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At least 811 records · Page 45

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2021

New Fracture Diagnostic Tool for Unconventionals: High-Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing via Rayleigh Frequency Shift during Production in Hydraulic Fracture Test 2

Fiber Optic monitoring in unconventional reservoirs has proven to be an invaluable diagnostic tool for assessing both near-wellbore stimulation effectiveness and to help describe the far-field frac geometries created by hydraulic fracture stimulation. Unfortunately, gaining any detailed qualitative and quantitative understanding of the near-wellbore frac geometry or cluster/stage productivity during production via Fiber Optic (FO) has proven to be more difficult, particularly in wells producing liquids. A new FO diagnostic method, Distributed Strain Sensing based on Rayleigh Frequency Shift (DSS-RFS), first demonstrated for oil and gas applications in the Hydraulic Test Site 2 (HFTS2) provides new insights about the characteristics of near-wellbore-region (NWR) during production. DSS-RFS is different from other FO strain measurements because it relies on accurate measurement of frequency shifts of Rayleigh backscattered spectrum obtained by scanning the fiber with a coherent optical time-domain reflectometer with a range of laser frequencies using a tunable-wavelength laser system. Changes in strain are measured with an extremely high spatial resolution of 20 cm and with high signal-to-noise ratios over long distances. In HFTS2, strain changes for the entire wellbore have been measured twice during scheduled shut-in and reopening operations (February 2020 and September 2020). After removing temperature effects, consistent strain changes have been observed at the location of most perforation clusters. These are caused by near wellbore fracture aperture changes due to pressure increases during shut-in within the near-wellbore fracture network. The strain-change patterns from the DSS-RFS during shut-in correlate very well with the location of clusters and allow for the definition of extending intervals with positive strain signals at each cluster and slightly compressing intervals with negative strain signals between the clusters and in the non stimulated intervals. The locations of the measured positive strain peaks also show good correspondence to DAS acoustic intensity measurements acquired during the stimulation. The geometry and magnitude of the strain changes differ significantly between the two tested completion designs in the same well. During shut in and reopening each cluster exhibit its own strain-change / pressure path. In addition, the September 2020 dataset also revealed the existence of small but measurable strain changes as consequence of pressure decline during production. These strain changes also correlate well with the presence of producing clusters, but the strain-rate signals are opposite to that obtained during shut-in and reopening operations. Although Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/URTECONF/proceedings-pdf/21URTC/2-21URTC/D021S031R002/2477551/urtec-2021-5408-ms.pdf/1 by Carol Worster on 28 February 2022 URTeC 5408 2 we are still in the early stages of exploring the potential of this novel FO technique, we believe that the highly detailed information contained in the measurement of strain changes using DSS-RFS during production can significantly improve our understanding of near-wellbore hydraulic fracture characteristics and the relationships between stimulation and production from unconventional oil and gas wells.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Development of Anti- Yersinia pestis Human Antibodies with Features Required for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Yersinia pestis is a category A infective agent that causes bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Notably, the acquisition of antimicrobial or multidrug resistance through natural or purposed means qualifies Y. pestis as a potential biothreat agent. Therefore, high-quality antibodies designed for accurate and sensitive Y. pestis diagnostics, and therapeutics potentiating or replacing traditional antibiotics are of utmost need for national security and public health preparedness. Here, we describe a set of human monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG1s) targeting Y. pestis fraction 1 (F1) antigen, previously derived from in vitro evolution of a phage-display library of single-chain antibodies (scFv). We extensively characterized these antibodies and their effect on bacterial and mammalian cells via: ELISA, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and various metabolic assays. Two of our anti-F1 IgG (αF1Ig 2 and αF1Ig 8) stood out for high production yield, specificity, and stability. These two antibodies were additionally attractive in that they displayed picomolar affinity, did not compete when binding Y. pestis, and retained immunoreactivity upon chemical derivatization. Most importantly, these antibodies detected < 1,000 Y. pestis cells in sandwich ELISA, did not harm respiratory epithelial cells, induced Y. pestis agglutination at low concentration (350 nM), and caused apparent reduction in cell growth when radiolabeled at a nonagglutinating concentration (34 nM). These antibodies are amenable to the development of accurate and sensitive diagnostics and immuno/radioimmunotherapeutics.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2013

