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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Production of ent-kaurene from lignocellulosic hydrolysate in Rhodosporidium toruloides

Abstract Background Rhodosporidium toruloides has emerged as a promising host for the production of bioproducts from lignocellulose, in part due to its ability to grow on lignocellulosic feedstocks, tolerate growth inhibitors, and co-utilize sugars and lignin-derived monomers. Ent -kaurene derivatives have a diverse range of potential applications from therapeutics to novel resin-based materials. Results The Design, Build, Test, and Learn (DBTL) approach was employed to engineer production of the non-native diterpene ent -kaurene in R. toruloides . Following expression of kaurene synthase (KS) in R. toruloides in the first DBTL cycle, a key limitation appeared to be the availability of the diterpene precursor, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Further DBTL cycles were carried out to select an optimal GGPP synthase and to balance its expression with KS, requiring two of the strongest promoters in R. toruloides , ANT (adenine nucleotide translocase) and TEF1 (translational elongation factor 1) to drive expression of the KS from Gibberella fujikuroi and a mutant version of an FPP synthase from Gallus gallus that produces GGPP. Scale-up of cultivation in a 2 L bioreactor using a corn stover hydrolysate resulted in an ent -kaurene titer of 1.4 g/L. Conclusion This study builds upon previous work demonstrating the potential of R. toruloides as a robust and versatile host for the production of both mono- and sesquiterpenes, and is the first demonstration of the production of a non-native diterpene in this organism.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Algal Biomass Conversion to Fuels via Combined Algae Processing (CAP): 2020 State of Technology and Future Research

The annual State of Technology (SOT) assessment is an essential activity for platform research conducted under the Bioenergy Technologies Office. It allows for the impact of research progress to be quantified in terms of economic improvements in the overall biofuel production process for a particular biomass processing pathway, whether based on terrestrial or algal biomass feedstocks. As such, initial benchmarks can be established for currently demonstrated performance, and progress can be tracked towards out-year goals to ultimately demonstrate economically viable biofuel technologies. NREL's algae state of technology benchmarking efforts focus both on front-end algal biomass production and separately on back-end conversion to fuels through NREL's "combined algae processing" (CAP) pathway. The production model is based on outdoor long-term cultivation data, enabled by comprehensive algal biomass production trials conducted under the Development of Integrated Screening, Cultivar Optimization, and Verification Research consortium (DISCOVR) efforts, driven by data furnished by Arizona State University (ASU) at the Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation (AzCATI) testbed site. The CAP model is based on experimental efforts conducted under NREL research and development projects. This report focuses on back-end conversion of algal biomass through the CAP pathway, highlighting the 2020 updates to minimum fuel selling price (MFSP). Notably, this analysis marks the first time that polyurethane (PU) is included as a value-added coproduct in the SOT case. Relative to prior 2019 benchmarks, the 2020 CAP SOT achieved further MFSP reductions of over $4/gallon gasoline equivalent, reflective of (a) the inclusion of PU co-production, (b) reduced SOT biomass production costs, and (c) higher pretreatment sugar yield data.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Algal Biomass Production via Open Pond Algae Farm Cultivation: 2020 State of Technology and Future Research

The annual State of Technology (SOT) assessment is an essential activity for platform research conducted under the Bioenergy Technologies Office. It allows for the impact of research progress to be quantified in terms of economic improvements in the overall biofuel production process for a particular biomass processing pathway, whether based on terrestrial or algal biomass feedstocks. As such, initial benchmarks can be established for currently demonstrated performance, and progress can be tracked towards out-year goals to ultimately demonstrate economically viable biofuel technologies. NREL's algae state of technology benchmarking efforts focus both on front-end algal biomass production and separately on back-end conversion to fuels through NREL's "combined algae processing" (CAP) pathway. The production model is based on outdoor long-term cultivation data, enabled by comprehensive algal biomass production trials conducted under Development of Integrated Screening, Cultivar Optimization, and Verification Research (DISCOVR) consortium efforts, driven by data furnished by Arizona State University (ASU) at the Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation (AzCATI) testbed site. The CAP model is based on experimental efforts conducted under NREL research and development projects. This report focuses on front-end algal biomass production, documenting the pertinent algal biomass cultivation parameters that were input to the NREL open pond algae farm model based on the latest DISCOVR cultivation performance data. Relative to prior 2019 benchmarks, the 2020 algae farm SOT achieved further reductions in modeled minimum biomass selling price of approximately $70/ton (roughly 10%), primarily attributable to a 16% demonstrated improvement in annual average cultivation productivity rates.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Algal Biomass Production via Open Pond Algae Farm Cultivation: 2021 State of Technology and Future Research

