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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

A VSC-HVDC-Assisted Black-Start Strategy in Bulk Power Systems a Case Study in San Diego

With the worldwide growth in deploying high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, their ability to facilitate black-start (BS) restoration has been a research topic of interest. In this context, voltage source converter (VSC)-HVDC is regarded as a BS resource, and this paper proposes a VSC-HVDC-assisted parallel BS restoration strategy in bulk power systems. The proposed strategy consists of two stages: 1) determination of the VSC and generator startup sequence and 2) load restoration simulation. In the first stage, the entire blackout system is sectionalized into multiple subsystems. Each subsystem includes a VSC-HVDC station or traditional BS unit, it independently determines its generator startup timeline and the energization timelines for buses and lines. The second stage involves load restoration, conceptualized as a modified unit commitment problem, with the timelines established in the first stage work as critical inputs. The proposed BS restoration strategy is tested on the San Diego power system to simulate the 2011 Southwest blackout. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of using VSC-HVDC links as a BS resource which not only speeds up the restoration process but also reduces both energy and economic losses.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pushing the Boundaries of Coherence in Superconducting Quantum Systems at the SQMS Center for Computing, Sensing, and Metrology

This talk will highlight recent advances at the SQMS Center in understanding and mitigating decoherence in superconducting quantum systems, focusing on both transmon qubits and 3D superconducting cavities. I will present results from systematic studies of materials and devices, aimed at identifying key sources of loss: including two-level systems (TLS), quasiparticles, and other noise mechanisms. These studies span microwave loss characterization in materials such as niobium, tantalum, aluminum, and their native oxides, as well as substrate losses in silicon and sapphire. Using both qubits and cavities, we disentangle subsystem contributions to loss and develop a hierarchy of mitigation strategies. Through these efforts, we have achieved transmon coherence times exceeding one millisecond. I will also present investigations into quasiparticle dynamics, including bursts observed in qubits located above ground and in the Gran Sasso underground laboratory. Additional studies explore temperature dependence to distinguish between TLS and quasiparticle losses, and reveal that applying a magnetic field can reduce temporal T1 fluctuations in transmons. Building on these results, we demonstrate a record-coherence two-cell cavity-qudit system with coherence times exceeding 20 milliseconds. By leveraging sideband interactions and error-resilient protocols including measurement-based correction and post-selection, we achieve high-fidelity quantum state control. This includes preparation of Fock states up to N = 20 with fidelities over 95%, and two-mode entanglement with coherence-limited fidelities reaching 99.9% after post-selection. These achievements position the SQMS platform as a powerful foundation for scalable quantum information processing and high-dimensional qudit encodings. Finally, I will discuss how these ultra-coherent systems are being deployed in emerging quantum sensing applications, including dark matter searches and gravitational wave detection.

Roy, Tanay [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Systematic Review on Coordinated Restoration Strategies for Power Distribution Grids

Power distribution grids are increasingly exposed to High-Impact Low-Probability (HILP) events, which cause widespread disruptions with severe societal and economic impacts. The growing complexity of modern grids, driven by the integration of distributed energy resources and smart grid technologies, has introduced new challenges to effective service restoration. While significant research has explored individual restoration strategies, such as network reconfiguration and microgrid formation, limited attention has been given to methods in which they can be effectively coordinated. Furthermore, the absence of systematic review papers addressing this issue hampers the development of cohesive restoration frameworks capable of addressing the operational complexities of modern grids. This paper presents a systematic review synthesizing existing knowledge on power grid restoration, identifying key limitations, and highlighting opportunities for coordinated strategies. By addressing research gaps and emphasizing the integration of diverse approaches, this study provides critical insights for advancing grid resiliency and recovery, offering a foundation for future research and practical applications in the face of HILP events.

