirements are primarily for low power, small volume, and high reliability.

Bull, J. S.↗

DOE OSTI2021

A blessing in disguise : Characterisations of ProtoDUNE photon showers for neutrino measurements in DUNE

There are few areas of particle physics as open to new discoveries as the neutrino sector. Although these particles are among the most abundant in the universe, their weak coupling to ordinary matter makes them a challenge to study. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an upcoming precision experiment in neutrino physics planned to be built between Illinois and South Dakota in the US. The most powerful neutrino beam in the world will be aimed at the largest liquid argon time projection chamber in the world through 1300 km of solid rock. In order to prototype this detector, a scale model was constructed and operated at CERN in 2018 called ProtoDUNE. This thesis presents three studies performed on this detector. The first concerns the readout of detector data by the FELIX data acquisition system, as well as compression studies performed on the same data. The second study concerns the identification of photons created in neutral pion decay, which form a major background to neutrino-produced electrons. The distinction between electrons and photons is based on the differing energy deposition in the initial part of the particle showers they produce. The third study concerns the energy reconstruction of particle showers in the detector. Although photon showers created from neutral pion decay are a major background to the eventual neutrino signal, they have a known energy profile and can thus be used to calibrate the energy reconstruction of particle showers in general, a vital requirement for DUNE’s physics goals.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

The ETROC2 prototype for CMS MTD Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) upgrade

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Blessing in Disguise -- Characterisations of ProtoDUNE photon showers for neutrino measurements in DUNE

This thesis presents three studies performed on ProtoDUNE, a prototype liquid argon time projection chamber for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The first study concerns the readout of detector data by the FELIX data acquisition system, as well as compression studies performed on the same data. The second study concerns the identification of photons created in neutral pion decay, which form a major background to neutrino-produced electrons. The distinction between electrons and photons is based on the differing energy deposition in the initial part of the particle showers they produce. The third study concerns the energy reconstruction of these particle showers in the detector. They have a known energy profile and can thus be used to calibrate the energy reconstruction of particle showers in general, a vital requirement for DUNE’s physics goals.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Robustness of the smartpixels classifier for different simulated sensor geometries and non-ideal detector conditions

Pixel tracking detectors at upcoming collider experiments will see unprecedented charged-particle densities. Real-time data reduction on the detector will enable higher granularity and faster readout, possibly enabling the use of the pixel detector in high-rate online event selection, such as the ATLAS or CMS first-level trigger systems. This data reduction can be accomplished with a neural network (NN) in the readout chip bonded with the sensor that recognizes and rejects tracks with low transverse momentum (p T ) based on the geometrical shape of the charge deposition (“cluster”). To design viable detectors for deployment, the dependence of the NN as a function of the sensor geometry, external magnetic field, irradiation, and noise must be understood. In this paper, we present first studies of the efficiency and data reduction for planar pixel sensors exploring these parameters. For the CMS HL-LHC sensor geometry, we obtain a signal efficiency of (91.9 ± 0.7)% and a data reduction of (29.7 ± 1.0)%. A smaller sensor pitch in the bending direction improves the p T discrimination, but a larger pitch can be partially compensated with detector thickness. Any accumulated radiation damage also changes the cluster shape, reducing the signal efficiency compared to the baseline by approximately 30–60% in absolute terms, but nearly all of the performance can be recovered through retraining of the network and updating the weights. Finally, the impact of noise was investigated, and retraining the network on noise-injected datasets was found to maintain performance within 6% of the baseline network trained and evaluated on noiseless data. •ASIC-compatible track-momentum classifier is robust in realistic detector conditions.•About 90% signal efficiency and 30% data reduction per layer for CMS HL-LHC geometry.•Single-layer signal efficiency increases for smaller pixel pitch or thicker sensors.•Performance with noise or after radiation damage mostly recovered by retraining.

Shekar, Danush [Illinois U., Chicago] (ORCID:00000↗