Isothermal DNA Assay to Detect Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis for Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remain a global health issue today. There exists an unmet need for a point-of-care TB diagnostic device that is accurate and suitable for use in resource-limited, high-burden settings. This study is the first demonstration of an isothermal DNA assay to identify MDR-TB, with future applications in a low-cost mobile phone diagnostic device. Using loop-mediated isothermal amplification, three primer signatures were identified to have high specificity, high sensitivity, and low limit of detection in amplifying M. tuberculosis (MTB) DNA. The use of a dsDNA-intercalating fluorescent dye enabled real-time visualization of the reactions and identification of positive amplifications. Moreover, the assay employs the addition of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) clamps to inhibit the amplification of drug-susceptible MTB DNA and allow the amplification of drug-resistant MTB DNA. Study results showed that combinations of two primer signatures and three PNA clamps inhibit the amplification of drug-susceptible MTB DNA. Results further showed that a relatively high concentration of PNA clamp relative to DNA template is required for inhibition. In future work, PNA clamp design will be improved to increase inhibition of drug-susceptible MTB DNA reactions. Additionally, the effects of the clamps on drug-resistant MTB DNA will be investigated; no amplification is expected.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Standard Diagnostics for the Diurnal Cycle

The purpose of this document is to suggest a strategy for constructing standard diagnostics of the diurnal cycle from both climate model and observational data products. The guiding philosophy is “keep it simple,” in the hope that a diagnostic software package can be readily constructed and widely used. Of course this means that the output of the package will form only the beginning of necessary examination of the diurnal cycle in models and in the real world. The latest version of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP5, provides several fields at 3- hourly time resolution near the surface: air and surface temperatures, pressure, humidity, soil moisture, horizontal wind, energy flux components, overhead cloudiness, evaporation, precipitation, convective precipitation, and snowfall. (See the “3hr” tab in the Standard Output spreadsheet at http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/data_description.html.) Meanwhile satellite observations provide at least equally fine time resolution and global coverage for some of these fields. This data makes possible an extensive study of the diurnal cycle near the surface.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Standard Diagnostics for the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Probing the Physics of Burning DT Capsules Using Gamma-ray Diagnostics

The Gamma Reaction History (GRH) diagnostic developed and lead by the Los Alamos National Laboratory GRH Team is used to determine the bang time and burn width of imploded inertial confinement fusion capsules at the National Ignition Facility. The GRH team is conceptualizing and designing a new Gamma-to-Electron Magnetic Spectrometer (GEMS), that would be capable of an energy resolution ΔE/E~3-5%. In this whitepaper we examine the physics that could be explored by the combination of these two gamma-ray diagnostics, with an emphasis on the sensitivity needed for measurements. The main areas that we consider are hydrodynamical mixing, ablator areal density and density profile, and temporal variations of the density of the cold fuel and the ablator during the DT burn of the capsule.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

National Ignition Facility Target Diagnostic Waveform Digitization

The purpose of this document is to assess various technologies in electrical waveform digitization for applications at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), more specifically, the Target Diagnostic (TD) department. The findings and recommendations in this memo are meant to inform decisions for future diagnostic implementations and to guide plans for upgrades to existing systems that, due to age or inherent deficiencies, require renewal.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2017

Active and Passive Diagnostic Signatures of Special Nuclear Materials

An overview will be given discussing signatures associated with special nuclear materials acquired using both active and passive diagnostic techniques. Examples of how technology advancements have helped improve diagnostic capabilities to meet the challenges of today’s applications will be discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2017

Plenoptic Imaging for Three-Dimensional Particle Field Diagnostics.

Plenoptic imaging is a promising emerging technology for single-camera, 3D diagnostics of particle fields. In this work, recent developments towards quantitative measurements of particle size, positions, and velocities are discussed. First, the technique is proven viable with measurements of the particle field generated by the impact of a water drop on a thin film of water. Next, well cont rolled experiments are used to verify diagnostic uncertainty. Finally, an example is presented of 3D plenoptic imaging of a laboratory scale, explosively generated fragment field.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2018

Research in Integrated Assessment Inter-Model Development, Testing and Diagnostics (Final Technical Report)

This is the final report on the second phase (spanning 2013-2018) of a project focused on further establishing an integrated assessment modeling (IAM) community research program on IAM model development, diagnostic testing, and inter-comparisons (PIAMDDI), including multi-model scenario ensemble analyses. The program was dedicated to improving the science of integrated assessment by doing cutting edge research in critical scientific areas of IAM development, and integrating that research with research programs on improved methods for model diagnostics, inter-comparison and ensemble-like analyses. We continued to link this program closely to other climate change research programs in the U.S. and abroad, and to make the work highly transparent, accessible and credible. As anticipated, progress in the scientific research areas informed the model comparison methods development and scenario tasks, and the comparisons and ensemble activities helped set priorities for the research areas.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Advanced Diagnostic and Sample Preparation Platform for Early Threat Surveillance

