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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Continuous Data Acquisition for Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber Neutrino Detectors Using FPGA-Based Real-Time Compression Algorithms

Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) have been proposed as neutrino detectors that combine both large sizes to maximize the number of neutrino interactions and detailed recording of the interaction. The readout of thousands of channels at MHz sampling rates produce images of the neutrino-nucleus interaction with millimeter-scale resolution, enabling the identification of the resulting particles and offering multiple handles to measure their energies at the expense of large data rates. Continuous acquisition of the LArTPC data is required to enable the use of high-latency triggers for capturing non-accelerator-beam events. We describe the case of the continuous readout of the MicroBooNE LArTPC, that grants the possibility of acquiring the neutrino burst from a supernova using the SNEWS (Supernova Early Warning System) alert as delayed trigger. The continuous data acquisition is accomplished by using real-time compression algorithms (zero suppression and Huffman compression) implemented in an FPGA in the readout electronics.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transparent Ceramic Garnet Gamma-Ray Spectrometer With Directionality

We have developed a handheld γ -ray spectrometer based on 1024 pixels, 2.8mm×2.8mm×6 mm in size, of gadolinium–yttrium–gallium–aluminum garnet (GYGAG) ((Gd,Y,Ce) 3 (Ga,Al) 5 O 12 ) ceramic scintillator (total of 48-cm 3 detector volume) coupled to silicon photodiode (SiPD) arrays. The SiPD arrays and readout ASIC, originally developed for medical imaging applications, have been adapted for portability in a lightweight box with heatsink and thermoelectric cooling. Custom readout firmware for γ-ray spectroscopy has been implemented, and a system user interface was developed that runs on an Android tablet. Here, we have optimized the processing of the GYGAG(Ce), the pixel optical coupling, and electronics readout parameters to obtain single pixel energy resolution as good as R(662keV)=3.1 % full-width at half-maximum and full device resolution with singles events from all pixels summed of 4.5%. When Compton-summed events are included, full-energy peak efficiency increases by ~2× , and R(662keV)=4.7 % is obtained for the full device. The pixelated architecture is leveraged to locate point sources of radiological materials using Compton imaging and active masking techniques. Directional detection of a 1 mCi Cs-137 source at 10 m can be made to ±10° in ~2 s.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Design and characterization of the SPT-3G receiver (Conference Presentation)

(On behalf of the SPT-3G collaboration)The SPT-3G receiver was commissioned in early 2017 on the 10-meter South Pole Telescope (SPT) to map the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with arcminute resolution. The new instrument significantly improves on previous SPT camera designs, offering unprecedented sensitivity to the CMB’s temperature and polarization anisotropies while maintaining a tight control on systematic effects.A restructured optics chain features new secondary and tertiary mirrors to increase the receiver’s field of view by a factor of four in area, coupling light through a set of four cryogenic 720 mm alumina elements, which re-image the Gregorian focus inside the receiver. The broad-band (70-270 GHz) anti-reflective coated lenses are paired with a Lyot stop and cooled to 4 K using a dedicated two-stage pulse-tube cooler (PTC) to minimize in-band attenuation, internal radiative loading, and stray light on the considerably larger focal plane, which is populated with ~2,700 diffraction-limited pixels.Each independent pixel incorporates a lenslet-coupled broadband sinuous antenna, which routes signals through superconducting transmission lines and in-line band-defining filters to six transition-edge sensors, each measuring one of three bands (90, 150, and 220 GHz) and two polarizations, yielding a total of ~16,000 bolometers distributed across ten 150 mm monolithic wafers on a 430 mm image plane. A robust mechanical and thermal architecture supports and cools all detectors across this sizable focal plane to ~250 mK using a closed-cycle Helium adsorption refrigerator backed by a PTC, allowing a duty cycle greater than 90%.This order of magnitude increase in detector count relies on an improved digital frequency-domain SQUID readout system which integrates superconducting inductor-capacitor resonators wired in series with each bolometer to achieve a 68x multiplexing factor while mitigating noise and crosstalk effects.Cumulatively, SPT-3G’s new optics, detector, and readout strategies boast a potential factor of ~20 improvement in mapping speed over its predecessor, SPT-Pol, offering the potential to improve our understanding of inflationary physics, astroparticle physics, and growth of structure. We summarize the new receiver’s core design principles, outline technology characterization results, and report on plans for future upgrades.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

First demonstration of a TES based cryogenic Li 2 MoO 4 detector for neutrinoless double beta decay search

