Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Occupancy”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Structural insight into metallocofactor maturation in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase

The nickel-dependent carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) employs a unique heterometallic nickel–iron–sulfur cluster, termed the C-cluster, to catalyze the interconversion of CO and CO 2 . Like other complex metalloenzymes, CODH requires dedicated assembly machinery to form the fully intact and functional C-cluster. In particular, nickel incorporation into the C-cluster depends on the maturation factor CooC; however, the mechanism of nickel insertion remains poorly understood. Here, we compare X-ray structures (1.50–2.48 Å resolution) of CODH from Desulfovibrio vulgaris ( Dv CODH) heterologously expressed in either the absence ( Dv CODH –CooC ) or presence ( Dv CODH +CooC ) of co-expressed CooC. Here, we find that the C-cluster of Dv CODH –CooC is fully loaded with iron but does not contain any nickel. Interestingly, the so-called unique iron ion (Fe u ) occupies both its canonical site (80% occupancy) and the nickel site (20% occupancy), with addition of reductant causing further mismetallation of the nickel site (60% iron occupancy). We also demonstrate that a Dv CODH variant that lacks a surface-accessible iron–sulfur cluster (the D-cluster) has a C-cluster that is also replete in iron but lacks nickel, despite co-expression with CooC. In this variant, all Fe u is in its canonical location, and the nickel site is empty. This D-cluster–deficient CODH is inactive despite attempts to reconstitute it with nickel. Taken together, these results suggest that an empty nickel site is not sufficient for nickel incorporation. Based on our findings, we propose a model for C-cluster assembly that requires both CooC and a functioning D-cluster, involves precise redox-state control, and includes a two-step nickel-binding process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

The CanBikeCO Full Pilot: Long-Term Results and Analysis From an E-Bike Program in Colorado, USA

Personal micromobility devices like bicycles, e-bikes, and scooters are low- or zero-energy alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles. However, a lack of data has led to a dearth of data-driven research on personally owned e-bike usage. We present longitudinal findings from the CanBikeCO program, focused on e-bike adoption and use across demographics, trip characteristics, and geographies in the state of Colorado. CanBikeCO recorded travel survey data from low-income individuals provided with personal e-bikes by the Colorado Energy Office in six communities across Colorado from July 2021 to December 2022. The data were collected using a custom instance of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory OpenPATH platform, which combines passive data collection with semantic information such as trip mode and purpose labels. To our knowledge, there are no prior travel survey data on personally owned e-bikes with this range and scope. Insights from this unique dataset include: (i) work trips were 17% more likely than average trips to be taken on an e-bike, (ii) e-bikes were most often reported to replace cars (34% of e-bike trips) and other personal micromobility devices (22%), and (iii) participants favored walking for trips less than 1 mile, e-bikes for trips of 1-3 miles, and e-bikes, cars, or shared rides for trips of 3-20 miles. The data used to generate these results have been made available in the Transportation Secure Data Center. We find e-bike use is appealing across age groups and may be related to characteristics of land use, urban form, occupation, income, and car ownership. We conclude for this population that the energy demand added by e-bike use (induced demand and replacing non-motorized modes) is outweighed by the reduction in energy demand from replacement of single-occupancy vehicle trips with e-bike trips. Our findings suggest considerable potential for energy savings from personal e-bike ownership.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Performance assessment of a real water source heat pump within a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing environment