Emerging infectious diseases present a profound threat to global health, economic development, and political stability, and therefore represent a significant national security concern for the United States. The increased prevalence of international travel and globalized trade further amplify the threat of infectious disease outbreaks of catastrophic effect. The key to containing and eradicating an outbreak before it goes global is rapid identification of index cases and initial clusters of affected individuals. This depends upon establishment of a biosurveillance network that effectively reaches infectious disease hotspots in even the most remote regions of the world and provides a network-integrated, location-appropriate diagnostic capability. At present, there are two critical needs which must be addressed in order to extend biosurveillance activities beyond centralized laboratory facilities: 1) A simple, reliable, and safe method for immediate stabilization of clinical specimens in the field; and 2) A flexible sample processing platform that enables in-field preparation of clinical specimens for rapid, on-site analysis using a variety of diagnostic assay platforms. These needs are not necessarily mutually exclusive; in fact, we propose that they are most efficiently addressed by a deployable sample processing platform that immediately stabilizes the information content of clinical specimens through transformation of the inherently unstable analytes of interest into stable equivalents that are appropriately formatted for downstream analysis. In order to address this problem, we have developed a sample processing pipeline and microfluidics-based platform modules enabling: 1) Extraction of total RNA from finger-stick quantities of human whole blood; and 2) Microscale synthesis of appropriately-formatted cDNA products that capture the information content of blood RNA in a stable form that supports pathogen detection and/or characterization via PCR and/or Second Generation Sequencing (SGS). Through this research we have discovered new, effective solutions for problems that thus far have hindered use of digital microfluidics (DMF) in biomedical applications. Our work reveals a clear path forward to fieldable, automated sample processing systems that will enable rapid, on-site identification of usual-suspect and novel pathogens in clinical specimens for improved biosurveillance.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Development of the Motional Stark Effect Diagnostic Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (Final Technical Report)

This report describes the development of the motional Stark Effect diagnostic with laser induced fluorescence (MSE-LIF). The MSE concept relies upon observation of the Balmer-alpha (n=3 to n=2) emission from a neutral hydrogen beam traversing a plasma. As a beam at high velocity, $\vec{v}$, passes through the magnetic field in the plasma, $\vec{B}$, it experiences in its reference frame a Lorentz electric field, $\vec{E} = \vec{v} × \vec{B}$. This electric field causes the spectral emission to be split and polarized as described by the Stark effect. The transition is separated into a set of lines in which the line spacing is linearly proportional to the electric field magnitude, and the line polarization is dependent on the electric field direction. Traditionally, MSE has used polarimetry to determine the polarization angle of the light, and related that to the magnetic field pitch angle in the plasma. The MSE diagnostic was developed under high magnetic field (> 1 T) conditions, and the lower fields of recent high-beta experiments such as NSTX posed challenges to the technique. At low magnetic fields Doppler broadening effects mask the Stark effect. With the use of a narrow band laser to pump the Balmer-alpha transition many of the broadening effects are eliminated or mitigated so that MSE measurements at very low magnetic fields can be obtained.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

A Handheld Medical Diagnostic Device for Harsh Environments

Medical diagnostic capabilities for extreme environments, are currently limited in nature to single marker type assays. We propose to develop a handheld device for medical diagnostics in extreme environments that provide sensitive and specific detection of biomarkers with an emphasis initially on radiation exposure. Such a device will have multiple uses, and will be easily adaptable to many applications. For example, first responders, the battlefield, in low resource settings in developing countries facing emerging disease outbreaks, and during long-duration space flights. To this end, we will develop highly adaptable microfluidic devices (cards) for profiling different biomarkers with an emphasis on those related to radiation exposure. We will leverage the previous centrifugal separator work from LLNL and Sandia National Laboratory. The radiation exposure biomarker work at LLNL will provide a biological platform for demonstrating the utility of the device. We will develop a fluidic system using a pump-less mechanical method (centrifugal) to move, control, order and layer fluids in the platform. This decreases complexity, while enabling simultaneous cell separation and plasma generation for two uses: the first is differential blood cell counts and the second is biomarker assay panels. This work will be accomplished in three Aims: Aim 1) Test multiplex microfluidic cards and integrated reader. Aim 2) Demonstrate system capabilities to take and process blood samples for multi-endpoint analysis. Aim 3) Test multiplex detection based on measuring differential blood cell counts, while measuring plasma protein biomarkers. The proposed work addresses the mission research challenge of chemical and biological countermeasure in that our work aims to provide new research capabilities to respond to man-made or natural outbreaks of pandemic diseases in particular in low resource and triage environments.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Coherent Optical Transition Radiation Imaging for Laser-Driven Plasma Accelerator Electron-Beam Diagnostics

