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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Method to Investigate Cognitive Aging Effects in Nuclear Operations Using the Rancor Microworld Simulator

Many nuclear power plant (NPP) operators are close to, or at retirement age. Since NPP operators are responsible for tasks that engage different and complex cognitive abilities, human factors researchers recently called for the need to examine cognitive aging effects and potential interactions with modernized control rooms. One way control rooms are being modernized is by replacing paper-based procedures with computer-based procedures (CBPs). This paper outlines a method for testing preference and usability of three types of CBPs as a function of age, in simulated NPP operations. The Rancor Microworld Simulator will be used, which mimics an NPP control room, allowing novices to learn to perform operator tasks quickly. The experiment will have two independent variables: age (young and old) and CBP-type (Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3). The three types of CBPs vary in levels of embedded instrumentation and controls. Adults aged 18–25 years (young group) and =60 years (older group) will be recruited from the general population. The dependent variables will be preference and usability metrics via survey and simulator logs. All participants will perform two scenario types (startup and loss of feedwater operations) and will be randomly assigned to one type of CBP to guide them through the scenario. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) will be used to determine whether there is a main effect of age and any age x CBP-type interactions on the preference and usability dependent variables.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Novel Magnetron Operation and Control Methods for Superconducting RF Accelerators

High power magnetrons designed and optimized for industrial heating, being injection-locked, have been suggested to power superconducting RF cavities for accelerators due to lower cost and higher efficiency. However, standard operation methods do not provide high efficiency with wideband control suppressing microphonics. We have developed and experimentally verified novel methods of operating and controlling the magnetron that provide stable RF generation with higher efficiency and lower noise than other RF sources. By our method the magnetrons operate with the anode voltage notably lower than the self-excitation threshold improving its performance. This is also a promising way to increase tube reliability and longevity. A magnetron operating with the anode voltage lower than the self-excitation threshold, in so-called stimulated coherent generation mode has special advantage for pulse operation with a gated injection-locking signal. This eliminates the need for expensive pulsed HV modulators and additionally increases the magnetron RF source efficiency due to absence of losses in HV modulators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

4 K SRF Operation of the 10 MeV CEBAF Photo-Injector

Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerating cavities are often operated in superfluid liquid helium with temperature near 2 K to enhance the cavity quality factor Q0 and to help manage heat loads, which are particularly important at large SRF accelerator facilities. This 2 K temperature paradigm, however, need not put SRF technology out of the reach of small institutions or even limit SRF operation at large facilities that need 10-100 MeV beam energy. At the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab there are regularly scheduled maintenance periods during which cryogenic plant often increases the liquid helium temperature from 2 K to 4 K, reducing power consumption by ~ 50 % and saving megawatts of wall-plug power. During recent maintenance periods, we accelerated a continuous-wave electron beam at the CEBAF photo-injector to a total energy of 6.3 MeV at currents up to 80 uA using two 5-cell niobium cavities in the quarter-cryomodule at 4 K. This contribution describes the SRF and cryogenic performance and uses measured beam quality and energy stability as key metrics. These measurements indicate that 4 K operation of niobium SRF cavities in CEBAF is a sensible and cost effective mode for high quality beam operation, provided the cryogenic load associated with lower Q0 is manageable for the number of cavities needed to operate. For Jefferson Lab, this enhances our scientific reach allowing additional low-energy ~ 10 MeV experiments each year.