Over the last decade, the global fight against climate change through electrification has led to an increase in research on building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that utilize intelligent control algorithms to provide demand-side grid service while also maintaining the thermal comfort of building occupants. As the pivotal point between building electricity consumption and indoor thermal comfort, high-efficiency electrical vapor-compression heat pumps are at the center of these emerging studies, and various grid-interactive and occupant-comfort control algorithms have been developed for them. The impact of these algorithms on heat pump operation and performance when subjected to different weather conditions, building loads, and grid requests calls for investigation and verification via experimental testing with actual heat pumps integrated with real-time building and grid responses. This study introduces a Water-Source Heat Pump (WSHP) Hardware-in-The-Loop (HIL) Test Facility that is the first of its kind. This testbed utilizes a 2-ton variable speed water-to-air heat pump that is capable of interacting with a virtual environment currently comprised of an EnergyPlus (E+) building simulation, an agent-based occupant behavioral model, and a single U-tube ground-loop heat exchanger (GLHE) model. Detailed descriptions of the testbed’s physical design and operation, virtual environment, as well as their mutual communication is provided. An uncertainty analysis is also performed under manufacturer specified heating and cooling design conditions. This analysis shows that the total load across the WSHP’s demand side heat exchanger, i.e., the sum of its latent and sensible components, can be measured with a relative uncertainty of ± 10.4% and ± 3.6% in cooling and heating mode respectively. The WSHP’s coefficient of performance (COP) can be measured with relative uncertainties of ± 10.4% in cooling mode, and ± 3.7% in heating mode. A preliminary 24-h experimental demonstration is then performed utilizing the DOE prototype small commercial office building model in E+. The simulation takes place in Atlanta, GA on the date of 08/26/15 from 12:00 AM to 11:59 PM using TMY3 weather data. Here, the results from this demonstration show that over the course of this experiment the simulated outputs of zone dry-bulb temperature, zone humidity ratio, and WSHP inlet water temperature can be tracked by testbed emulators up to a root mean squared error (RMSE) of ± 0.27 °C, ± 0.376 g/kg, and ± 0.85 °C respectively. The WSHP’s dynamic behavioral characteristics and performance are also captured, and correspond well with the authors’ previous understanding of heat pump efficiency as a function of evaporator and condenser fluid inlet conditions respectively.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2019

Manipulation of the molecular spin crossover transition of Fe(H 2 B(pz) 2 ) 2 (bipy) by addition of polar molecules

In this paper, the addition of various dipolar molecules is shown to affect the temperature dependence of the spin state occupancy of the much studied spin crossover Fe(II) complex, [Fe{H 2 B(pz) 2 } 2 (bipy)] (pz = pyrazol-1-yl, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Specifically, the addition of benzimidazole results in a re-entrant spin crossover transition, i.e. the spin state starts in the mostly low spin state, then high spin state occupancy increases, and finally the high spin state occupancy decreases with increasing temperature. This behavior contrasts with that observed when the highly polar ρ-benzoquinonemonoimine zwitterion C 6 H 2 ( ... NH 2 ) 2 ( ... O) 2 was mixed with [Fe{H 2 B(pz) 2 } 2 (bipy)], which resulted in locking [Fe{H 2 B(pz) 2 } 2 (bipy)] largely into a low spin state while addition of the ethyl derivative C 6 H 2 ( ... NHC 2 H 5 ) 2 ( ... O) 2 did not appear to perturb the spin crossover transition of [Fe{H 2 B(pz) 2 } 2 (bipy)].

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

From wires to cosmology

We provide a statistical framework for characterizing stochastic particle production in the early universe via a precise correspondence to current conduction in wires with impurities. Our approach is particularly useful when the microphysics is uncertain and the dynamics are complex, but only coarse-grained information is of interest. We study scenarios with multiple interacting fields and derive the evolution of the particle occupation numbers from a Fokker-Planck equation. At late times, the typical occupation numbers grow exponentially which is the analog of Anderson localization for disordered wires. Some statistical features of the occupation numbers show hints of universality in the limit of a large number of interactions and/or a large number of fields. For test cases, excellent agreement is found between our analytic results and numerical simulations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction from proton-proton to heavy ion collisions

