Spin-Lattice Coupling Across the Magnetic Quantum-Phase Transition in Copper-Containing Coordination Polymers
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
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Spatially resolved ultrafast magnetic dynamics initiated at a complex oxide heterointerface
Static strain in complex oxide heterostructures 1,2 has been extensively used to engineer electronic and magnetic properties at equilibrium 3 . In the same spirit, deformations of the crystal lattice with light may be used to achieve functional control across heterointerfaces dynamically 4 . Here, by exciting large-amplitude infrared-active vibrations in a LaAlO 3 substrate we induce magnetic order melting in a NdNiO 3 film across a heterointerface. Femtosecond resonant soft X-ray diffraction is used to determine the spatiotemporal evolution of the magnetic disordering. We observe a magnetic melt front that propagates from the substrate interface into the film, at a speed that suggests electronically driven motion. Lastly, light control and ultrafast phase front propagation at heterointerfaces may lead to new opportunities in optomagnetism, for example by driving domain wall motion to transport information across suitably designed devices.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Integrated ab initio modelling of atomic ordering and magnetic anisotropy for design of FeNi-based magnets
We describe an integrated modelling approach to accelerate the search for novel, single-phase, multicomponent materials with high magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA). For a given system we predict the nature of atomic ordering, its dependence on the magnetic state, and then proceed to describe the consequent MCA, magnetisation, and magnetic critical temperature (Curie temperature). Crucially, within our modelling framework, the same ab initio description of a material’s electronic structure determines all aspects. We demonstrate this holistic method by studying the effects of alloying additions in FeNi, examining systems with the general stoichiometries Fe 4 Ni 3 X and Fe 3 Ni 4 X, for additives including X = Pt, Pd, Al, and Co. The atomic ordering behaviour predicted on adding these elements, fundamental for determining a material’s MCA, is rich and varied. Equiatomic FeNi has been reported to require ferromagnetic order to establish the tetragonal L1 0 order suited for significant MCA. Our results show that when alloying additions are included in this material, annealing in an applied magnetic field and/or below a material’s Curie temperature may also promote tetragonal order, along with an appreciable effect on the predicted hard magnetic properties.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
An NCN-pincer ligand dysprosium single-ion magnet showing magnetic relaxation via the second excited state
Single-molecule magnets are compounds that exhibit magnetic bistability purely of molecular origin. The control of anisotropy and suppression of quantum tunneling to obtain a comprehensive picture of the relaxation pathway manifold, is of utmost importance with the ultimate goal of slowing the relaxation dynamics within single-molecule magnets to facilitate their potential applications. Combined ab initio calculations and detailed magnetization dynamics studies reveal the unprecedented relaxation mediated via the second excited state within a new DyNCN system comprising a valence-localized carbon coordinated to a single dysprosium(III) ion. The essentially $C_{2v}$ symmetry of the Dy III ion results in a new relaxation mechanism, hitherto unknown for mononuclear Dy III complexes, opening new perspectives for means of enhancing the anisotropy contribution to the spin-relaxation barrier.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Magnetic iron oxide and manganese-doped iron oxide nanoparticles for the collection of alpha-emitting radionuclides from aqueous solutions
Magnetic nanoparticles are well known to possess chemically active surfaces and high surface areas that can be employed to extract a range of ions from aqueous solutions. Additionally, their paramagnetic property provides a convenient means for bulk collection of the material from solution after the targeted ions have been adsorbed. Herein, two nanoscale amphoteric metal oxides, each possessing useful magnetic attributes, were evaluated for their ability to collect both naturally occurring radioactive isotopes (polonium (Po), radium (Ra), and uranium (U)) as well as the transuranic element americium (Am) from a suite of naturally occurring aqueous matrices. The nanomaterials include commercially available paramagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) and magnetite that was modified to incorporate manganese (Mn) into the crystal structure. The chemical stability of these nanomaterials