Systematic review↗
DOE OSTI2025

Wildfire and power grid nexus in a changing climate

Global wildfire events have had increasingly severe impacts in recent years, particularly in the western USA, driven by extreme fire-weather conditions, fuel accumulation and multiple ignition sources. Wildfires sparked by power lines tend to be larger and more destructive, as they often occur during high winds, which accelerate the spread of fires. Moreover, efforts to contain wildfires frequently result in power outages, causing considerable economic disruption. Here, in this Review, we examine wildfire risks related to power-line-induced ignitions, infrastructure damage, climate-induced environmental impacts, grid operational risks, real-time grid management risks, vegetation management risks, and financial and funding risks in the context of a changing climate and their interdependence with power grid infrastructures. We then explore the resilience of power grids under wildfire threats, looking at risk analysis, prediction and mitigation strategies. The Review also shares practical insights and experiences in the USA to inform researchers, policymakers and industry professionals.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design and Testing of the Endcap Concentrator ASICs for the CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter Upgrade

A major upgrade of the High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) in the CMS detector is planned for Long-Shutdown 3 (LS3), currently expected to start in 2026. This upgrade will contain over 6 million channels and the electronics will be required to be low power and to withstand a radiation environment with a High-Energy Hadron flux of 3x10**6 particles per square centimeter per second. The solution to this significant challenge is the two Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs, ECON-T and ECON-D, working in tandem with the HGCROC front-end ASIC. The two ECON ASICs provide critical on-detector data reduction for both the 40 MHz trigger path (ECON-T) and 750 kHz data acquisition path (ECON-D) of the HGCAL. The ASICs are fabricated in 65nm CMOS. They are rad-tolerant to 600 Mrad with low power consumption (<2.5 mW/channel). This presentation will be a comprehensive description of each ECON design, including the infrastructure that they share as well as the elements that make each unique. The presentation will also include functionality and radiation tests for both ASICs, and the first high statistics characterization results from the full production of 75k ECON-D and ECON-T ASICs.

Hoff, James R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000163514592)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effects of carbon substitution on magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects in Mn 65-x Ga 17 C 18+x compounds

This study involved the tuning of the magnetic, magnetocaloric, and room-temperature structural properties of Mn 65-x Ga 17 C 18+x (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) compounds prepared using a high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. This study indicates that the crystal structure of all the compounds can be described as an anti-perovskite cubic structure with the Pm-3m space group and the crystal cell volume decreases with increasing carbon concentration. The system shows a first-order structural phase transition at a temperature T=T M between two cubic phases having different magnetic structures. The phases are characterized by antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) -like behavior at low (T < T M ) and high (T M > T) temperature regions, respectively. A suppression of the AFM phase was observed with increasing C concentration. The temperature-induced first-order transitions (FOTs) were found to possess a small thermal hysteresis in the magnetization (~2-3 K) in an applied magnetic field of H = 50 kOe. Magnetic entropy changes estimated from isothermal magnetization curves indicate that the largest value of the magnetic entropy change of |ΔS M | = 2.1 J kg -1 K -1 for x = 4 with ΔH = 50 kOe, with a relative cooling power (RCP) of ~190 J kg -1 . Furthermore, high-energy ball milling (HEBM), a scalable technique, has been demonstrated as a viable method to synthesize magnetocaloric materials with substantial RCP values.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Active Learning of Microgrid Frequency Dynamics Using Neural Ordinary Differential Equations

Accurate frequency modelling of inverter‐based resource (IBR)‐dominated power systems is crucial for ensuring stable, reliable and resilient operations, particularly given their inherent low‐inertia characteristics and fast dynamics that traditional swing equation‐based models inadequately capture. This paper explores neural ordinary differential equations (Neural ODEs) as a computationally efficient, data‐driven framework for modelling power system frequency dynamics, specifically within microgrids integrating high penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs). The developed neural ODEs framework incorporates a neural network architecture designed to capture input dynamics. By actively perturbing the system with a known signal, the Python‐based neural ODEs framework was trained using measured system states and inputs, without the need for detailed system information. The framework, tested on a model of the Cordova, AK, microgrid, achieved a goodness of fit ranging from 60% to 99% across different state variables and maintained a mean square error in the 10 -6 p.u. range under square and step excitation signals. The proposed approach demonstrated robustness to measurement noise and initial condition variations while maintaining low computational complexity suitable for real‐time power system control applications. Furthermore, transfer learning enabled the neural ODEs model to adapt to the following changes in system topology or generator dispatch, highlighting its effectiveness for dynamic microgrids with frequently evolving configurations and diverse DERs.

