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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

FRET Between Riboflavin and 9-Anthraldehyde Based Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles Possessing Antibacterial Activity

The aqueous suspension of fluorescent nanoparticles were prepared by using 9-anthradehdye derivative (AH). The nanoparticles (AHNPs) were characterized using DLS-zeta sizer and SEM techniques. The photo physical properties of nanoparticles and precursor were measured and compared using UV-absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime studies. The significant overlap between fluorescence spectrum of AHNPs and excitation spectrum of Riboflavin (RF) led us to explore Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) studies between AHNPs and RF in aqueous medium. The mechanism of FRET from AHNPs to RF discussed on spectral observations, thermodynamic parameters and changes produces in fluorescence lifetime in absence and presence of different concentrations of RF to AHNPs. The limit of detection for RF (0.071 µM) is considerably low compared with reported methods. Thus, we explore AHNPs as novel nano probe for quantitative determination of RF in pharmaceutical samples based on FRET study. In addition with this, AHNPs has excellent antibacterial activity than the bulk material for two different bacteria culture viz. E. coli and Bacillus sps. .

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Genome-Wide Transcription Factor DNA Binding Sites and Gene Regulatory Networks in Clostridium thermocellum

Clostridium thermocellum is a thermophilic bacterium recognized for its natural ability to effectively deconstruct cellulosic biomass. While there is a large body of studies on the genetic engineering of this bacterium and its physiology to-date, there is limited knowledge in the transcriptional regulation in this organism and thermophilic bacteria in general. The study herein is the first report of a large-scale application of DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) to transcription factors (TFs) from a bacterium. We applied DAP-seq to > 90 TFs in C. thermocellum and detected genome-wide binding sites for 11 of them. We then compiled and aligned DNA binding sequences from these TFs to deduce the primary DNA-binding sequence motifs for each TF. These binding motifs are further validated with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and are used to identify individual TFs’ regulatory targets in C. thermocellum . Our results led to the discovery of novel, uncharacterized TFs as well as homologues of previously studied TFs including RexA-, LexA-, and LacI-type TFs. We then used these data to reconstruct gene regulatory networks for the 11 TFs individually, which resulted in a global network encompassing the TFs with some interconnections. As gene regulation governs and constrains how bacteria behave, our findings shed light on the roles of TFs delineated by their regulons, and potentially provides a means to enable rational, advanced genetic engineering of C. thermocellum and other organisms alike toward a desired phenotype.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Genome-wide Transcription Factor DNA Binding Sites and Gene Regulatory Networks in Clostridium thermocellum

Clostridium thermocellum is a thermophilic bacterium recognized for its natural ability to effectively deconstruct cellulosic biomass. While there is a large body of studies on the genetic engineering of this bacterium and its physiology to-date, there is limited knowledge in the transcriptional regulation in this organism and thermophilic bacteria in general. The study herein is the first report of a high-throughput application of DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) to transcription factors (TFs) from a thermophile. We applied DAP-seq to >90 TFs in C. thermocellum and detected genome-wide binding sites for 11 of them. We then compiled and aligned DNA binding sequences from these TFs to deduce the primary DNA-binding sequence motifs for each TF. These binding motifs are further validated with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and are used to identify individual TFs’ regulatory targets in C. thermocellum. Our results led to the discovery of novel, uncharacterized TFs as well as homologues of previously studied TFs including RexA-, LexA- and LacI-type TFs. We then used these data to reconstruct gene regulatory networks for the 11 TFs individually, which resulted in a global network encompassing the TFs with some interconnections. As gene regulation governs and constrains how bacteria behave, our findings shed light on the roles of TFs delineated by their regulons, and potentially provides a means to enable rational, advanced genetic engineering of C. thermocellum and other organisms alike towards a desired phenotype.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Decomposition pathways and mitigation strategies for highly-stable hydroxyphenazine flow battery anolytes