The annual State of Technology (SOT) assessment is an essential activity for platform research conducted under the Bioenergy Technologies Office. It allows for the impact of research progress to be quantified in terms of economic improvements in the overall biofuel production process for a particular biomass processing pathway, whether based on terrestrial or algal biomass feedstocks. As such, initial benchmarks can be established for currently demonstrated performance, and progress can be tracked towards out-year goals to ultimately demonstrate economically viable biofuel technologies. NREL's algae state of technology benchmarking efforts focus both on front-end algal biomass production and separately on back-end conversion to fuels through NREL's "combined algae processing" (CAP) pathway. The production model is based on outdoor long-term cultivation data, enabled by comprehensive algal biomass production trials conducted under Development of Integrated Screening, Cultivar Optimization, and Verification Research (DISCOVR) consortium efforts, driven by data furnished by Arizona State University (ASU) at the Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation (AzCATI) testbed site. The CAP model is based on experimental efforts conducted under NREL research and development projects. This report focuses on front-end algal biomass production, documenting the pertinent algal biomass cultivation parameters that were input to the NREL open pond algae farm model based on the latest DISCOVR cultivation performance data. Relative to the fiscal year (FY) 2020 SOT at $683/ton or $603/ton for ASU and FA evaporation scenarios, respectively (unlined pond basis), the FY 2021 SOT represents a slight increase in MBSP of 1%-2%. This is primarily attributed to a slight 4% reduction in annual cultivation productivity achieved at the AzCATI site (supported by the efforts under the DISCOVR consortium noted above) observed during FY 2021 cultivation campaigns.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Algal Biomass Conversion to Fuels via Combined Algae Processing (CAP) (2021 State of Technology and Future Research)

The annual State of Technology (SOT) assessment is an essential activity for platform research conducted under the Bioenergy Technologies Office. It allows for the impact of research progress to be quantified in terms of economic improvements in the overall biofuel production process for a particular biomass processing pathway, whether based on terrestrial or algal biomass feedstocks. As such, initial benchmarks can be established for currently demonstrated performance, and progress can be tracked towards out-year goals to ultimately demonstrate economically viable biofuel technologies. NREL's algae state of technology benchmarking efforts focus both on front-end algal biomass production and separately on back-end conversion to fuels through NREL's "combined algae processing" (CAP) pathway. The production model is based on outdoor long-term cultivation data, enabled by comprehensive algal biomass production trials conducted under the Development of Integrated Screening, Cultivar Optimization, and Verification Research consortium (DISCOVR) efforts, driven by data furnished by Arizona State University (ASU) at the Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation (AzCATI) testbed site. The CAP model is based on experimental efforts conducted under NREL research and development projects. This report focuses on back-end conversion of algal biomass through the CAP pathway, highlighting the 2021 updates to minimum fuel selling price (MFSP). This update maintains an important recent inclusion of polyurethane (PU) previously incorporated in the 2020 SOT as a value-added coproduct. Relative to the 2020 SOT case, this indicates a minimal increase of $0.10-$0.14/GGE (roughly 2%) for both the acids and BDO pathways, attributed to minimal increases in upstream algal biomass costs from slightly lower demonstrated cultivation productivities in the 2021 SOT.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