The performance of muon tracking, identification, triggering, momentum resolution, and momentum scale has been studied with the CMS detector at the LHC using data collected at √(s$_{NN}$) = 5.02 TeV in proton-proton (pp) and lead-lead(PbPb) collisions in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and at √(s$_{NN}$) = 8.16 TeV in proton-lead (pPb) collisions in 2016. Muon efficiencies, momentum resolutions, and momentum scales are compared by focusing on how the muon reconstruction performance varies from relatively small occupancy pp collisions to the larger occupancies of pPb collisions and, finally, to the highest track multiplicity PbPb collisions. We find the efficiencies of muon tracking, identification, and triggering to be above 90% throughout most of the track multiplicity range. The momentum resolution and scale are unaffected by the detector occupancy. The excellent muon reconstruction of the CMS detector enables precision studies across all available collision systems.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

The galaxy–halo connection of emission-line galaxies in IllustrisTNG

ABSTRACT We employ the hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG-300-1 to explore the halo occupation distribution (HOD) and environmental dependence of luminous star-forming emission-line galaxies (ELGs) at z ∼ 1. Such galaxies are key targets for current and upcoming cosmological surveys. We select model galaxies through cuts in colour–colour space allowing for a direct comparison with the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) surveys and then compare them with galaxies selected based on specific star formation rate (sSFR) and stellar mass. We demonstrate that the ELG populations are twice more likely to reside in lower density regions (sheets) compared with the mass-selected populations and twice less likely to occupy the densest regions of the cosmic web (knots). We also show that the colour-selected and sSFR-selected ELGs exhibit very similar occupation and clustering statistics, finding that the agreement is best for lower redshifts. In contrast with the mass-selected sample, the occupation of haloes by a central ELG peaks at ∼20 per cent. We furthermore explore the dependence of the HOD and the autocorrelation on environment, noticing that at fixed halo mass, galaxies in high-density regions cluster about 10 times more strongly than low-density ones. This result suggests that we should model carefully the galaxy–halo relation and implement assembly bias effects into our models (estimated at ∼4 per cent of the clustering of the DESI colour-selected sample at z = 0.8). Finally, we apply a simple mock recipe to recover the clustering on large scales (r ≳ 1 Mpc h−1) to within 1 per cent by augmenting the HOD model with an environment dependence, demonstrating the power of adopting flexible population models.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

A new constraint on galaxy–halo connections of [O ii ] emitters via HOD modelling with angular clustering and luminosity functions from the Subaru HSC survey

ABSTRACT Establishing a robust connection model between emission-line galaxies (ELGs) and their host dark haloes is of paramount importance in anticipation of upcoming redshift surveys. We propose a novel halo occupation distribution (HOD) framework that incorporates galaxy luminosity, a key observable reflecting ELG star-formation activity, into the galaxy occupation model. This innovation enables prediction of galaxy luminosity functions (LFs) and facilitates joint analyses using both angular correlation functions (ACFs) and LFs. Using physical information from luminosity, our model provides more robust constraints on the ELG–halo connection compared to methods relying solely on ACF and number density constraints. Our model was applied to $\rm [O\, {\small II}]$-emitting galaxies observed at two redshift slices at $z=1.193$ and 1.471 from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam PDR2. Our model effectively reproduces observed ACFs and LFs observed in both redshift slices. Compared to the established Geach et al. HOD model, our approach offers a more nuanced depiction of ELG occupation across halo mass ranges, suggesting a more realistic representation of ELG environments. Our findings suggest that ELGs at $z\sim 1.4$ may evolve into Milky-Way-like galaxies, as their inferred halo masses evolve accordingly based on the extended Press–Schechter formalism, highlighting their role as potential building blocks in galaxy formation scenarios. By incorporating the LF as a constraint linking galaxy luminosity to halo properties, our HOD model provides a more precise understanding of ELG-host halo relationships. Furthermore, this approach facilitates the generation of high-quality ELG mock catalogues for future surveys. As the LF is a fundamental observable, our framework is potentially applicable to diverse galaxy populations, offering a versatile tool for analysing data from next-generation galaxy surveys.