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries are a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. The stability of the redox active organic molecules is increasingly being recognized as one of the major hurdles. Upon extended flow battery cycling, 7,8-dihydroxyphenazine-2 sulfonic acid (DHPS) undergoes desulfonation and reduction of a phenolic C–O bond to yield a mixture of 7/8-hydroxyphenazine-2-sulfonic acid, as well as hydrogenation of the aromatic ring system. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis of the charged DHPS, its ring-hydrogenated products, and variably substituted hydroxy phenazines has led to the development of a series of dihydroxylated phenazine isomers which provide insight into the effects of substitution pattern on solubility and stability. Seven dihydroxyphenazine (DHP) isomers were synthesized and their solubilities, electrochemical properties, flow battery cycling performance, and degradation pathways have been investigated. Based on theoretical and experimental results, hydroxyl substitution at the 1, 4, 6 and 9 positions yields highly stable derivatives, while substitution at the 2, 3, 7, and 8 positions results in unstable derivatives. Flow cells of 1,4- and 1,6-DHPs coupled with ferro/ferricyanide achieved high stabilities, with temporal capacity loss of 0.029 and 0.031% per day, respectively. Decomposition of 1,8- and 2,7-DHPs were found to arise from irreversible hydrogen rearrangement (tautomerization), yielding redox-inactive species. These results provide a detailed understanding of decomposition pathways and mitigation strategies for phenazine-based anolytes, and can provide general design guidelines for the development of stable redox-active organics.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Impacts of microwave pretreatments on the semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of dairy waste activated sludge

Highlights: ► Microwave pretreatment of dairy WAS was studied. ► MW pretreatment at 70% intensity for 12 min, COD solubilization was 18.6%. ► Biogas production and SS reduction was 35% and 14% higher than control. ► In digester at 15 days SRT with medium OLR, SS and VS reduction was 67% and 64%. ► Biogas and methane production was 57% and 49% higher than control, in digesters. - Abstract: Microwave (MW) irradiation is one of the new and possible methods used for pretreating the sludge. Following its use in different fields, this MW irradiation method has proved to be more appropriate in the field of environmental research. In this paper, we focused on the effects of MW irradiation at different intensities on solubilization, biodegradation and anaerobic digestion of sludge from the dairy sludge. The changes in the soluble fractions of the organic matter, the biogas yield, the methane content in the biogas were used as control parameters for evaluating the efficiency of the MW pretreatment. Additionally, the energetic efficiency was also examined. In terms of an energetic aspect, the most economical pretreatment of sludge was at 70% intensity for 12 min irradiation time. At this, COD solubilization, SS reduction and biogas production were found to be 18.6%, 14% and 35% higher than the control, respectively. Not only the increase in biogas production was investigated, excluding protein and carbohydrate hydrolysis was also performed successfully by this microwave pretreatment even at low irradiation energy input. Also, experiments were carried out in semi continuous anaerobic digesters, with 3.5 L working volume. Combining microwave pretreatment with anaerobic digestion led to 67%, 64% and 57% of SS reduction, VS reduction and biogas production higher than the control, respectively.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Cardio-oncology: Understanding cardiotoxicity to guide patient focused imaging

Current cancer therapy has led to tremendous improvements in outcomes. These therapies rely both on established therapies, such as anthracyclines and radiation, and molecularly-targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune modulators. Integrative care for patients with cancer must consider the potential effects of these therapies on a variety of organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. As a result, specialties such as cardio-oncology have developed to identify these effects, determine how to best monitor for these effects, and how to treat and ultimately prevent these effects while allowing the patient to receive the therapy they require for their cancer. This review provides a basis for understanding the cardiovascular effects of cancer therapies so that the most appropriate imaging modality may be selected to prevent and treat these effects.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Identification of a specific exporter that enables high production of aconitic acid in Aspergillus pseudoterreus

Aconitic acid is an unsaturated tricarboxylic acid that is attractive for its potential use in the manufacture of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, plasticizers, and surfactants. Previously Aspergillus pseudoterreus was engineered as a platform to produce aconitic acid by deleting the cadA (cis-aconitic acid decarboxylase) gene in the itaconic acid biosynthetic pathway. In this study aconitic acid transporter gene (aexA) was identified using comparative global discovery proteomics analysis between the wild-type and cadA deletion strains. Deletion of aexA almost eliminated aconitic acid secretion, while its overexpression led to a significant increase in aconitic acid production. Transportation of aconitic acid across the plasma membrane is a key limiting step. In vitro proteoliposome transport assay further validated AexA’s function and its substrate specificity. This research provides new approaches to efficiently pinpoint and characterize exporters of fungal organic acids and accelerate the metabolic engineering to improve secretion capability and lower cost for bioproduction.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

“Ligands-with-Benefits”: Naphthalene-Substituted Schiff Bases Yielding New Ni II Metal Clusters with Ferromagnetic and Emissive Properties and Undergoing Exciting Transformations