Aryal, Tara [South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Integration of Electrolysis Systems Into Isolated Microgrid Systems at Extreme Cold Climates

Isolated microgrid systems are generally used to power communities in remote locations where transmission line installations are cost prohibitive. These systems are usually powered by diesel generators, delivering expensive energy with high carbon emissions. However, most of these communities have special geographic access to renewable energy. These special conditions make it interesting to investigate the deployment of renewable energies and storage solutions. Within this scope, this paper analyses the integration of water electrolysis systems into off-grid communities, simulating the electrolyzer as well as the whole electrical grid in real time.

digital real-time simulation↗
DOE OSTI2025

Preliminary Analysis of Nuclear-Powered Data Center Scenarios

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential for nuclear energy to meet the growing energy demands of data centers (DCs). It evaluates the technical, economic, and socio-environmental implications of coupling Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) with DCs, providing initial responses to several key research questions: What is the potential increased energy demand from DCs in the U.S., in the short, medium and long term? The U.S. is experiencing a rapid increase in energy demand from DCs, with projections indicating a total increase of 24-74 GWy(e) by 2028. Meeting this demand with nuclear energy would require 27–85 GWe of installed capacity. While this surge is expected to slow in the long term, the DC industry needs reliable, scalable, and clean energy sources. How much nuclear capacity can be deployed to meet DC demand and in which timeframe? Several pathways for increasing nuclear capacity were identified, including uprates, restarts of recently retired reactors, power purchase agreements with existing fleet, and new construction. Approximately 20‒28 GWe of nuclear capacity could be dedicated to DCs by the early 2030s. How much High Assay Low Enriched Uranium (HALEU) would be needed to support some nuclear deployment scenarios for DCs? Meeting the deployment targets announced by Google and Amazon for the Kairos Power Fluoride-Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Reactor or KP-FHR (~500 MWe by 2035) and the Xe-100 (~1 GWe by 2040), respectively, requires ramping up 19.75% enriched HALEU production to ~6 t/yr by 2040. What types of nuclear energy/DC coupling options exist, and what are the different benefits/challenges? Five coupling options were analyzed, ranging from grid-connected configurations to colocated, behind-the-meter setups. Key design considerations include the proximity to high- and/or medium-voltage transmission lines, the desired internal fault tolerance, and the sources of alternative/backup power during outages. Each coupling option offers unique benefits and challenges in terms of reliability, system costs, regulation, timeline, etc. A list of NPP/DC deployment scenarios was developed, considering existing or newly built NPP or DC projects. Colocated DCs with new small modular reactors or large reactors on greenfield and brownfield sites are the focus of this report. What types of reactors, especially what size, may be incentivized by DCs? Reactor sizing optimization revealed that the ideal reactor size and number of units depend on DC demand, coupling configurations defined in this report, and other economic factors. Larger reactors are preferred for high-demand DCs and grid-connected systems, while larger number of smaller reactors are better suited for DC configurations without grid backup. Which sites may be compatible with co-located nuclear-powered DCs? Siting those projects is a complicated evaluation factoring local water resources, grid connection availability and reliability, IT infrastructure, local work force, proximity to population zones, etc. For this effort greenfield and brownfield sites such as retired coal-fired plants were used to evaluate this question. This evaluation is not meant to recommend any particular site but it highlights key siting criteria and demonstrates large-scale site availability. What are the socio-economic impacts of co-located nuclear-powered DCs? Those projects generate substantial economic benefits to the local economy, particularly in urban settings. Hyperscale DCs colocated with nuclear power plants (sized around 1 GW of power) can create nearly 1,700 jobs for annual operations and more than 7,300 jobs among the supply chain and local businesses as a result of increased household spending. Rural projects also provide significant benefits, but at lower magnitudes compared to urban deployments.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Fast Growth of Ga2O3 on Highly Offcut (100)-Oriented Substrates