Ishikawa, Shogo (ORCID:0000000221184211)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Scattering Processes from Quantum Simulation Algorithms for Scalar Field Theories

We provide practical simulation methods for scalar field theories on a quantum computer that yield improved asymptotics as well as concrete gate estimates for the simulation and physical qubit estimates using the surface code. We achieve these improvements through two optimizations. First, we consider a finite volume approach for estimating the elements of the S-matrix. This approach is appropriate in general for 1+1D and for certain low-energy elastic collisions in higher dimensions. Second, we implement our approach using a series of different fault-tolerant simulation algorithms for Hamiltonians formulated both in the field occupation basis and field amplitude basis. Our algorithms are based on either second-order Trotterization or qubitization. The cost of Trotterization in occupation basis scales as O ( λ N 7 | Ω | 3 / ( M 5 / 2 ϵ 3 / 2 ) ) where λ is the coupling strength, N is the occupation cutoff, | Ω | is the volume of the spatial lattice, M is the mass of the particles and ϵ is the uncertainty in the energy calculation used for the S -matrix determination. Qubitization in the field basis scales as O ( | Ω | 2 ( k 2 Λ + k M 2 ) / ϵ ) , where k is the cutoff in the field and Λ is a scaled coupling constant. We find in both cases that the bounds suggest physically meaningful simulations can be performed using on the order of 4 × 10 6 physical qubits and 10 12 T -gates which corresponds to roughly one day on a superconducting quantum computer with surface code and a cycle time of 100 ns. This places the simulation of scalar field theory within striking distance of the gate counts for the best available chemistry simulation results.

Hardy, Andrew [Toronto U.] (ORCID:0000000235817382↗
DOE OSTI2022

Orbital magnetization of Floquet topological systems

A general expression for the orbital magnetization of a Floquet system is derived. The expression holds for a clean system, and is valid for any driving protocol, and arbitrary occupation of the bands. The orbital magnetization is shown to be large not only for Chern insulators, but also for anomalous phases where the Chern number does not fully account for the topology. In addition, the orbital magnetization is shown to take significant values both for a thermal equilibrium occupation of the Floquet bands, and for occupations determined by a quantum quench from an initial state with zero orbital magnetization. For the latter case, the orbital magnetization is shown to be highly sensitive to van Hove singularities of the Floquet bands.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Capturing the ground state of uranium dioxide from first principles: Crystal distortion, magnetic structure, and phonons

Uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) remains a formidable challenge for first-principles approaches due to the complex interplay among spin-orbit coupling, Mott physics, magnetic ordering, and crystal distortions. Here we use DFT+U to explore UO 2 at zero temperature, incorporating all the aforementioned phenomena. The technical challenge is to navigate the many metastable electronic states produced by DFT+U, which is accomplished using f-orbital occupation matrix control to search for the ground state. We restrict our search to the high-symmetry ferromagnetic phase, including spin-orbit coupling, which produces a previously unreported occupation matrix. This newfound occupation matrix is then used as an initialization to explore the broken symmetry phases. We find the oxygen cage distortion of the 3k antiferromagnetic state to be in excellent agreement with experiments, and both the spin-orbit coupling and the Hubbard U are critical ingredients. Further, we demonstrate that only select phonon modes have a strong dependence on the Hubbard U, whereas magnetic ordering has only a small influence overall. We perform measurements of the phonon dispersion curves using inelastic neutron scattering, and our calculations show good agreement when using reasonable values of U. The quantitative success of DFT+U warrants exploration of thermal transport and other observables within this level of theory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Structural and chemical ordering of Heusler C o x M n y G e z epitaxial films on Ge (111): Quantitative study using traditional and anomalous x-ray diffraction techniques