Application of coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) diagnostics to compact accelerators has been demonstrated for the laser-driven wake field accelerator (LWFA) case recently. It is proposed that such diagnostics for beam size, beam divergence, microbunching fraction, spectral content, and bunch length would be useful before and after any subsequent acceleration in crystals or nanostructures. In addition, there are indications that under some scenarios a microbunched beam could resonantly excite wake fields in nanostructures that might lead to an increased acceleration gradient.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2020

ARM Data-Oriented Metrics and Diagnostics Package for Climate Model Evaluation

A Python-based metrics and diagnostics package is currently being developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility Infrastructure Team at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to facilitate the use of long-term, high-frequency measurements from ARM in evaluating the regional climate simulation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation. This metrics and diagnostics package computes climatological means of targeted climate model simulation and generates tables and plots for comparing the model simulation with ARM observational data.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Active Activation Diagnostics for High Energy X-ray and Neutron Measurements

Nuclear activation is a vital tool for diagnosing the properties of high-energy particles and photons. We investigate several potential reactions and suitable activation materials that could be used to simultaneously measure both neutrons and high-energy bremsstrahlung x-rays using one detector. Such a diagnostic would be valuable and practical for several facilities capable of creating such high-energy neutrons and x-rays. Laser-generated sources, such as NIF(-ARC) or Omega(-EP), have been shown to be capable of creating high-energy x-rays via high-intensity laser interactions and neutrons via DT fusion reactions. Furthermore, current laser technology is driving the demand for higher repetition rate diagnostics, hence we further constrain reaction/activation selections to accommodate high-repletion rate experiments. Our investigation will concentrate on identifying potential short half-life activation materials associated with high-energy x-ray reactions that could be incorporated into the existing realtime neutron activation detectors (RTNADs), an array of 48 activation detectors positioned around the NIF target chamber used to measure the DT neutron yield isotropy. We have identified two materials, gold and neodymium, that appear to be the best candidates to complement the RTNADs, by adding a new high-energy x-ray measurement capability.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

The Motional Stark Effect Diagnostic for NSTX-U

This report describes the development of the motional Stark Effect diagnostic for NSTX. The MSE concept relies upon observation of the Balmer-alpha (n=3 to n=2) emission from a neutral hydrogen beam traversing a plasma. As a beam at high velocity, $\vec{ν}$, passes through the magnetic field in the plasma, $\vec{B}$, it experiences in its reference frame a Lorentz electric field, $\vec{E}$ = $\vec{ν}$ x $\vec{B}$. This electric field causes the spectral emission to be split and polarized as described by the Stark effect. The transition is separated into a set of lines in which the line spacing is linearly proportional to the electric field magnitude, and the line polarization is dependent on the electric field direction. Traditionally, MSE has used polarimetry to determine the polarization angle of the light, and related that to the magnetic field pitch angle in the plasma. The MSE diagnostic was developed under high magnetic field ($>$ 1~T) conditions, and the lower fields of recent high-beta experiments such as NSTX posed challenges to the technique. At low magnetic fields Doppler broadening effects mask the Stark effect. With the use of a narrow bandwidth filter MSE measurements at very low magnetic fields have been obtained.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Robust Event Diagnostics Platform: Integrating Tensor Analytics and Machine Learning into Real-time Grid Monitoring

The objective of this project is to develop a robust event diagnostics (RED) platform by integrating state-of-the-art tensor analytics and machine learning into real-time grid monitoring. The proposed platform can effectively analyze and discover the information hiding within the provided PMU data for effective real-time grid monitoring. The proposed RED platform provides a set of robust diagnostics tools for grid operation and management, including 1) data quality assessment, 2) data completion, 3) event detection, and 4) robust event classification. All the functionalities of the RED platform can help the operator to make informed decisions and respond in a timely manner. The developed RED platform will serve as an innovative advisory tool to reliably identify key events and discover new insights about the events and grid characteristics in the PMU data, and contribute to the efficient, safe, reliable operation and design of the nation’s electric system.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