Drury, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2023

Lessons from commissioning and operations of the ICARUS cryogenic system at Fermilab

Results and lessons from three years of commissioning and operations of the cryogenic and purificationsystems of the ICARUS neutrino detector installed at the Fermilab are described. The detector uses liquid argon stored in two separate containers of about 275 m 3 each. The liquid argon must be kept in very stable thermal conditions, and the contamination of electronegative impurities must be consistently kept at small fractions of parts per billion. Since its fill in early 2020, the detector has been commissioned and then operated in neutrino beams at Fermilab for the search of sterile neutrinos and measurements of neutrino-argon cross sections. The results of operating the cryogenic and purification systems and lessons learned, including challenges in reaching the design electron lifetime in argon bath, operating and servicing liquid nitrogen and argon circulation pumps, argon condensers and purifiers, are described. Plans for future operations and list of recommendations are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Unreviewed Disposal Question Evaluation: Impact of New Information since 2008 PA on Current Low-Level Solid Waste Operations

Solid low-level waste disposal operations are controlled in part by an E-Area Low-Level Waste Facility (ELLWF) Performance Assessment (PA) that was completed by the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) in 2008 (WSRC 2008). Since this baseline analysis, new information pertinent to disposal operations has been identified as a natural outcome of ongoing PA maintenance activities and continuous improvement in model simulation techniques (Flach 2013). An Unreviewed Disposal Question (UDQ) Screening (Attachment 1) has been initiated regarding the continued ability of the ELLWF to meet Department of Energy (DOE) Order 435.1 performance objectives in light of new PA items and data identified since completion of the original UDQ Evaluation (UDQE). The present UDQE assesses the ability of Solid Waste (SW) to meet performance objectives by estimating the influence of new information items on a recent sum-of-fractions (SOF) snapshot for each currently active E-Area low-level waste disposal unit. A final SOF, as impacted by this new information, is projected based on the assumptions that the current disposal limits, Waste Information Tracking System (WITS) administrative controls, and waste stream composition remain unchanged through disposal unit operational closure (Year 2025). Revision 1 of this UDQE addresses the following new PA items and data identified since completion of the original UDQE report in 2013: New K d values for iodine, radium and uranium; Elimination of cellulose degradation product (CDP) factors; Updated radionuclide data; Changes in transport behavior of mobile radionuclides; Potential delay in interim closure beyond 2025; and Component-in-grout (CIG) plume interaction correction. Consideration of new information relative to the 2008 PA baseline generally indicates greater confidence that PA performance objectives will be met than indicated by current SOF metrics. For SLIT9, the previous prohibition of non-crushable containers in revision 0 of this UDQE has rendered the projected final SOF for SLIT9 less than the WITS Admin Limit. With respect to future disposal unit operations in the East Slit Trench Group, consideration of new information for Slit Trench#14 (SLIT14) reduced the current SOF for the limiting All-Pathways 200-1000 year period (AP2) by an order of magnitude and by one quarter for the Beta-Gamma 12-100 year period (BG2) pathway. On the balance, updates to K{sub d} values and dose factors and elimination of CDP factors (generally favorable) more than compensated for the detrimental impact of a more rigorous treatment of plume dispersion. These observations suggest that future operations in the East Slit Trench Group can be conducted with higher confidence using current inventory limits, and that limits could be increased if desired for future low-level waste disposal units. The same general conclusion applies to future ST’s in the West Slit Trench Group based on the Impacted Final SOFs for existing ST’s in that area.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Convexity of Energy-Like Functions: Theoretical Results and Applications to Power System Operations

Power systems are undergoing unprecedented transformations with increased adoption of renewables and distributed generation, as well as the adoption of demand response programs. All of these changes, while making the grid more responsive and potentially more efficient, pose significant challenges for power systems operators. Conventional operational paradigms are no longer sufficient as the power system may no longer have big dispatchable generators with sufficient positive and negative reserves. This increases the need for tools and algorithms that can efficiently predict safe regions of operation of the power system. In this paper, we study energy functions as a tool to design algorithms for various operational problems in power systems. These have a long history in power systems and have been primarily applied to transient stability problems. In this paper, we take a new look at power systems, focusing on an aspect that has previously received little attention: Convexity. We characterize the domain of voltage magnitudes and phases within which the energy function is convex in these variables. We show that this corresponds naturally with standard operational constraints imposed in power systems. We show that power of equations can be solved using this approach, as long as the solution lies within the convexity domain. We outline various desirable properties of solutions in the convexity domain and present simple numerical illustrations supporting our results.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 2013: DOE Operations at The Boeing Company, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Area IV