The initial employment of the fluorescent bridging ligand N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (nacbH 2 ) in metal cluster chemistry has led to new Ni 12 (1) and Ni 5 (2) clusters with wheel-like and molecular-chain topologies, respectively. The doubly-deprotonated nacb 2 - ligands were found to adopt four different coordination modes within 1 and 2. The nature of the ligand has also allowed unexpected organic transformations to occur and ferromagnetic and emission behaviors to emerge. The combined work presented here demonstrates the ability of some "ligands-with-benefits" to yield beautiful structures with exciting topologies and interesting physicochemical properties.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Roadmap for naming uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria

The assembly of single-amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) has led to a surge in genome-based discoveries of members affiliated with Archaea and Bacteria, bringing with it a need to develop guidelines for nomenclature of uncultivated microorganisms. The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) only recognizes cultures as ‘type material’, thereby preventing the naming of uncultivated organisms. In this Consensus Statement, we propose two potential paths to solve this nomenclatural conundrum. One option is the adoption of previously proposed modifications to the ICNP to recognize DNA sequences as acceptable type material; the other option creates a nomenclatural code for uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria that could eventually be merged with the ICNP in the future. Regardless of the path taken, we believe that action is needed now within the scientific community to develop consistent rules for nomenclature of uncultivated taxa in order to provide clarity and stability, and to effectively communicate microbial diversity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Progress and outlook of Sn–Pb mixed perovskite solar cells

Abstract Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have revolutionized solar cell research owing to their excellent material properties. Most previous research has been done on Pb-based perovskites. Recently, efforts to discover a Pb-free or Pb-less perovskite material with an ideal bandgap ranging 1.1–1.3 eV have led researchers to investigate Sn–Pb mixed perovskites. Sn–Pb mixed perovskites have a bandgap of ~ 1.25 eV, which is suitable for high-efficiency single-junction and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells. Moreover, the Pb content of Sn–Pb mixed perovskites is 50–60% lower than that of Pb-based perovskites, partially mitigating the Pb toxicity issue. However, incorporating Sn 2+ into the crystal structure also causes various drawbacks, such as inhomogeneous thin film morphologies, easy oxidation of Sn 2+ , and more vulnerable surface properties. Researchers have made substantial progress in addressing these challenges through improvements in compositional design, structural optimization, precursor design, and surface treatments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the progress in Sn–Pb mixed perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, we analyze the key variables and trends as well as provide an outlook for future directions in the research on Sn–Pb mixed perovskites. Graphical Abstract

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

DNV GL Joint Industry Project on Validation of Turbulence Models

This shared resource CRADA defines research collaborations between the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Det Norske Veritas (Norway) and Germanischer Lloyd (Germany), known as DNV GL, an international certification body. Under the terms and conditions described in this CRADA agreement, NREL will participate in a wind turbine Joint Industry Project (JIP) led by DNV GL, and including nine other Joint Industry Project sponsors and partners to examine the wind inflow models needed to define the design conditions for wind turbines, with specific focus on atmospheric turbulence. The international design standards are implemented by certification companies, such as DNV GL, the organizing agent of the JIPs. Through this collaboration, the JIP participants have the ability to improve wind turbine design, internationally, as well as in the United States, and can make this improvement by leveraging the significant aggregation of industry funds that has been organized by DNV GL.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Conjugation- and Aggregation-Directed Design of Covalent Organic Frameworks as White-Light-Emitting Diodes

2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a promising class of organic luminescent materials due to their structural diversity, which allows the systematic tuning of organic building blocks to optimize emitting properties. However, a significant knowledge gap exists between the design strategy and the fundamental understanding of the key structural parameters that determine their photophysical properties. Here, in this work, we report two highly emissive sp 2 -C-COFs and the direct correlation of the structure (conjugation and aggregation) with their light absorption/emission, charge transfer (CT), and exciton dynamics, the key properties that determine their function as luminescent materials. We show that white light can be obtained by simply coating COFs on an LED strip or mixing the two COFs. Using the combination of time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy as well as computational prediction, we show that the planarity, conjugation, orientation of the dipole moment, and interlayer aggregation not only determine the light-harvesting ability of COFs but also control the exciton relaxation pathway and photoluminescent quantum yield.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effects of C/Mn Ratios on the Sorption and Oxidative Degradation of Small Organic Molecules on Mn-Oxides