2016 U.S. Petroleum Fuels Life Cycle Baseline

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has performed a well-to-wheels life cycle assessment (LCA) of petroleum production and refining for the United States (US), both from international and domestic oil sources. This analysis largely follows the same methods and framework established by Cooney et al., which performed a greenhouse gas (GHG) LCA of crude products for the 2014 data year (Cooney et al., 2017). Results are presented for six major petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, fuel oil, coke, bunker/residual fuel oil) across each of the five Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs) and at the national US level. However, there are at least seven other refinery outputs (liquified petroleum gas, refinery fuel gas, hydrogen, petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, sulfur) that are modeled but not shown in this report for brevity. Petroleum product amounts are compared against those reported by US Energy Information Administration (EIA) for each region.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Life cycle energy and environmental impacts of hydroprocessed renewable jet fuel production from pennycress

There is a growing interest in making the overall aviation industry more environmentally-friendly by developing advanced biofuels. In this context, the main driver is establishing feedstocks with lower environmental loads and higher energy use efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy requirement and environmental impacts of hydroprocessed renewable jet fuel (HRJ) production from pennycress. The system boundary included pennycress production, logistics, oil extraction and conversion to HRJ, wastewater treatment, and electricity and steam generation. Energy allocation method was used for the analysis. The functional unit was considered to be one GJ of HRJ, and the biorefinery size was considered to be 18.9 million l/yr (5 million gal/yr) HRJ. Energy use efficiency of pennycress-based HRJ production was estimated to be 3.9–5.5 (90% central range), which was higher than that of HRJ from other oilseeds, such as canola. Global warming potential of pennycress-based HRJ (35–49 kgCO 2 eq/GJ of HRJ (90% central range)) was also lower than those of HRJ from similar oilseeds and the commercial jet fuel baseline. Pennycress production was the main contributor to the total energy use and environmental impacts of HRJ production, mainly due to the use of nitrogen fertilizer for production, and fuel combustion for farm operations. Pennycress yield was identified as the most sensitive parameter affecting the energy use efficiency and environmental impacts of HRJ production. Furthermore, the outcomes of this study are useful for identifying the performance targets towards improving energy use efficiency and environmental performance of pennycress-based HRJ production at the commercial scale.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Renewable diesel and bio-aromatics production from waste cooking oil using ethanol as a hydrogen donor in deoxygenation reaction

Biofuels offer a promising solution in the fight against climate change. With a global increase in waste cooking oil, this research investigated the production of bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) from waste cooking oil, using ethanol as a hydrogen donor in the deoxygenation process. A hydrolyzed waste cooking oil model compound served as the feedstock, and the deoxygenation was performed at 300–400 °C. The catalysts used in the experiments were 2.6 wt% Ni and 7.8 wt% Mo (2.6Ni-7.8Mo) and 10 wt% Ni and 5 wt% Mo (10Ni-5Mo) on γ-Al 2 O 3 . The results showed that ethanol is an effective hydrogen donor for biofuel production without the need for external hydrogen at an elevated pressure. The increasing temperature enhanced the free fatty acid (FFA) conversion and n-alkane selectivity in the oil product, with the highest FFA conversion and alkane selectivity of 100 % and 46 %, respectively, observed at 400 °C for the sulfided 10Ni-5Mo catalyst. On the other hand, 2.6Ni-7.8Mo offers 100 % FFA conversion with a lower n-alkane selectivity of 35 % at identical temperatures. The total acid number (TAN) of the oil products decreased from 174.03 mg KOH/g of feedstock to 9.43 and 8.67 mg KOH/g with the sulfided 2.6Ni-7.8Mo and 10Ni-5Mo catalysts, respectively. Both the catalysts achieved similar heating values (~43 MJ/kg) at 400 °C. This is a significant improvement to the HHV of the feedstock, which was 36.02 MJ/kg. Additionally, aromatic compounds, mainly BTXE (benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene), were also produced. Compared to glycerol as a hydrogen donor, ethanol more effectively increased n-alkane selectivity due to its higher effective hydrogen-to-carbon ratio (H/C eff ). Conversely, glycerol was more advantageous for achieving greater selectivity towards BTXE compounds due to its lower H/C eff , which potentially leads to coke formation. Since aromatic compounds are intermediates in coke production, glycerol provides higher aromatic selectivity than ethanol. Finally, this study presents an alternative pathway for producing diesel fuel from waste cooking oil using ethanol as a hydrogen donor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mobilizing mine lands for biobased decarbonization strategies