was evaluated in Hanford Site, WA ground water between the natural pH (~8) and pH 1 (acidified with HCl). Whereas the magnetite was observed to have good stability over the pH range, the Mn-doped material was observed to leach Mn at low pH. The materials were evaluated in parallel to characterize their uptake performance of the aforementioned alpha-emitting radionuclide spikes from Hanford Site ground water across a range of pH (from ~8 down to 2). In addition, radiotracer uptake experiments were performed on Columbia River water, seawater, and human urine at their natural pH and at pH 2. Despite the observed leaching of Mn from the Mn-doped nanomaterial in the lower pH range, it exhibited generally superior analyte extraction performance compared to the magnetite, and analyte uptake was observed across a broader pH range. The uptake behavior of the various radiotracers on these two materials at different pH levels can generally be explained by the amphoteric nature of the nanoparticle surfaces. Finally, the rate of sorption of the radiotracers on the two materials in unacidified groundwater was evaluated. The uptake curves generally indicate that equilibrium is obtained within a few minutes, which is attributed to the high surface areas of the nanomaterials and the high level of dispersion in the liquids. Overall, the results indicate that these nanomaterials may have the potential to be employed for a range of applications to extract radionuclides from aqueous solutions. These applications may include analytical chemistry, waste water treatment and remediation, mining, and in vitro radiobioassay.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Magneto mitochondrial dysfunction mediated cancer cell death using intracellular magnetic nano-transducers
Mitochondria are crucial regulators of the intrinsic pathway of cancer cell death. The high sensitivity of cancer cells to mitochondrial dysfunction offers opportunities for emerging targets in cancer therapy. Herein, magnetic nano-transducers, which convert external magnetic fields into physical stress, are designed to induce mitochondrial dysfunction to remotely kill cancer cells. Spindle-shaped iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized to maximize cellular internalization and magnetic transduction. The magneto-mechanical transduction of nano-transducers in mitochondria enhances cancer cell apoptosis by promoting a mitochondrial quality control mechanism, referred to as mitophagy. Furthermore, in the liver cancer animal model, nano-transducers are infused into the local liver tumor via the hepatic artery. After treatment with a magnetic field, in vivo mitophagy-mediated cancer cell death was also confirmed by mitophagy markers, mitochondrial DNA damage assay, and TUNEL staining of tissues. This study is expected to contribute to the development of nanoparticle-mediated mitochondria-targeting cancer therapy and biological tools, such as magneto-genetics.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Magnetization switching in a CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junction by combining spin-transfer torque and electric field-effect
We propose and demonstrate a scheme for magnetization switching in magnetic tunnel junctions, in which two successive voltage pulses are applied to utilize both spin-transfer torque and electric field effect. Under this switching scheme, a CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular magnetic easy axis is shown to switch faster than by spin-transfer torque alone and more reliably than that by electric fields alone.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Self-generated magnetic fields in direct-drive implosion experiments
Electric and self-generated magnetic fields in direct-drive implosion experiments on the OMEGA Laser Facility were investigated employing radiography with ∼10- to 60-MeV protons. The experiment used plastic-shell targets with imposed surface defects (glue spots, wires, and mount stalks), which enhance self-generated fields. The fields were measured during the 1-ns laser drive with an on-target intensity ∼10{sup 15} W/cm{sup 2}. Proton radiographs show multiple ring-like structures produced by electric fields ∼10{sup 7} V/cm and fine structures from surface defects, indicating self-generated fields up to ∼3 MG. These electric and magnetic fields show good agreement with two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations when the latter include the ∇T{sub e} × ∇n{sub e} source, Nernst convection, and anisotropic resistivity. The simulations predict that self-generated fields affect heat fluxes in the conduction zone and, through this, affect the growth of local perturbations.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
A magnetic particle time-of-flight (MagPTOF) diagnostic for measurements of shock- and compression-bang time at the NIF (invited)