Cryogenic calorimetric experiments to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0vββ) are highly competitive, scalable and versatile in isotope. The largest planned detector array, CUPID, is comprised of about 1500 individual Li 2 100 MoO 4 detector modules with a further scale up envisioned for a follow up experiment (CUPID-1T). In this article, we present a novel detector concept targeting this second stage with a low impedance TES based readout for the Li 2 MoO 4 absorber that is easily mass-produced and lends itself to a multiplexed readout. We present the detector design and results from a first prototype detector operated at the NEXUS shallow underground facility at Fermilab. The detector is a 2-cm-side cube with 21 g mass that is strongly thermally coupled to its readout chip to allow rise-times of ~0.5 ms. This design is more than one order of magnitude faster than present NTD based detectors and is hence expected to effectively mitigate backgrounds generated through the pile-up of two independent two neutrino decay events coinciding close in time. Together with a baseline resolution of 1.95 keV (FWHM) these performance parameters extrapolate to a background index from pile-up as low as 5 • 10 –6 counts/keV/kg/yr in CUPID size crystals. The detector was calibrated up to the MeV region showing sufficient dynamic range for 0vββ searches. In combination with a SuperCDMS HVeV detector this setup also allowed us to perform a precision measurement of the scintillation time constants of Li 2 MoO 4 , which showed a primary component with a fast O(20 μs) time scale. Similar content being viewe

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

ML–Enabled FPGA Framework for Fast Quantum State Discrimination in Mid-Circuit Measurement Regimes

Accurate and low-latency quantum state discrimination is essential for protocols involving mid-circuit measurement (MCM) and conditional feed-forward. In superconducting quantum systems, conventional readout pipelines transfer measurement data to host processors for post-processing, introducing millisecond-scale delays that far exceed qubit coherence times. To overcome this bottleneck, we present an in-situ machine learning (ML) inference engine implemented on an FPGA for real-time quantum state discrimination. Our design performs inference directly on digitized readout signals with 40 ns latency, supports both qubit and qutrit readout, and enables conditional operations without host-side intervention. This capability is critical for MCM and for feedback-driven protocols such as quantum error correction. We validate the system on superconducting transmon hardware, demonstrating robust discrimination fidelity across multiple qubit and qutrit channels. We further demonstrate conditional qutrit logic driven by FPGA-resident classification, highlighting the potential of low-latency ML-on-FPGA control for NISQ applications and scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing.

Vora, Neel [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ↗
DOE OSTI2025

pnnl/SNAP

In this work, we detail two uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods that provide complementary information. Readout ensembling, by finetuning only the readout layers of an ensemble of foundation models, provides information about model uncertainty. Amending the final readout layer to predict upper and lower quantiles replaces point predictions with distributional predictions, which provide information about uncertainty within the underlying training data. We demonstrate our approach with the MACE-MP-0 model, applying UQ to both the foundation model and a series of finetuned models. The uncertainties produced by the ensemble and quantile methods are demonstrated to be distinct measures by which the quality of the NNP output can be judged.

Pope, Jenna (Bilbrey) [Pacific Northwest National ↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Super DREAM Project

Despite the fact that DOE provided only a fraction of the requested funds, the goals we defined in the proposal on which award ER41783 was based were essentially all met. This was partially due to the fact that other funding agencies, which supported our collaborators (especially from Italy and Korea) contributed as well, and partially due to the effective solutions that were developed to compensate for the fact that the detector we had proposed to build had to be scaled down. The performance of the SuperDREAM calorimeter is better than anything that has been built or proposed so far. This has of course not gone unnoticed in the scientific community. Scientists who are preparing experiments for the proposed new generation of particle accelerators (FCCee, CPEC,..) are all very seriously considering the technology developed in this project. Several new collaborations have formed which aim to adapt the dual-readout calorimeter principles to the demands of a 4 environment. Preliminary measurements using silicon photomultipliers as light sensors have already been carried out. This type of readout would make it possible to operate this detector in a magnetic field, and it would also allow for a longitudinal segmentation into electromagnetic and hadronic sections, if so desired. In addition, SiPM readout would eliminate the need for “forests” of fibers sticking out of the rear end of the calorimeter (Figure 1), and obtain an arbitrary fine lateral segmentation, which might be very important for recognizing electrons inside jets. The improvements in our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and the forces that govern its behavior have always hinged on the availability of detectors that make it possible to explore the possibilities of new, more powerful particle accelerators to the fullest extent. We believe that the SuperDREAM project has created a quantum leap in detector technology, which may turn out to be crucially important for future discoveries in particle physics.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Characterization of a Silicon photo-multiplier summing breakout board for photo-multiplier tube replacement