We report manganese (Mn) oxides have a high surface area and redox potential that facilitate sorption and/or oxidation of organic carbon (OC), but their role in regulating soil C storage is relatively unexplored. Small OC compounds with distinct structures were reacted with Mn(III/IV)-oxides to investigate the effects of OC/Mn molar ratios on Mn–OC interaction mechanisms. Dissolved and solid-phase OC and Mn were measured to quantify the OC sorption to and/or the redox reaction with Mn-oxides. Mineral transformation was evaluated using X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Higher OC/Mn ratios resulted in higher sorption and/or redox transformation; however, interaction mechanisms differed at low or high OC/Mn ratios for some OC. Citrate, pyruvate, ascorbate, and catechol induced Mn-oxide dissolution. The average oxidation state of Mn in the solid phase did not change during the reaction with citrate, suggesting ligand-promoted mineral dissolution, but decreased significantly during reactions with the other compounds, suggesting reductive dissolution mechanisms. Phthalate primarily sorbed on Mn-oxides with no detectable formation of redox products. Mn–OC interactions led primarily to C loss through OC oxidation into inorganic C, except phthalate, which was predominantly immobilized in the solid phase. Together, these results provided detailed fundamental insights into reactions happening at organo–mineral interfaces in soils.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Chemical Reactivity and Recommended Remediation Strategy for Los Alamos Remediated Nitrate Salt (RNS) Wastes

Nitrate salt wastes were generated during historical processing operations to recover and purify plutonium at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). These nitrate salts have the potential to behave as oxidizers, and to contain entrained liquids, both of which are prohibited in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). A process was developed to remediate nitrate salts by mixing salts with an inorganic zeolite pet litter to absorb free liquids, and remove the oxidizing characteristic of the wastes. Process changes introduced instead an organic wheat-­-based pet litter along with organic neutralizers, generating a new waste form referred to as Remediated Nitrate Salt (RNS) waste. The February 2014 radiological release at the WIPP site was traced to a LANL RNS waste drum number 68660. Experimental and modeling studies performed at LANL indicate that mixtures of metal nitrate salts (oxidizer) with Swheat organic kitty litter (fuel) create the potential for exothermic chemical reactions. Even in the presence of triethanol-­-ammonium nitrate (TEAN) created during neutralization, relatively high temperatures, greater than approximately 160 °C (320 °F), are required for runaway exothermic reactions. Evaluation of Drum 68660 characteristics coupled with extensive chemical testing indicate that, in addition to the nitrate salt/Swheat organic kitty litter mixture, an additional trigger mechanism (or mechanisms) is likely required to raise the internal drum temperature high enough to initiate the nitrate salt/Swheat organic kitty litter reaction. A combination of chemical conditions were identified that may lower the temperature for reaction, including initial high acid concentration of free liquids; significant quantities (> 1 gal) of neutralized, absorbed free liquids; the presence of reactive or catalytic metals like magnesium, iron, or lead; the presence of bismuth containing glovebox gloves; and the presence of natural biological activity. Complex surrogate nitrate salt mixtures prepared to simulate wastes, particularly those containing iron and magnesium, can generate NOx gases that partially nitrate the organic Swheat kitty litter and form a more energetic fuel. These complex surrogate salt mixtures display exothermic behavior at temperatures as low as 60 °C (140 °F) which is still well above the ambient temperature conditions experience by a drum. Neutralization of free liquids, and sorption onto Swheat establishes conditions (moisture) with near-neutral pH) that will support natural biological activity. Spontaneous self-heating generated by low-level chemical reactions and/or the respiration of bacteria, molds, and microorganisms is potentially important in the early stages and may be sufficient to raise the temperature as high as 60 °C (140 °F), where the other exothermic chemical reactions can take place. Additional studies are being conducted to evaluate the role biological activity may have played in initiating the event. The use of Swheat absorbent in the processing of nitrate salt wastes can be pinpointed as the critical processing decision that led to the failure of drum 68660, regardless of the ii details of the thermal processes that enabled the drum to achieve temperatures sufficient to initiate the chemical reactions.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Programmable Matter: The Nanoparticle Atom and DNA Bond

Colloidal crystal engineering with DNA has led to significant advances in bottom-up materials synthesis and a new way of thinking about fundamental concepts in chemistry. Here, programmable atom equivalents (PAEs), comprised of nanoparticles (the “atoms”) functionalized with DNA (the “bonding elements”), are assembled through DNA hybridization into crystalline lattices. Unlike atomic systems, the “atom” (e.g., the nanoparticle shape, size, and composition) and the “bond” (e.g., the DNA length and sequence) can be tuned independently, yielding designer materials with unique catalytic, optical, and biological properties. Here in this review, nearly three decades of work that have contributed to the evolution of this class of programmable matter is chronicled, starting from the earliest examples based on gold-core PAEs, and then delineating how advances in synthetic capabilities, DNA design, and fundamental understanding of PAE-PAE interactions have led to new classes of functional materials that, in several cases, have no natural equivalent.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nitrogen-Defective Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanolayer Enabled Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction with High Faradaic Efficiency