Over 163 000 ha of mine lands in Pennsylvania (PA) have the potential to produce willow as a feedstock for renewable energy generation. Each year these lands could produce between 454 000 and 907 000 dry Mg of willow, which can be a feedstock for bioenergy (i.e., biopower) with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) or sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production. We used a spatially explicit model to explore cost-minimized allocation of willow biomass from abandoned mine lands (AML) to be used for BECCS or SAF production and to abate carbon dioxide. The results suggest that between 454 000 and 907 000 dry Mg of biomass can be produced on AML in PA at costs from $94 to $250 per dry Mg. This AML willow biomass could be combined with other available biomass and aggregated to ten facilities to produce 17.9 TWh of power; alternatively, it could produce 958 million liters of jet fuel, 638 million liters of renewable diesel, and 1.289 billion liters of naphtha, along with 0.735 TWh of electricity. From this analysis, in PA, under the BECCS pathway, up to 36 million Mg per year of CO2 could be abated at costs of up to $134 per Mg; under the SAF pathway, up to 17.5 million Mg per year of CO2 could be abated at costs up to $150 per Mg of CO2. The use of mine land willow as a supplemental feedstock for SAF and BECCS would need strong incentive programs if costs of production are to be comparable with production on agricultural land.

Wahlstrom, Mallory [Pennsylvania State University]↗
DOE OSTI2022

Developing New Polymeric Powder Feedstocks for Selective Laser Sintering: Emphasizing Particle Size and Shape

Although selective laser sintering is considered a major player in the additive manufacturing community, significant limitations exist when it comes to processing the polymeric powder feedstocks in the laser sintering machine. While these limitations – such as inadequate and uneven heating and complex thermal phenomena leading to curling and shrinkage – cannot be ignored and are being addressed in the community, it is also vitally important to turn our attention to the expansion of commercially available powder feedstocks. A major drawback of SLS is the lack of available feedstocks. At Los Alamos National Laboratory, a primary desire for advancement in the manufacturing or development of new feedstocks lies in the nuclear weapons applications program. New feedstocks with greater thermal stability and performance would provide the opportunity for insertion of production parts, rather than just prototype parts. Additionally, the ability to print with so-called commodity polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene poses great economic advantages for prototyping and production of large batches of parts. However, a gap exists between the Lab’s needs and what is commercially available – a gap which could be filled by collaboration with the broader industrial sector. Furthermore, connecting with and building relationships with industry partners allows for greater control and input in the developmental process of new powders. This would provide reliable feedstocks, improved quality assurance, and overall higher performance of processes across the additive manufacturing community.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Genetically engineered poplar wood effectively enhances the efficiency of deep eutectic solvent-mediated one-pot processing

Although lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource with the potential to replace fossil-derived fuels and chemicals, its recalcitrance, largely due to lignin, limits its utilization. Recent advancements in genetic engineering have produced transgenic trees with reduced lignin content and/or modified lignin structure without compromising growth traits. Here, three engineered poplar varieties are evaluated as feedstocks using a biocompatible one-pot deep eutectic solvent-mediated process that integrates biomass fractionation and enzymatic saccharification within a single reactor, eliminating water washing and reconditioning. All transgenic poplars exhibit higher fermentable sugar yields than wild-type (WT) trees. Notably, QsuB poplar, incorporating 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate in lignin, achieves the highest glucose conversion yield of 91.3% (vs. 73.0% from WT). AT5 and MdCHS3 poplars, incorporating ferulate esters and naringenin, also demonstrate improved glucose yields (86.7 and 84.7%, respectively), confirming reduced biomass recalcitrance. Additionally, residual lignins are valorized via hydrogenolysis into phenolic compounds, with comparable alkylphenol production across all lines. These findings demonstrate that the transgenic poplar lines not only serve as superior feedstocks for sugar conversion but also provide a rich resource for phenolic compound production, enhancing the operational and economic viability of integrated biorefinery processes.