We present the relative timing and pulse-shape discrimination performance of a H1949-50 photomultiplier tube to SensL ArrayX-B0B6_64S coupled to a SensL ArrayC-60035-64P- PCB Silicon Photomultiplier array. The goal of this work is to enable the replacement of photomultiplier readout of scintillators with Silicon Photomultiplier devices, which are more robust and have higher particle detection efficiency. The report quantifies the degradation of these performance parameters using commercial off the shelf summing circuits, and motivates the development of an improved summing circuit: the pulse-shape descrimination figure-of-merit drops from 1.7 at 500 keVee to 1.4, and the timing resolution (σ) is 288 ps for the photomultiplier readout and approximately 1 ns for the Silicon Photomultiplier readout. A degradation of this size will have a large negative impact on any device that relies on timing coincidence or pulse-shape discrimination to detect neutron interactions, such as neutron kinematic imaging or multiplicity measurements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Negative Ion Drift TPC Development for High-Resolution Tracking (Final Technical Report)

Together with our Japanese (Kobe) and US collaborators (Hawaii and Wellesley), we proposed work on negative-ion time projection chambers (NITPC) with the recently discovered NI gas, SF 6 . The 1-year proposal requested $\$$37,699 at UNM to extend our work on studying the properties of SF 6 and to perform R&D on a novel TPC readout scheme that employs timing alone to reconstruct short tracks in 2-dimensions. The proposal was approved but the budget reduced to $\$$8K, thereby reducing the scope of the project. We chose to focus our efforts on R&D of the novel TPC readout (the “tilted GEM” readout) and used our funds for materials and supplies and machine shop time at UNM. Support for manpower, such as an engineer, graduate student and the PI were not included. Here we provide a fuller motivation for this R&D (which was not possible in the very short proposal) and describe the accomplishments over the ~1.5 year of the grant (including a NCE).

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Building Towards Discovery: Preparing for New Physics at the LHC [Final papers]

Particle physics today is at a crossroads. The Standard Model (SM) has survived four decades of experimental scrutiny and spurred multiple landmark discoveries, culminating with the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Yet we know that this model is incomplete. We live in a universe dominated by matter and energy unaccounted for by the SM– and the Higgs boson itself is improbably light. It falls to the current generation of high-energy physicists to go beyond the model and enter a new era of discovery. Andeen is leading a new research group at the University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin) that is endeavoring to reveal novel physical phenomena through the discovery of new particles with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. A key element of our experience thus far has been collaborating closely with theorists to identify both interesting new physics models. In addition we work closely with electrical engineers in detector development. Our approach is therefore unique in its integration of theory, analysis and instrumentation, and is encapsulated in a three-pronged strategy. First is the essential task of analyzing our rapidly expanding dataset. I am directing my group in searches for vector-like quarks (VLQs). Should they exist, these hypothetical particles would indicate physics scenarios beyond the SM. Experimental constraints suggest VLQs decay preferentially to a third generation quark and a Higgs, W or Z boson. Today at 13 TeV, both multi-lepton (electron and muon) and jet substructure signatures are sensitive to identifying the VLQ decay products. The large Run 2 dataset (collected through 2018) of up to 150 fb -1 will allow us to simultaneously use multi-lepton signatures with jet-substructure in searches for new physics. UT-Austin is well positioned to be a leader in this area. Prof. P. Onyisi’s postdoctoral researchers and graduate students are searching for ttH signatures in three- and four-lepton channels and we benefit from their experience. We are also aided by the availability of the Texas Advanced Computing Center, which provides us with easy access to several high performance computing (HPC) systems. My previous experience in VLQ searches propels the work today. I have published both the first investigation into the single production of top partners (signatures of composite Higgs Models) of any LHC experiment 1 as well as one of the first analyses utilizing jet-substructure techniques to search for the single production of vector-like quarks. 2 Adding to this is my group’s work with the Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter, the primary instrument we use in detecting electrons. Second, my group is contributing to the operations of the LAr calorimeter while preparing to install and commission new electronic hardware (the Phase 1 upgrade) to this crucial component of the ATLAS detector. I have played a leading role in the development of a critical, radiation-hard, high-speed Analog-to-Digital Convertor (ADC) that is essential inselecting data collected by the LAr calorimeter. 3 This upgrade will improve the e!ciency with which we can select events in our detector. Postdoctoral researcher N. Nikiforou (based at CERN May 2016 onward) and graduate students (one based at CERN from the start of 2018 onward, with one additional graduate students from summer 2018) are growing our already deep experience in the operation of the LAr calorimeter to prepare for installation and commissioning of the new trigger readout in 2018-2019. My group will then be positioned to be the first to exploit the potential of the improved triggers in our multi-lepton searches for new physics. Third, a suite of preparations for a major detector upgrade, scheduled to be completed in 2024, are underway. My group is building hardware that will improve the electronic readout of the ATLAS detector. I am partnering with a group in the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department at UT-Austin (Prof. N. Sun) to employ his work at the cutting edge of ADC research. We will support an ECE grad student for the layout of this design, and collaborate with engineering groups at Nevis Laboratory and the Electrical Engineering Department (Prof. P. Kinget) at Columbia University to integrate our ADC with gain selection circuits. We will provide this critical component of the ASIC at the challenging boundary of the analog and digital signals in the LAr calorimeter readout chain. Furthermore UT-Austin will lead the testing of this device during development and production (approximately 55,000 four-channel chips). This effort compliments my work as the deliverables manager for the LAr front-end ASICs for the US ATLAS HL-LHC project and strengthens the US commitment to that upgrade.In so doing, my group at the UT-Austin will be at the forefront of efforts to probe the structure of the universe to an unmatched degree both at the current LHC and with its future upgrades. Through both the ongoing analysis of data at the ATLAS detector and improvements to the detector itself, an answer to what lies beyond the SM may come within our grasp. My background in instrumentation and analysis allows my group to establish a singular research effort on the ATLAS experiment. In addition to answering fundamental questions about the subatomic world, the technologies developed could advance the broader scientific community and result in valuable spin-offs.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Mu2e Calorimeter Final Technical Design Report