This Annual Site Environmental Report (ASER) for 2013 describes the environmental conditions related to work performed for the Department of Energy (DOE) at Area IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL). The Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC), a government-owned, company-operated test facility, was located in Area IV. The operations in Area IV included development, fabrication, operation and disassembly of nuclear reactors, reactor fuel, and other radioactive materials. Other activities in the area involved the operation of large-scale liquid metal facilities that were used for testing non-nuclear liquid metal fast breeder reactor components. All nuclear work was terminated in 1988, and all subsequent radiological work has been directed toward environmental restoration and decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of the former nuclear facilities and their associated sites. Liquid metal research and development ended in 2002. Since May 2007, the D&D operations in Area IV have been suspended by the DOE, but the environmental monitoring and characterization programs have continued. Results of the radiological monitoring program for the calendar year 2013 continue to indicate that there are no significant releases of radioactive material from Area IV of SSFL. All potential exposure pathways are sampled and/or monitored, including air, soil, surface water, groundwater, direct radiation, transfer of property (land, structures, waste), and recycling. Due to the suspension of D&D activities in Area IV, no effluents were released into the atmosphere during 2013. Therefore, the potential radiation dose to the general public through airborne release was zero. Similarly, the radiation dose to an offsite member of the public (maximally exposed individual) due to direct radiation from SSFL is indistinguishable from background. All radioactive wastes are processed for disposal at DOE disposal sites and/or other licensed sites approved by DOE for radioactive waste disposal. No liquid radioactive wastes were released into the environment in 2013.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Annual Site Environmental Report, Department of Energy Operations at the Energy Technology Engineering Center – Area IV, Santa Susana Field Laboratory

This Annual Site Environmental Report (ASER) for 2014 describes the environmental conditions related to work performed for the DOE at Area IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL). The ETEC, a government-owned, company-operated test facility, was located in Area IV. The operations in Area IV included development, fabrication, operation and disassembly of nuclear reactors, reactor fuel, and other radioactive materials. Other activities in the area involved the operation of large-scale liquid metal facilities that were used for testing non-nuclear liquid metal fast breeder reactor components. All nuclear work was terminated in 1988, and all subsequent radiological work has been directed toward environmental restoration and decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of the former nuclear facilities and their associated sites. Liquid metal research and development ended in 2002. Since May 2007, the D&D operations in Area IV have been suspended by the DOE, but the environmental monitoring and characterization programs have continued. Results of the radiological monitoring program continue to indicate that there are no significant releases of radioactive material from Area IV of SSFL. All potential exposure pathways are sampled and/or monitored, including air, soil, surface water, groundwater, direct radiation, transfer of property (land, structures, waste), and recycling.

Frazee, Brad↗
DOE OSTI2013

Site Environmental Report For Calendar Year 2012. DOE Operations at The Boeing Company Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Area IV

This Annual Site Environmental Report (ASER) for 2012 describes the environmental conditions related to work performed for the Department of Energy (DOE) at Area IV of Boeing’s Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL). The Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC), a government-owned, company-operated test facility, was located in Area IV. The operations in Area IV included development, fabrication, operation and disassembly of nuclear reactors, reactor fuel, and other radioactive materials. Other activities in the area involved the operation of large-scale liquid metal facilities that were used for testing non-nuclear liquid metal fast breeder reactor components. All nuclear work was terminated in 1988, and all subsequent radiological work has been directed toward environmental restoration and decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of the former nuclear facilities and their associated sites. Liquid metal research and development ended in 2002. Since May 2007, the D&D operations in Area IV have been suspended by the DOE, but the environmental monitoring and characterization programs have continued. Results of the radiological monitoring program for the calendar year 2012 continue to indicate that there are no significant releases of radioactive material from Area IV of SSFL. All potential exposure pathways are sampled and/or monitored, including air, soil, surface water, groundwater, direct radiation, transfer of property (land, structures, waste), and recycling.