Identifying highly selective catalysts and accurately measuring NH 3 yield without false-positives from contaminations remain two challenges in electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Here, we report N-defective carbon nitride grown on carbon paper (CN/C) as a highly selective electrocatalyst. The NH 3 yield was determined reliably by the slope of mNH 3 -time plot rather than averaging the accumulated amount over time. Results showed the as-synthesized CN/ C 600 (synthesized at 600 °C) with a higher density of C=N-C N2C vacancies achieved an NH 3 production of 2.9 μg mgcat. -1 h -1 at -0.3 V (versus RHE), ~5.7-fold higher than CN/C 500 . The Faradaic efficiency for CN/ C 600 is among the highest of 62.1%, 33.9%, and 16.8% at -0.1 V, -0.2 V, and -0.3 V, respectively. The NH 3 production was verified by isotope 15 N 2 experiments. Further increase of N-defects on CN/C 600 using plasma etching led to higher NH 3 yield than comparably larger current, pointing to N-defects sites for promoting NRR.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Physiochemical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass Dissolution by Flowthrough Pretreatment

Comprehensive understanding of biomass solubilization chemistry in aqueous pretreatment such as water-only and dilute acid flowthrough pretreatment is of fundamental importance to achieve the goal of valorizing biomass to fermentable sugars and lignin for biofuels production. In this study, poplar wood was flowthrough pretreated by water-only or 0.05% (w/w) sulfuric acid at different temperatures (220-270 °C), flow rate (25 mL/min), and reaction times (8-90 min), resulting in significant disruption of the lignocellulosic biomass. Ion chromatography (IC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and solid state cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were applied to characterize the pretreated biomass whole slurries in order to reveal depolymerization as well as solubilization mechanism and identify unique dissolution structural features during these pretreatments. Results showed temperature-dependent cellulose decrystallization in flowthrough pretreatment. Crystalline cellulose was completely disrupted, and mostly converted to amorphous cellulose and oligomers by water-only operation at 270 °C for 10 min and by 0.05 wt % H2SO4 flowthrough pretreatment at 220 °C for 12 min. Flowthrough pretreatment with 0.05% (w/w) H2SO4 led to a greater disruption of structures in pretreated poplar at a lower temperature compared to water-only pretreatment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Radioisotope Science and Technology Division FY 2025 Core R&D Summary Report: Competitive Projects, Postdoctoral Researchers, and Student Interns

R&D efforts in support of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Isotope Program Radioisotope Portfolio are led by the Radioisotope Science and Technology Division (RSTD). In addition to supporting the ORNL Isotope Program Radioisotope Portfolio, RSTD supports a portfolio of research related to fundamental properties of radioisotopes and radioisotope applications, including diagnostic and therapeutic uses of medical radioisotopes, radioisotopes for national security, and the production of 238 Pu for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy. RSTD is organized into functional science and engineering groups, with most staff members supporting multiple programs. The goal of this organization is to enable synergy between programs such that R&D advances coming from other programs may provide benefit to the ORNL Isotope Program. R&D within RSTD is focused around addressing five grand challenges, as documented in the strategic plan for the DOE Office of Isotope R&D and Production, or DOE Isotope Program (IP), Radioisotope Production R&D activities at ORNL: 1. Maximizing the scientific output of radioisotope transmutation resources, 2. Maximizing the scientific output of radioisotope processing resources, 3. Minimizing waste and having optimal waste disposition, 4. Focusing on product quality and reliability, and 5. Expanding the use of beneficial isotopes. The ORNL Core R&D program, one of the primary R&D components within the ORNL Isotope Program Radioisotope Portfolio, ranges from benchtop to demonstration activities, with a focus on researching enhanced production techniques, developing emerging isotopes, and developing the talent pipeline for radioisotope science and technology. Projects within the Core R&D Program are led primarily by RSTD staff members. In supporting enhanced production techniques, the Core R&D program presents an opportunity to fund novel R&D that might not be tied to a specific radioisotope product but still presents a high potential for broad applicability in the longer term. In supporting the development of emerging isotopes, the Core R&D program develops high-priority isotopes that are not able to be fully supported through production funds.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