A magnetic particle time-of-flight (MagPTOF) diagnostic has been designed to measure shock- and compression-bang time using D{sup 3}He-fusion protons and DD-fusion neutrons, respectively, at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This capability, in combination with shock-burn weighted areal density measurements, will significantly constrain the modeling of the implosion dynamics. This design is an upgrade to the existing particle time-of-flight (pTOF) diagnostic, which records bang times using DD or DT neutrons with an accuracy better than ±70 ps [H. G. Rinderknecht et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10D902 (2012)]. The inclusion of a deflecting magnet will increase D{sup 3}He-proton signal-to-background by a factor of 1000, allowing for the first time simultaneous measurements of shock- and compression-bang times in D{sup 3}He-filled surrogate implosions at the NIF.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Prospects for x-ray polarimetry measurements of magnetic fields in magnetized liner inertial fusion plasmas
Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments, where a metal liner is imploded to compress a magnetized seed plasma may generate peak magnetic fields ∼10{sup 4} T (100 Megagauss) over small volumes (∼10{sup −10}m{sup 3}) at high plasma densities (∼10{sup 28}m{sup −3}) on 100 ns time scales. Such conditions are extremely challenging to diagnose. We discuss the possibility of, and issues involved in, using polarimetry techniques at x-ray wavelengths to measure magnetic fields under these extreme conditions.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Influence of magnetic electrodes thicknesses on the transport properties of magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular anisotropy
The influence of the bottom and top magnetic electrodes thicknesses on both perpendicular anisotropy and transport properties is studied in (Co/Pt)/Ta/CoFeB/MgO/FeCoB/Ta magnetic tunnel junctions. By carefully investigating the relative magnetic moment of the two electrodes as a function of their thicknesses, we identify and quantify the presence of magnetically dead layers, likely localized at the interfaces with Ta, that is, 0.33 nm for the bottom electrode and 0.60 nm for the top one. Critical thicknesses (spin-reorientation transitions) are determined as 1.60 and 1.65 nm for bottom and top electrodes, respectively. The tunnel magnetoresistance ratio reaches its maximum value, as soon as both effective (corrected from dead layer) electrode thicknesses exceed 0.6 nm.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Ta|Co{sub 40}Fe{sub 40}B{sub 20}|MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} structures and perpendicular CoFeB|MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}|CoFeB magnetic tunnel junction
Magnetic properties of Co{sub 40}Fe{sub 40}B{sub 20} (CoFeB) thin films sandwiched between Ta and MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} layers have been systematically studied. For as-grown state, Ta/CoFeB/MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} structures exhibit good perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) with interface anisotropy K{sub i} = 1.22 erg/cm{sup 2}, which further increases to 1.30 erg/cm{sup 2} after annealing, while MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}/CoFeB/Ta multilayer shows in-plane magnetic anisotropy and must be annealed in order to achieve PMA. For bottom CoFeB layer, the thickness window for PMA is from 0.6 to 1.0 nm, while that for top CoFeB layer is between 0.8 and 1.4 nm. Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) with a core structure of CoFeB/MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}/CoFeB have also been fabricated and tunneling magnetoresistance ratio of about 36% at room temperature and 63% at low temperature have been obtained. The intrinsic excitations in the p-MTJs have been identified by inelastic electron-tunneling spectroscopy.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Research Update: Magnetic phase diagram of EuTi 1-x B x O 3 (B = Zr, Nb)
Herein, we report the magnetic phase diagram of EuTi 1-x B x O 3 (B = Zr, Nb), determined from magnetization and heat capacity measurements. Upon Zr-doping, the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature TN of EuTi 1-x Zr x O 3 gradually decreases from 5.6 K (x = 0) to 4.1 K (x = 1). Whereas a similar decrease in TN is observed for small amounts of Nb doping (x ≤ 0.05), ferromagnetism is induced in EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 with x > 0.05. Lastly, the ferromagnetic interaction between localized Eu 4f spins mediated by itinerant electrons introduced by Nb doping results in the ferromagnetism in EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 .