biomasses↗
DOE OSTI2021

Predicting Catalytic Pyrolysis Aromatic Selectivity from Pyrolysis Vapor Composition Using Mass Spectra Coupled with Statistical Analysis

The behavior of fast pyrolysis (FP) and catalytic FP (CFP) of 20 renewable feedstocks was studied in a microscale reactor with molecular beam mass spectral analysis of products generated. A partial least-squares (PLS) model was constructed based on the FP vapor spectra that predicts the aromatic selectivity when upgrading over a ZSM-5 catalyst. Additionally, principal component analysis of both FP and CFP spectra was performed for comprehensive spectral analysis. This work highlighted the value of vapor-phase mass spectral screening to predict the subsequent feedstock performance and demonstrated that the quantity of coke deposited on the catalyst is not a reliable measure of catalyst deactivation when the feedstock type is varied.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating the carbon capture potential of industrial waste as a feedstock for enhanced weathering

Abstract Limiting anthropogenic global climate warming since the start of the industrial period to less than 2 °C will very likely require both deep and rapid reductions in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and a range of approaches toward carbon dioxide removal (CDR). One prominent CDR approach is enhanced weathering (EW), in which crushed silicate rock is applied on land or in the open ocean to accelerate natural weathering processes that absorb carbon dioxide from Earth’s ocean–atmosphere system. However, in addition to a range of potential environmental, socioeconomic, and ethical issues associated with this pathway, bottlenecks in feedstock sourcing represent a key barrier for deployment of EW at scale. Here, we evaluate the potential of silicate wastes produced from industrial processes—such as steel slag and cement waste—as feedstocks for the EW process. An empirical model that links industrial alkaline waste production to gross domestic product at purchase power parity is developed to forecast waste production in the alternative futures described by the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) framework. By incorporating these results into an intermediate-complexity Earth system model, we also explore the impacts of EW using industrial waste on changes to global temperature, ocean pH, and ocean aragonite saturation state, while also quantifying overall CDR efficiency through the end of the century. We estimate a maximum cumulative end-of-century capture potential of ∼400 GtCO 2 for industrial waste, which could represent a significant fraction of the projected CDR requirement of many mitigation scenarios in the SSP framework. However, feedstock-dependent environmental impacts and the technoeconomics of feedstock redistribution may ultimately limit deployment scope.

Xu, Pengxiao (ORCID:0009000633724293)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Sustainable production of plastic degrading enzymes

The 21st century faces the challenge of transitioning to a climate-neutral economy. This hurdle will need to be addressed in a myriad of approaches, including all societal spheres, as highlighted in several UN and EU reports, including new and accessed technologies. Among them, biotechnology can play a core role by exploiting its environmental benefits (e.g., substituting fossil-based products and expected greenhouse emission reductions). In some cases, biotech can even outperform fossil counterparts' features (e.g., the biodegradability of some bioplastics). Microalga is an attractive bioplastic feedstock in this scenario since it directly substitutes petroleum and captures CO2. However, albeit its environmental benefits, the microalgal process still needs to be tipped economically and the net-positive ecological impact improved to drive adoption. To that end, we envisioned the use of a green alga as a source of bioplastic feedstock and industrial enzymes, combining natural traits of microalgae with engineered properties in a resourceful process to petroleum-based products replacement. As proof of concept, we demonstrated that we could use C. reinhardtii, a green algae, to produce plastic-degrading enzymes. We assemble a vector to secrete PHL7, a recently described PETase, capable of degrading post-consumer PET plastic. We successfully engineered the cell line to secrete the plastic-degrading enzyme. We confirmed the secretion of the enzyme by observing halos in agar plates supplemented with plastic dispersions, enzymatic assays, zymograms, and protein sequencing of supernatant samples. This approach allows using green algae to replace petrochemical-derived plastic while producing the tool necessary to recycle existing plastics sustainably.