Beta-Ga2O3 has emerged as a leading candidate for next-generation power electronics, radio frequency (RF) switches, and extreme environment electronics due to a wide band gap (4.6 - 4.9 eV), high dopability (approximately 40 meV activation energy for an isolated silicon donor), and melt growth characteristics resulting in commercially available 4-inch substrates and commercial demonstrations of 6-inch substrates by multiple techniques. The (100) surface of Ga2O3 is highly desirable from a device and epitaxy standpoint - bulk growth of (100) material is more scalable than (010), the surface is nearly lattice-matched to p-type partner NiO, and Al2O3 incorporates at higher concentrations without phase separation. More importantly, the impact ionization coefficients along the [100] direction are low, leading to the highest possible critical fields. This is advantageous compared to the current state of the art, (001), due to reduced surface defects and increased possible breakdown voltage. However, the epitaxial growth rate on (100) surfaces is less than 10% of other faces due to weak bonding and favorable desorption, and on-axis (100) growth easily forms twin domains. Recent demonstrations have shown growth rate improvements from 0.4 nm/min to 1.5 nm/min by growing on (100) wafers that are offcut 6 degrees in the -c direction. These films show step-flow growth from (20-1) step-edges and high electron mobility due to suppressed twins. Despite these exciting results, offcuts greater than 6 degrees have not been explored due to the waste associated with grinding and polishing large offcuts. In this talk we will discuss the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and properties of Beta-Ga2O3 grown on (100) substrates offcut in the -c direction up to 13.4 degrees. These large offcuts are enabled by edge-fed film-defined growth (EFG) where the offcut is grown into the surface by pulling the crystal through the EFG die with the seed crystal rotated by the desired offcut angle. We will demonstrate that 13.4 degrees offcut substrates still exhibit a terraced (100) surface, and that a >10x increase (>5 nm/min) in growth rate is achieved. As previously reported on lower offcuts, we observe reversal of substrate twin domains around the (001) direction at the substrate-epilayer interface. We will discuss electrical properties including record-low (by MBE) unintentional doping densities of < 5E15 cm-3 and critical breakdown field in Schottky barrier diodes comparable with state-of-the-art (001) Ga2O3 without edge termination.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

DeSelenator: A Se-Removal Process for Environmental Decontamination of Wastewaters from Coal-Burning Power Plants

Selenium may become a toxic contaminant of freshwater systems when released into the environment through industrial wastewaters from mining, coal-burning power plants, or oil refining. Efficient and cost-effective Se-removal technologies are therefore necessary to reduce Se concentrations in these wastewaters to below the regulatory discharge limits. In this study, we have demonstrated an effective process that removes Se, mostly as selenate anions, from wastewaters generated by coal-burning power plants. This process, dubbed DeSelenator, leverages the high concentration of sulfate relative to selenate in the wastewater and the propensity of these oxyanions to cocrystallize with benzene-bis-iminoguanidinium (BBIG) cations into extremely insoluble salts (on par with BaSO 4 ). The SO 4 2− /SeO 4 2− cocrystallization with BBIG removes over 90% of S and Se from the wastewater. Following removal of the precipitate by filtration, the filtrate is passed over an anion-exchange resin that further reduces selenium concentration to 5 ppb, the EPA’s regulatory limit for freshwater systems. Finally, the effluent is passed over an activated carbon column, which removes 99.8% of the residual BBIG ligand remaining after crystallization, allowing for the safe discharge of the treated water into the environment. The Se-removal process was first optimized in the lab at the bench scale and then tested in the field at the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Bull Run coal-burning power plant. A technoeconomic assessment found the cost of water treatment with DeSelenator is on par with that of the active biological method, which is currently considered a state-of-the-art Se-removal technology.

anions↗
DOE OSTI2025

Leading Energy Analysis: Data-Driven Insights That Power Our Energy Future

Energy analysts at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) use a broad set of expertise and cutting-edge tools to capture the complexities of our interconnected energy system. Decision-makers rely on these insights to drive cost savings, enhance grid reliability, support long-term innovation, and bolster America's energy workforce and global competitiveness. This fact sheet highlights some of NREL's high-impact analyses, data, and tools, largely focusing on power grid analysis.

data↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hubble Space Telescope Observations within the Sphere of Influence of the Powerful Supermassive Black Hole in PKS 0745-191

We present Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations from the Hubble Space Telescope of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the center of PKS 0745-191, a brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) undergoing powerful radio-mode active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback (P cav ~ 5 × 10 45 erg s -1 ). These high-resolution data offer the first spatially resolved map of gas dynamics within an SMBH's sphere of influence under such powerful feedback. Our results reveal the presence of highly chaotic, nondrotational ionized gas flows on subkiloparsec scales, in contrast to the more coherent flows observed on larger scales. While radio-mode feedback effectively thermalizes hot gas in galaxy clusters on kiloparsec scales, within the core, the hot gas flow may decouple, leading to a reduction in angular momentum and supplying ionized gas through cooling, which could enhance accretion onto the SMBH. This process could, in turn, lead to a self-regulating feedback loop. Compared to other BCGs with weaker radio-mode feedback, where rotation is more stable, intense feedback may lead to more chaotic flows, indicating a stronger coupling between jet activity and gas dynamics. Additionally, we observe a sharp increase in velocity dispersion near the nucleus, consistent with a very massive M BH ~ 1.5 × 10 10 M ⊙ SMBH. The density profile of the ionized gas is also notably flat, paralleling the profiles observed in X-ray gas around galaxies where the Bondi radius is resolved. These results provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms driving galaxy evolution, highlighting the intricate relationship between SMBH fueling and AGN feedback within the host galaxy.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unraveling the Mechanism of Interfacial Charge Transfer and Photoresponsivity of WS 2 Quantum Dots/MoS 2 (0D–2D) Heterostructure-Based Transistors

To assess the efficacy of a mixed-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure in modulating the optoelectronic responses of nanodevices, the charge transport properties of the transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based heterostructure comprising zero-dimensional (0D) WS 2 quantum dots (QDs) and two-dimensional (2D) MoS 2 flakes are critically analyzed. Herein, a facile strategy was materialized in developing an atomically thin phototransistor assembled from mechanically exfoliated MoS 2 and WS 2 QDs synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal route. The amalgamated photodetectors exhibited a high responsivity of ∼8000 A/W at an incident power of 0.05 nW of white light, surpassing that of the pristine MoS 2 devices. Furthermore, the detectivity of pristine MoS 2 , which was on the order of 10 10 , increased to 10 12 Jones for the WS 2 QDs/MoS 2 heterostructure photodetector, outperforming other WS 2 -based materials. The quasiparticle band gap and density of states (DOS) are further analyzed to elucidate the photophysics of the WS 2 QD/MoS 2 hybrid assembly. The difference in the work function between MoS 2 and WS 2 QDs gives rise to an electric field across the 0D–2D interface, facilitating effective charge separation and migration and contributing to the enhancement of photoresponsivity. The analysis of optical responses using density functional theory (DFT) revealed stronger absorption and less reflection over a broader spectrum of wavelengths for the heterostructure compared to the pristine materials. The estimated optical conductivity aligns well with the experimentally predicted maximum photoresponsivity under visible light, which is attributed to the high absorbance of 2D MoS 2 . In conclusion, combining diverse spectroscopic and imaging techniques with quantum simulation provides insights that clarify the pertinence of 0D–2D TMDs in designing phototransistors.

WS2 QDs/MoS2 heterostructure↗
DOE OSTI2026

DC Cryogenic Modeling of Open-Source SkyWater 130 nm MOSFETs at 77 K Using BSIM4

Cryogenic applications in high-energy physics (HEP) demand reliable, low-power CMOS electronics capable of operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). The open-source SkyWater 130nm (SKY130) CMOS process has previously been shown to operate at temperatures as low as 4 K making it a promising candidate for HEP applications. In this work, we characterize and model SKY130 low-threshold voltage transistors at 77 K, which is a temperature commonly used in modeling applications for liquid argon detectors. DC characteristic measurements were performed at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. We created a cryogenic modeling approach to produce a SPICE-compatible, isothermal BSIM4-based model for select transistor sizes at 77 K. The resulting model agrees with data at 77 K with an average error on the order of 20% (relative RMS) and shows no dependence on drain voltage. Due to the open-source nature of SKY130, we have made our models publicly available on Github. We hope this work will continue the trend for democratizing circuit design at cryogenic temperatures in high-energy physics by enabling open access to accurate cryogenic CMOS device models at 77 K.