Liu, Ning↗
DOE OSTI2016

Phasor Simulator for Operator Training Project

Synchrophasor systems are being deployed in power systems throughout the North American Power Grid and there are plans to integrate this technology and its associated tools into Independent System Operator (ISO)/utility control room operations. A pre-requisite to using synchrophasor technologies in control rooms is for operators to obtain training and understand how to use this technology in real-time situations. The Phasor Simulator for Operator Training (PSOT) project objective was to develop, deploy and demonstrate a pre-commercial training simulator for operators on the use of this technology and to promote acceptance of the technology in utility and ISO/Regional Transmission Owner (RTO) control centers.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Development and Evaluation of Algorithms to Improve Small- and Medium-Size Commercial Building Operations

Small- and medium-sized (<100,000 sf) commercial buildings (SMBs) represent over 95% of the U.S. commercial building stock and consume over 60% of total site energy consumption. Many of these buildings use rudimentary controls that are mostly manual, with limited scheduling capability, no monitoring or failure management. Therefore, many of these buildings are operated inefficiently and consume excess energy. SMBs typically utilize packaged rooftop units (RTUs) that are controlled by an individual thermostat. There is increased urgency to improve the operating efficiency of existing commercial building stock in the U.S. for many reasons, chief among them is to mitigate the climate change impacts. Studies have shown that managing set points and schedules of the RTUs will result in up to 20% energy and cost savings. Another problem associated with RTUs is short-cycling, where an RTU goes through ON and OFF cycles too frequently. Excessive cycling can lead to excessive wear and lead to premature failure of the compressor or its components. The short cycling can result in a significantly decreased average efficiency (up to 10%), even if there are no physical failures in the equipment. Also, SMBs use a time-of-day scheduling is to start the RTUs before the building will be occupied and shut it off when unoccupied. Ensuring correct use of the zone set points and eliminating frequent cycling of RTUs thereby leading to persistent building operations can significantly increase the operational efficiency of the SMBs. A growing trend is to use low-cost control infrastructure that can enable scalable and cost-effective intelligent building operations. The work reported in this report describes three algorithms for detecting the zone set point temperature, RTU cycling rate and occupancy schedule detection that can be deployed on the low-cost infrastructure. These algorithms only require the zone temperature data for detection. The algorithms have been tested and validated using field data from a number of RTUs from six buildings in different climate locations. Overall, the algorithms were successful in detecting the set points and ON/OFF cycles accurately using the peak detection technique and occupancy schedule using symbolic aggregate approximation technique. The report describes the three algorithms, results from testing the algorithms using field data, how the algorithms can be used to improve SMBs efficiency, and presents related conclusions.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

Developing reliable safeguards seals for application verification and removal by State operators

Once a geological repository has begun operations, the encapsulation and disposal of spent fuel will be performed as a continuous, industrial-scale series of processes, during which time safeguards seals will be applied to transportation casks before shipment from an encapsulation plant, and then verified and removed following receipt at the repository. These operations will occur approximately daily during several decades of Sweden's repository operation; however, requiring safeguards inspectors to perform the application, verification, and removal of every seal would be an onerous burden on International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA's) resources. Current IAEA practice includes allowing operators to either apply seals or remove them, but not both, so the daily task of either applying or verifying and removing would still require continuous presence of IAEA inspectors at one site at least. Of special importance is the inability to re-verify cask or canisters from which seals have been removed and the canisters emplaced underground. Successfully designing seals that can be applied, verified and removed by an operator with IAEA approval could impact more than repository shipments, but other applications as well, potentially reducing inspector burdens for a wide range of such duties.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

Technical Requirements for Application of Operator Support Technology across Multiple Plant Systems