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Temperature dependence of microwave oscillations in magnetic tunnel junctions with a perpendicularly magnetized free layer
We experimentally study the temperature dependence of the spin-transfer-torque-induced microwave oscillations in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction nanopillars with a perpendicularly magnetized free layer. We demonstrate that the oscillation frequency increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, which is mainly ascribed to the temperature dependence of both the saturation magnetization and the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. We also find that a strong temperature dependence of the output power while a nonmonotonic temperature dependence of spectral linewidth are maintained for a constant dc bias in measured temperature range. Possible mechanisms leading to the different dependences of oscillation frequency, output power, and linewidth are discussed.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Detecting low concentrations of plutonium hydride with magnetization measurements
We report the formation of plutonium hydride in 2 at. % Ga-stabilized δ-Pu, with 1 at. % H charging. We show that magnetization measurements are a sensitive, quantitative measure of ferromagnetic plutonium hydride against the nonmagnetic background of plutonium. It was previously shown that at low hydrogen concentrations, hydrogen forms super-abundant vacancy complexes with plutonium, resulting in a bulk lattice contraction. Here, we use magnetization, X-ray, and neutron diffraction measurements to show that in addition to forming vacancy complexes, at least 30% of the H atoms bond with Pu to precipitate PuH{sub x} on the surface of the sample with x ∼ 1.9. We observe magnetic hysteresis loops below 40 K with magnetic remanence, consistent with ferromagnetic PuH{sub 1.9}.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Gyrokinetic particle simulation of microturbulence for general magnetic geometry and experimental profiles
Developments in gyrokinetic particle simulation enable the gyrokinetic toroidal code (GTC) to simulate turbulent transport in tokamaks with realistic equilibrium profiles and plasma geometry, which is an essential step in the code–experiment validation process. These novel developments include numerical equilibrium representation using B-splines, a new Poisson solver based on finite difference using field-aligned mesh and magnetic flux coordinates, a new zonal flow solver for general geometry, and improvements on the conventional four-point gyroaverage with nonuniform background marker loading. The gyrokinetic Poisson equation is solved in the perpendicular plane instead of the poloidal plane. Exploiting these new features, GTC is able to simulate a typical DIII-D discharge with experimental magnetic geometry and profiles. The simulated turbulent heat diffusivity and its radial profile reflects good agreement with other gyrokinetic codes. The newly developed nonuniform loading method provides a modified radial transport profile to that of the conventional uniform loading method.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Effect of interfacial structures on spin dependent tunneling in epitaxial L1{sub 0}-FePt/MgO/FePt perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions
Epitaxial FePt(001)/MgO/FePt magnetic tunnel junctions with L1{sub 0}-FePt electrodes showing perpendicular magnetic anisotropy were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxial growth. Tunnel magnetoresistance ratios of 21% and 53% were obtained at 300 K and 10 K, respectively. Our previous work, based on transmission electron microscopy, confirmed a semi-coherent interfacial structure with atomic steps (Kohn et al., APL 102, 062403 (2013)). Here, we show by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculation that the bottom FePt/MgO interface is either Pt-terminated for regular growth or when an Fe layer is inserted at the interface, it is chemically bonded to O. Both these structures have a dominant role in spin dependent tunneling across the MgO barrier resulting in a decrease of the tunneling magnetoresistance ratio compared with previous predictions.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Magnetism and electronic structure of YTiO{sub 3} thin films
High-quality (001)-oriented (pseudo-cubic notation) ferromagnetic YTiO{sub 3} thin films were epitaxially synthesized in a layer-by-layer way by pulsed laser deposition. Structural, magnetic, and electronic properties were characterized by reflection-high-energy-electron-diffraction, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, and element-resolved resonant soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. To reveal ferromagnetism of the constituent titanium ions, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy was carried out using four detection modes probing complementary spatial scale, which overcomes a challenge of probing ferromagnetic titanium with pure Ti{sup 3+}(3d{sup 1}). Our work provides a pathway to distinguish between the roles of titanium and A-site magnetic rare-earth cations in determining the magnetism in rare-earth titanates thin films and heterostructures.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