Since the first version of the Mu2e TDR released at the beginning of 2015, the Mu2e Calorimeter system has undergone a long list of changes to arrive to its final design. These changes were primarily caused by two reasons: (i) the technology choice between the TDR proposed solution of BaF2 crystals readout with solar blind Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) and the backup option of CsI crystals readout with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) has been completed and (ii) the channels numbering, the mechanical system and the readout electronics were substantially modified while proceeding with engineering towards the final project. This document updates the description of the calorimeter system adding the most recent engineering drawings and tecnical progresses.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Gamma Dose Measurements in ZPPR-15

Gamma doses were measured in the Zero Power Plutonium Reactor (ZPPR) to provide data for validation of calculations of gamma heating in important reactor components. Stainless steel-encapsulated LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were irradiated in two configurations in ZPPR-15B and one configuration in ZPPR-15D to provide gamma heating data for the Integral Fast Reactor design in the mid-1980s. The ZPPR-15 experimental records were used to develop detailed as-built Monte Carlo models for the gamma dose measurements in ZPPR-15B and ZPPR-15D. These Monte Carlo models can be converted to deterministic models for calculations with deterministic codes. The reported uncertainty in the published gamma dose measurements is just the statistical uncertainty in the TLD readout. In addition to this statistical uncertainty in the TLD readout, several corrections and other factors contribute to the total uncertainty for the gamma dose measurements. The total uncertainty for the gamma dose measurements can be significantly larger than the published statistical uncertainty for the TLD readout. All known contributions to the total uncertainty were analyzed, and a total uncertainty was derived for the ZPPR-15 gamma dose measurements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Photon-to-Digital Converters for Neutron Imaging Instruments (Final Report)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) collaborated with the Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS) to design a modular and scalable tile of innovative digital photodetectors called Photon-to-Digital Converters (PDC) and the required subsystems to demonstrate the feasibility of large area single-photon detectors to support high-resolution, depth-of-interaction, fast neutron radiography based on scintillation detectors. The goal is to demonstrate the advantages of using PDC over conventional Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) for neutron imaging systems. The basic building blocks of analog SiPM and PDC are Single-Photon Avalanche Photodiodes (SPAD). The main difference between conventional SiPMs and PDCs, is in the fact that analog SiPMs sum the charge produced by individual SPAD passively, while in PDCs each SPAD is read out individually by an active electronic circuit. Hence, PDCs provide a direct photon-to-bit conversion where a logic “1” means that there was a detection in a given SPAD. Conversely, an analog SiPM requires a sophisticated preamplifier (current amplifiers or transimpedance amplifier) followed by a shaping amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter. Moreover, since the charge from each SPAD varies slightly, the passive sum of the analog SiPM will have signal fluctuations for the same amount of photon detected. This is one of many issues that is completely eliminated by individual one-to-one SPAD read out in PDCs. The large area required for scintillator readouts for neutron imaging is such that the output capacitance of a large area of SiPM arrays is very high. This creates a burden on the signal-to-noise optimization with respect to the power budget. For PDC, the power consumption is dictated by rate of the incident photon flux, or in photon-starved environments, the dark noise rate of the SPAD array. In other words, the power consumption in the absence of events is extremely low. Hence, the power consumption of a PDC read out system is much lower than its analog counterpart. Further, the large SiPM capacitance may introduce signal distortions on the scintillator fast rise or decay time with undesired effects on timing and pulse shape discrimination. The problem is absent in PDCs, as their readout is independent on device capacitance. UdeS is the world leader in 3D vertical integration of frontside illuminated SPAD arrays over CMOS readouts. These capabilities allow future production of “3D PDC” with maximum photosensitive fill factor and electronic functionalities tailored to the application. UdeS' vast knowledge of SPADs and CMOS design made the team an ideal collaborator in the development of large area high-resolution fast neutron radiography.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Exploring the Nature of Neutrinos with the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE)