Dutra Molino, Joao Vitor↗
DOE OSTI2026

Integrated techno-economic framework for nuclear hydrogen production: assessing the role of high temperature steam electrolysis and safety considerations

This manuscript presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of nuclear integrated hydrogen production through high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. Given the significant role of hydrogen as an energy carrier and chemical feedstock, the research evaluates the feasibility of co-locating HTSE facilities with existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) to enhance hydrogen production efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Here, the study highlights the advantages of HTSE over traditional low-temperature electrolysis, particularly in leveraging thermal and electrical energy from NPPs. A novel framework for hydrogen deployment is introduced, integrating hydrogen market analysis, techno-economic evaluation (TEA), and safety assessments. The findings underscore the economic viability of hydrogen production in light of current market conditions, including fluctuating natural gas prices and the impact of production tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act. A case study in the Gulf Coast region demonstrates the potential for strategic hydrogen production to meet growing industrial demand while ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of nuclear integrated hydrogen production as a sustainable energy solution.

08 - HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS2002

Modeling of the HiPco process for carbon nanotube production. I. Chemical kinetics

A chemical kinetic model is developed to help understand and optimize the production of single-walled carbon nanotubes via the high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) process, which employs iron pentacarbonyl as the catalyst precursor and carbon monoxide as the carbon feedstock. The model separates the HiPco process into three steps, precursor decomposition, catalyst growth and evaporation, and carbon nanotube production resulting from the catalyst-enhanced disproportionation of carbon monoxide, known as the Boudouard reaction: 2 CO(g)-->C(s) + CO2(g). The resulting detailed model contains 971 species and 1948 chemical reactions. A second model with a reduced reaction set containing 14 species and 22 chemical reactions is developed on the basis of the detailed model and reproduces the chemistry of the major species. Results showing the parametric dependence of temperature, total pressure, and initial precursor partial pressures are presented, with comparison between the two models. The reduced model is more amenable to coupled reacting flow-field simulations, presented in the following article.

Evaluation Studies↗
NASA NTRS2021

Plasma Assisted Trash Conversion with CO2 Carrier Gas

A sub-atmospheric plasma solid-to-gas conversion system operating under 500 W was tested to be viable for waste conversion to a gaseous state without the use of a feedstock gas as shown in previous plasma torch works. This manuscript lays the groundwork into the feasibility of low-pressure solid-to-gas conversion, reaction chemistry of the by-product gases, and power consumption. The results have shown the possibility of gasification at reduced pressures without the consumable use of a feedstock carrier gas in previous studies. Thus far, the percent gasification averaged around 36% in pre-pellet trials, with the system being far from optimized. The products include H2, CO2, CO, C2H4, and C2H6. Hydrogen production was higher as expected in a CO2-like environment once the gasification process begins. The energy required to generate the plasma was on the order of that previously reported at atmospheric pressures. The ability to eliminate the need for any consumables that were required in previous iterations greatly improves the cost and operational logistics of plasma gasification equipment. Although further development of the system is needed for increased gasification percentages, elimination of useable commodities greatly favors such a system for trash management beyond low Earth orbit.

Malay Shah↗
DOE OSTI2025

Go with the Flow: Additives to Improve the Flowability of Crumbled Corn Stover

For this work, magnesium stearate (MgSt), a common flow additive and anticaking agent, was applied to corn stover feedstocks with three particle sizes. The material handling properties of dry, 15%, and 30% moisture content corn stover were measured with a Freeman FT-4 powder rheometer and mass flow hopper calculations. While hydrated biomass typically exhibits poor flowability, introducing MgSt led to a significant increase in flowability for dry and 15% moisture content feedstocks, with less impact at 30% moisture content. Inverse gas chromatography showed a decrease, up to 40%, in the surface energy of MgSt-coated corn stover. While MgSt may not be ideal for biofuel or chemical production, this study highlights the potential of flow additives to reduce adhesive and cohesive forces, improving biomass feedstock handling.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