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Idaho National Laboratory (INL) are jointly developing and evaluating operator aids to: (i) facilitate more timely response to plant faults and grid disturbances; (ii) achieve better management of plant upsets and improved operator performance; and (iii) ultimately improve nuclear plant safety, production, and cost management. The overall objective of the collaborative effort in this third and final year of the project was to conduct human performance tests using nuclear plant operators in the Human Systems Simulation Laboratory (HSSL) control room at INL to assess the value of a computerized operator support system (COSS) as an aid to the operator. This report describes the work performed by ANL. A companion report describes the work performed by INL and the results of the human performance tests.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Concept of Operations: National Technology Test Bed Network for Water Resource Recovery

There is an urgency to advancing wastewater technologies due to aging water infrastructure and emerging regulations. A crosscutting working group proposes a conceptual design for a test bed network to understand and evaluate wastewater technologies to drive acceptance and deployment of new technologies to enhance performance. The working group includes contributors from the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Water Research Foundation (formerly known as the Water Environment & Reuse Foundation). Upgrading today's aging wastewater treatment infrastructure to a new generation of water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) requires the development and deployment of innovative technologies. The path to technology adoption depends on expensive, time consuming, and often repetitive cycles of testing and validation. Existing water resource recovery technology testing facilities (e.g., test beds) are underutilized and cannot, by themselves, broaden technology uptake. It has been proposed that technology adoption could be accelerated by a network linking these test facilities with innovators, manufacturers, utilities, regulators, policymakers, and educators. This document proposes a structure for a National Test bed Network (TBN) for water resource recovery. The concepts for its operation are explored herein. This document identifies drivers to launch a TBN and critical needs for successful implementation of the network. An important driver to technology implementation at WRRFs is the relationship between local utilities and state regulators. The TBN could provide access to validated performance data and facilitate deployment. To link the stakeholders and accelerate deployment, the TBN will require standards for methods, data quality, data management, and data security. These standards will enable validation of performance and will expand the “toolbox” that utilities and regulators could consider. Design, set up, and launch of this toolbox is beyond the scope of operations of utilities and regulators and will likely require external support to achieve full operation. Herein, a pathway is proposed to achieve this full operation. This document defines the function of a WRRF TBN. It also proposes a structure for the TBN to achieve its stated goals and mission. Finally, this document summarizes findings from several sources, including a series of workshops about the TBN concept, operators of test beds in ancillary industries, and discussions with regulators and permitting agencies. A description of this work was published in the peer-reviewed literature (Mihelcic 2017).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Enhanced Accident-Tolerant Fuel Performance and Reliability for Aggressive iPWR/SMR Operation

This project will develop a process that evaluates the whole-core operational and safety performance of a reactor-and-fuel combination by integrating core-wide three-dimensional neutronics with Moose/Bison and Peregrine multi-physics fuel performance assessments using explicit time and space dependent fuel rod operational power histories generated in the whole-core analysis. Demonstration of the process will target large contemporary PWRs with traditional UO2 fuel and Zircaloy cladding to establish a baseline analysis, while the innovative application of this project will extend the developed process to evaluate operational and safety performance, via reactor physics and fuel performance analyses, of key emerging/leading concepts of enhanced Accident Tolerant Fuels (ATFs) within increasingly aggressive operational scenarios such as loadfollow maneuvers in PWRs and long-cycle rodded and unborated operation in small modular reactors (SMRs). The ATFs to be considered include standard UO2 fuel pellets cladded with advanced iron-based alloys (FeCrAl) as well as particle-based Fully Ceramic Microencapsulated (FCM) fuels with FeCrAl or Zircaloy cladding, but the process being developed and demonstrated could ultimately be applied to any candidate ATF concept in a light water reactor. In fact, given that ATF R&D priorities are in a dynamic state, the scope related to ATFs will be targeted for the second half of this three-year project so to provide some opportunity to strengthen the programmatic alignment of this project with the DOE Fuels Campaign, by identifying the most promising and relevant ATFs at that time for further evaluation, while the early part of the project will focus upon fine-tuning the process herein developed and upon generating the baseline analyses against which a larger scope of ATF concepts can be compared.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Meta-Level Design Guidance and Operator Performance Measures for Hybrid Control Rooms