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation experimental program designed to study the behaviour of neutrino oscillation. DUNE will utilize a neutrino beam originating at Fermilab, near Chicago, and will leverage a detector at Fermilab (Near Detector) and a detector 1300 km away in South Dakota (Far Detector), south of Saskatchewan. In the first phase of DUNE, its Far Detector will comprise of two 10,000 ton (fiducial) liquid argon (LAr) time-projection chamber (TPC) modules – powerful tracking calorimeter detectors – placed nearly a mile underground. With this large, sensitive, underground detector, DUNE aims to collect a high statistics and pure sample of neutrinos at the Far Detector. This setup also offers the potential to study non-beam physical processes via e.g. neutrinos produced in the atmosphere, supernova neutrino bursts, and/or solar neutrinos, etc. A second phase will aim to add more detector mass and expand the program. The Near Detector will consist of a LAr TPC module as well: critical to constraining systematic uncertainties in the oscillation analysis. However, this LAr TPC will have a novel design using a pixel-based readout instead of the traditional wire-based readout. This and the segmentation of the LAr TPC into multiple units are crucial in mitigating the high multiplicity of neutrino interactions expected in any readout window given its proximity to the beam. The Near Detector will feature additional components and capability beyond the LAr TPC, allowing one to deeply characterize the neutrino flux. Due to the complexity of this experimental program, several smaller-scale prototype detectors have been operating to test, validate, and improve both the technical designs and software for processing and analyzing events. By operating in charged particle test beams or neutrino beams, several of the prototypes are also capable of producing valuable results. Canadian institutions are involved in the realization of the DUNE through efforts with both the Near and Far Detectors and prototypes. DUNE is anticipated to begin operating near the end of this decade/the beginning of the next. This talk will focus on the overall DUNE program, for example its ultimate plans, status, and the efforts with prototypes.

Howard, Bruce [York U., Canada; Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2023

Commissioning of the Mu2e Data AcQuisition System and the Vertical Slice Test of the Straw Tracker

The report discusses the commissioning of the DAQ system of the Mu2e experiment. We studied how the tracker works and especially the tracker readout. We used a generator to send pulses and we tried to understand the output and non-output of the DTC, in order to validate the event and run format and all the failure modes. In section one, we describe Charged Lepton Flavour Violation, the main purpose of Mu2e, in section two we describe Mu2e experiment. Section three presents the tracker description and readout, meanwhile section four the DAQ system and event building. In section five, we start explaining the analysis we have done on events and all the failure modes we discovered. In section six, we have done an analysis of the logger and boardreader rate, we validated the generator frequency in section seven and studied the number of hits in function of the channel number in section eight. To conclude we investigated the channel to channel time differences in section nine and in section ten we explain our Monte Carlo simulation, reproducing ROCs readout.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The ETROC2 as the Final Version for CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) Upgrade