Epitaxial films of C o x M n y G e z grown on Ge (111) substrates by molecular-beam-epitaxy techniques have been investigated as a continuous function of composition using combinatorial synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy techniques. A high-resolution ternary epitaxial phase diagram is obtained, revealing a small number of structural phases stabilized over large compositional regions. Ordering of the constituent elements in the compositional region near the full Heusler alloy C o 2 MnGe has been examined in detail using both traditional XRD and a new multiple-edge anomalous diffraction (MEAD) technique. Multiple-edge anomalous diffraction involves analyzing the energy dependence of multiple reflections across each constituent absorption edge in order to detect and quantify the elemental distribution of occupation in specific lattice sites. Results of this paper show that structural and chemical ordering are very sensitive to the Co : Mn atomic ratio, such that the ordering is the highest at an atomic ratio of 2 but significantly reduced even a few percent off this ratio. The in-plane lattice is nearly coherent with that of the Ge substrate, while the approximately 2% lattice mismatch is accommodated by the out-of-plane tetragonal strain. The quantitative MEAD analysis further reveals no detectable amount (<0.5%) of Co-Mn site swapping, but instead high levels (26%) of Mn-Ge site swapping. Increasing Ge concentration above the Heusler stoichiometry ( C o 0.5 M n 0.25 G e 0.25 ) is shown to correlate with increased lattice vacancies, antisites, and stacking faults, but reduced lattice relaxation. The highest degree of chemical ordering is observed off the Heusler stoichiometry with a Ge enrichment of 5 at.%.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Ab initio based examination of the kinetics and thermodynamics of oxygen in Fe-Cr alloys

The behavior of oxygen in Fe-Cr binary alloys is important to understand for a variety of applications including fuel cell interconnects and nuclear energy systems. In this work, we performed an ab initio investigation of the binding of oxygen in the entire compositional range of Fe-Cr at minima and saddles. This database was subsequently used to parametrize concentration-dependent local cluster expansions which were utilized to examine the kinetics of oxygen transport in the alloy and the thermodynamics of the system. The behavior of oxygen in the alloy system was investigated using our cluster expansion model and a convex hull diagram was recorded. The most favorable composition for the incorporation of oxygen was found to occur at 70% Cr. The dependence of the oxygen solution energy on the Cr occupation of the nearest neighbor shells was carefully characterized. It was determined that the third nearest neighbor Cr occupation was unfavorable and that, generally speaking, the first and second nearest neighbor shell Cr occupation was favored with a few exceptions. Kinetic Monte Carlo models at dilute oxygen levels were performed using two models [a kinetically resolved activation (kRA) model and a cluster expansion model for the saddle points]. The models qualitatively agreed with the observed trends in the literature which reported a decrease in diffusivity at dilute Cr levels, but the models predicted different behaviors beyond the dilute Cr limit. Finally, using grand canonical Monte Carlo, we further examined the thermodynamics of oxygen incorporation into the alloy. Furthermore, our results offer new insight into the behavior of oxygen in Fe-Cr alloys that have ramifications on the early stages of the corrosive behavior of the material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Single classical field description of interacting scalar fields

In this report we test the degree to which interacting Bosonic systems can be approximated by a classical field as total occupation number is increased. This is done with our publicly available code repository, QIBS, a new massively parallel solver for these systems. We use a number of toy models well studied in the literature and track when the classical field description admits quantum corrections, called the quantum breaktime. This allows us to test claims in the literature regarding the rate of convergence of these systems to the classical evolution. We test a number of initial conditions, including coherent states, number eigenstates, and field number states. We find that of these initial conditions, only number eigenstates do not converge to the classical evolution as occupation number is increased. We find that systems most similar to scalar field dark matter exhibit a logarithmic enhancement in the quantum breaktime with total occupation number. Systems with contact interactions or with field number state initial conditions, and linear dispersions, exhibit a power law enhancement. Finally, we find that the breaktime scaling depends on both model interactions and initial conditions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

On the reproducibility of protein crystal structures: five atomic resolution structures of trypsin