Beall, F. [Texas U., Arlington]↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Cost-Effective Wave Energy Harvesting System with Maximum Power Point Tracking Capability

In this paper, we propose a low-cost bidirectional four-switch inverter that transfers three-phase energy between a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven by a wave energy collector and the power grid or a local ac load. To achieve high control performance, the machine-side inverter uses a high-gain observer for rotor position estimation and a Lyapunov-based approach for torque control. For the gridside inverter control, we estimate the filter capacitor voltage with a model reference adaptive system and control the dc-link voltage with a Lyapunov-based energy function. We also track the maximum power point from the sea waves with an integral control law that actively matches the generator impedance with that of the wave collection device. The proposed system supports both grid-following/forming modes. We validate our control design with simulation results on a 3-kW hardware setup.

wave energy, power systems integration, control de↗
DOE OSTI2025

Operating Wind Turbine as Synchronous Generator: Modeling and Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Demonstration

Grid-forming (GFM) control of Type 3 and Type 4 wind turbine generators (WTGs) has attracted substantial attention in power systems research; however, the limited overcurrent capability of power electronics converters continues to deteriorate the grid strength of the evolving power systems. Synchronous wind, also referred to as a Type 5 WTG, offers a unique GFM solution to address grid integration and grid strength issues by keeping the grid largely synchronous at very high integration levels of renewable generation. A Type 5 WTG interfaces with the electric grid via a synchronous generator driven by a variable speed hydraulic torque converter; hence, the wind rotor operates in variable-speed mode for maximum power generation, and the generator shaft remains synchronous to the grid. This paper develops and tests a high-fidelity model of a Type 5 WTG in a power-hardware-in-the-loop testing environment, and it presents its operation characteristics under different grid contingencies. The power-hardware-in-the-loop demonstration shows that a Type 5 WTG inherently behaves as a GFM unit and can obtain similar performance in terms of power response, wind rotor dynamics, and stability enhancement compared to a Type 3 WTG in GFM control mode. Furthermore, the paper provides further insight into how Type 5 WTGs can support the smooth transition to power systems with high integration levels of inverter-based resources.

17 - WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Feasibility of using nuclear microreactor process heat for bioconversion and agricultural processes

Introduction There is a global goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2023. Nuclear microreactors, a subset of small modular reactors, offer a potential solution due to their compact size, transportability, and carbon-neutral power generation capabilities. Methods This study explores the feasibility of using heat from nuclear microreactors for bioconversion and agricultural processes, including transforming biomass into energy carriers and products such as syngas, bio-oil, and pasteurized milk. Operating requirements for gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, hydrothermal liquefaction, hydrothermal gasification, ethanol production, anaerobic digestion, and pasteurization were obtained through a literature review. A Brayton cycle model based on the eVinci TM microreactor was developed to assess the feasibility of powering these processes using nuclear microreactor heat. Results and Discussion Exergetic efficiency values for high-temperature processes ranged from 72% to 100%, whereas lower-temperature processes ranged from 2% to 53%. These efficiencies depend on the available source temperature for each microreactor design. There were trade-offs between producing net power and using process heat, particularly for high-temperature processes. Three heat exchanger locations were considered: before the turbine (600 ℃ ), between the turbine and regenerator (370 ℃ ), and after the regenerator (192 ℃ ). High-temperature processes like gasification require temperatures too high for feasibility. Middle temperature processes are better suited to a heat exchanger between the turbine and regenerator, while also operable before the turbine. Lower-temperature processes like pasteurization and anaerobic digestion can use waste heat after the regenerator and do not impact power production. These findings are valuable for optimizing nuclear microreactor heat use and aligning with global climate initiatives.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