The ETROC (Endcap Timing Readout Chip) is being developed for the LGAD-based CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) at HL-LHC. The ETL on each side of the interaction region will be instrumented with a two-disk system of MIP-sensitive LGAD (Low Gain Avalanche Diodes) silicon devices, read out by ETROCs for precision timing measurement with down to ~30 ps timing resolution per track. The ETROC is designed to handle a 16 x 16 pixel cell matrix, with each pixel being 1.3 mm x 1.3 mm to match the LGAD sensor pixel size. The front-end design for preamplifier and discriminator has been specifically optimized for the reduced LGAD signals, with enough flexibilities to meet the ETL specific needs for time resolution, power budget and radiation profile. The ETROC chip is implemented in a commercial 65nm CMOS process. Each channel consists of a preamplifier, a discriminator, a TDC used for TOA (Time Of Arrival) and TOT (Time Over Threshold) measurements, and a memory for data storage and readout. An in-pixel auto threshold calibration is included, along with a self-testing pattern generator. The TOT is used for time-walk correction of the TOA measurement. The detailed hit information (TOA and TOT) from each cell will be read out from a local circular buffer after each Level-1 Accept (about 1 MHz). In addition, a charge injection circuit is implemented to allow for testing and calibration. For more detailed monitoring of the signal pulses, waveform sampling circuits are included for one pixel. The clock distribution is based on a 16x16 H-tree design with a shielding structure to alleviate potential interference. The global peripheral circuits include a PLL, a phase shifter, an I2C slave controller, a fast control block, a global readout, and a data driver along with an efuse and temperature sensor. The ETROC builds event data frames for each L1A selected event and is also capable of providing L1 trigger information for user-defined delayed hits. The main design challenge is how to extract precision timing information from the small LGAD signals in the presence of high irradiation fluence, while keeping the power consumption and digital activity low. The ETL design goal for the time resolution of 50 ps per hit is required to achieve a 35 ps arrival time measurement for a MIP particle, which has its track registered in two ETL disk layers. The LGAD contribution is known to be about 30 ps, this means that the jitter from the ETROC has to be kept below 40 ps. The ETROC2 is the first full size full functionality prototype design fully compatible with the final chip specifications for CMS ETL and now becomes the final version. The ETROC2 chips have been extensively tested. We will present here new testing results including the bump bonding yield improvement study, the time walk correction (TWC) generality study with one pixel TWC applying to all pixels, the final SEU testing using both heavy ion and proton beam, more beam test studies including different sensors, and readiness for the ETROC2 production for CMS ETL upgrade.

Liu, Tiehui [Fermilab] (ORCID:0009000765225605)↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Multi-Qubit Quantum Gate Using the Zeno Effect

The Zeno effect, in which repeated observation freezes the dynamics of a quantum system, stands as an iconic oddity of quantum mechanics. When a measurement is unable to distinguish between states in a subspace, the dynamics within that subspace can be profoundly altered, leading to non-trivial behavior. Here we show that such a measurement can turn a non-interacting system with only single-qubit control into a two- or multi-qubit entangling gate, which we call a Zeno gate. The gate works by imparting a geometric phase on the system, conditioned on it lying within a particular nonlocal subspace. We derive simple closed-form expressions for the gate fidelity under a number of non-idealities and show that the gate is viable for implementation in circuit and cavity QED systems. More specifically, we illustrate the functioning of the gate via dispersive readout in both the Markovian and non-Markovian readout regimes, and derive conditions for longitudinal readout to ideally realize the gate.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Data Compression in the NEXT-100 Data Acquisition System

NEXT collaboration detectors are based on energy measured by an array of photomultipliers (PMT) and topological event filtering based on an array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The readout of the PMT sensors for low-frequency noise effects and detector safety issues requires a grounded cathode connection that makes the readout AC-couple with variations in the signal baseline. Strict detector requirements of energy resolution better than 1% FWHM require a precise baseline reconstruction that is performed offline for data analysis and detector performance characterization. Baseline variations make it inefficient to apply traditional lossy data compression techniques, such as zero-suppression, that help to minimize data throughput and, therefore, the dead time of the system. However, for the readout of the SiPM sensors with less demanding requirements in terms of accuracy, a traditional zero-suppression is currently applied with a configuration that allows for a compression ratio of around 71%. The third stage in the NEXT detectors program, the NEXT-100 detector, is a 100 kg detector that instruments approximately five times more PMT sensors and twice the number of SiPM sensors than its predecessor, the NEXT-White detector, putting more pressure in the DAQ throughput, expected to be over 900 MB/s with the current configuration, which will worsen the dead time of the acquisition data system. This paper describes the data compression techniques applied to the sensor data in the NEXT-100 detector, which reduces data throughput and minimizes dead time while maintaining the event rate to the level of its predecessor, around 50 Hz.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