Details of five very high-resolution accurate structures of bovine trypsin are compared in the context of the reproducibility of models obtained from crystals grown under identical conditions. Structural studies of proteins usually rely on a model obtained from one crystal. By investigating the details of this model, crystallographers seek to obtain insight into the function of the macromolecule. It is therefore important to know which details of a protein structure are reproducible or to what extent they might differ. To address this question, the high-resolution structures of five crystals of bovine trypsin obtained under analogous conditions were compared. Global parameters and structural details were investigated. All of the models were of similar quality and the pairwise merged intensities had large correlation coefficients. The C{sup α} and backbone atoms of the structures superposed very well. The occupancy of ligands in regions of low thermal motion was reproducible, whereas solvent molecules containing heavier atoms (such as sulfur) or those located on the surface could differ significantly. The coordination lengths of the calcium ion were conserved. A large proportion of the multiple conformations refined to similar occupancies and the residues adopted similar orientations. More than three quarters of the water-molecule sites were conserved within 0.5 Å and more than one third were conserved within 0.1 Å. An investigation of the protonation states of histidine residues and carboxylate moieties was consistent for all of the models. Radiation-damage effects to disulfide bridges were observed for the same residues and to similar extents. Main-chain bond lengths and angles averaged to similar values and were in agreement with the Engh and Huber targets. Other features, such as peptide flips and the double conformation of the inhibitor molecule, were also reproducible in all of the trypsin structures. Therefore, many details are similar in models obtained from different crystals. However, several features of residues or ligands located in flexible parts of the macromolecule may vary significantly, such as side-chain orientations and the occupancies of certain fragments.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Comfort Model Simplification for Tight Integration with Grid Service Optimizations

Localized generation, storage, and intelligent power electronics are increasingly being integrated into building. The excess storage, thermal, and generation capacity can be used to develop new markets for ancillary services such as peak reduction, voltage and frequency support, or load flattening. Widespread participation in these markets will make the power grid more resilient. However, widespread participation in these markets will require a simple and intuitive control over the excess capacity by the building occupants. Most importantly for adopting these technologies, participation in these markets should not require sacrificing occupant comfort. Many of the proposed control and optimization technologies for supplying the ancillary services do not explicitly incorporate occupant comfort into their models and when they do, generally utilize a rigid constraint on the indoor air temperature set a priori. This reduces flexibility in using excess thermal capacity. It also cannot take into account uncertainties in local factors that affect thermal comfort such as clothing insulation or relative humidity. In this paper we present and justify some assumptions that simplify the standard predictors of thermal comfort. We also develop a regression model of the thermal comfort that is linear with respect to the indoor air temperature. Next we develop the concept of thermal comfort variation that eliminates the dependence of the thermal comfort on uncertain thermal comfort factors. Then, we present a quadratic program utilizing the thermal comfort variation in both the objective function and as a constraint. Finally, we show the results of a time-of-use cost optimization that utilizes the simplified thermal comfort model.

Melin, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ecovoltaic solar energy development can promote grassland bird communities

Ecologically informed photovoltaic (PV) developments that co-prioritize PV electricity generation with ecosystem function (‘ecovoltaics’) have emerged as a promising land sharing strategy to minimize ecological conflicts associated with PV solar energy development. While habitat-focused ecovoltaic designs can conceptually benefit biodiversity by offsetting or enhancing impacts of PV development, foundational field research is needed to examine how wildlife respond to these novel ecosystems. We conducted passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) in 2023 and 2024 at 13 solar facilities and paired control sites to investigate avian community responses to ecovoltaic facilities in the Midwestern United States. Compared to control sites (row crop agricultural fields), we found that ecovoltaic sites supported more grassland bird species throughout a 17-week monitoring period between May and September. Grassland bird communities on ecovoltaic sites were also more stable than on agricultural controls, as measured by the Jaccard dissimilarity index. We also used PAM-based weekly species occurrences in an occupancy-modelling framework to investigate the influence of PV development and other landscape variables on grassland bird occupancy. 10 out of 13 modelled grassland bird species had greater predicted occupancy probabilities (ψ) on PV sites than control sites. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that properly sited and developed ecovoltaic solar facilities in human altered landscapes can improve habitat for birds and other wildlife, but further research is needed to understand which species may benefit most from these novel ecosystems.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