The purpose of this grant was to refine and test methods to evaluate digital human system interfaces (HSI) for existing largely analog nuclear power plant (NPP) control rooms (CRs). We hypothesized that CR operator performance (CROP) in hybrid NPP CRs will be improved if future digital HSI is designed based on: 1) more robust design guidelines for operator situation awareness (SA) and decision-making (DM); 2) enhanced CROP metrics during HSI evaluation; 3) an ontology for selecting simulation scenarios to evaluate digital HSI; and 4) a model to predict optimal HSI design attributes given CROP objectives. The team conducted numerous nuclear power plant site visits (e.g., to Brown’s Ferry, Palo Verde, Sequoyah and Vogtle) to study control room operations and crisis management and 3 visits to the NRC Chattanooga Training Center. We observed research studies at DC Cook and NRC Chattanooga in collaboration with the Halden Reactor Project. We collected operator performance and workload data in one NPP simulator. A comprehensive human (i.e., CROP) performance literature review was published in Applied Ergonomics. We obtained operator team performance data from CAER to produce our data fusion model and a paper delineating the results have been accepted (revision submitted) in Resilience Engineering and System Safety. We analyzed interview data related to scenario ontology development; a manuscript is still in preparation.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2019

SNOLAB Deep Underground Scientific Research Operations

Investigations at the frontiers of particle physics are driving key experiments deep underground to escape cosmic-rays and other backgrounds that overwhelm sensitive searches for dark matter, exotic particles, and neutrino properties. The international neutrino physics community has come together to develop the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a leading-edge experiment for neutrino science and proton decay studies. This experiment, together with the facility that will support it, the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF), will be an internationally designed, coordinated and funded program, hosted at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois. The DUNE experimental facility will be sited deep underground (1.5km) at Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD, and will become the deepest experimental facility operated by Fermilab. SNOLAB is a unique world-class international facility for deep underground scientific research. Located 2 km underground near Sudbury, Ontario, SNOLAB hosts a suite of surface facilities and laboratories. The science program at SNOLAB is primarily focused on subatomic and astroparticle physics, specifically the search for dark matter and neutrino studies. As the second-deepest underground lab facility, SNOLAB has gained considerable experience in deep underground scientific research operations. The purpose of this agreement is to leverage the unique capabilities of both Fermilab and SNOLAB to accomplish the following: Provide Fermilab with additional, direct experience in deep underground scientific research operations at SNOLAB to help improve the operational support for SURF. Provide SNOLAB with an experienced leader to serve as Interim Associate Director for Program Integration & Operations, while SNOLAB conducts its search for a permanent hire.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Always/Never Safety Framework for Satellite Rendezvous and Proximity Operations and On-Orbit Servicing

Space rendezvous and proximity operations are increasing in numbers, enabling inspections, diagnostics, and maintenance of on-orbit systems. Because collision, loss of control, and unintended damage can impact the system under examination -- and at the extreme, cause system break-up and space debris -- the safety practices for rendezvous and proximity operations can have significant implications for national security. This study examines the applicability of the Always/Never surety framework, which was developed for United States nuclear weapons, as a model safety basis for unmanned space proximity operations. This unclassified framework has understandable safety approaches and principles and focuses on a system being always safenever unsafe. The authors consider that the adapting the framework might present a means for standardization across government and commerce, encouraging a consistent approach and a set of clarifying safety principles and applications for rendezvous and proximity operations. The framework also offers a consistent taxonomy, presents safety and reliability requirements organized by four environment categories, defines accident or abnormal conditions, contributes a strategy for identifying hostile and tactical environments, and enables decision-making for determining if conditions are safe for proximity space operations.

42 ENGINEERING↗