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At least 811 records · Page 45
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

Evidence of ongoing crustal deformation related to magmatic activity near Socorro, New Mexico

Leveling measurements conducted in 1980-1981 by the National Geodetic Survey in the Socorro area of the Rio Grande rift are analyzed. Crustal uplift related to magma inflation in the midcrustal magma body is detected; an uplift of 0.18 cm/yr is measured for the time between 1951-1980. The survey data of 1911 and 1959 are compared to the present data and good correlation is observed. The systematic leveling errors including height-dependence and refraction errors are studied. The 30-km-wide subsidence in the area is examined. The spatial correlation between seismic activity, the Socorro magma body, and crustal deformation in Socorro is investigated. The crustal movement from magma reservior activities is modeled using the formulations of Dieterich and Decker (1975). The modeling of the deformation reveals that the movement in the Socorro area is associated with the 19-km deep Socorro magma body.

Larsen, S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Deformation and damage of composite plates under impact loading

Transient deformation and damage were studied in impacted graphite/epoxy plates. The plates were 8-ply and 16-ply quasi-isotropic laminates clamped around a 12.7 cm diameter circumference. They were instrumented with surface and embedded strain gages and loaded by a 202 gr mass dropped from a height of 1.8 m. The load history and imparted energy were obtained by means of an accelerometer attached to the impactor. Transient strains at various locations through the thickness and at various distances from the loading point were obtained. The characteristic features of the strain records are associated with specific failure modes in the laminate. The deformation history was also correlated with the induced damage as detected by X-radiography and ultrasonics. Impact damage is more extensive in the thicker laminate. Damage takes the form of delaminated strips parallel to the fiber direction in each ply and increasing in length from top to bottom.

Daniel, I. M.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Structural ensembles of the north belt of Venus deformations and possible mechanisms of their formation

The author discusses structural formations in the northern deformation belt of Venus, studied according to the data of the radar pictures obtained with the Venera 15 and 16 probes. He shows that it consists of regions of compression with submeridional orientation, regions of displacement, extending in the sublatitudinal direction and individual slightly deformed blocks. He puts forward the hypothesis that the formation of these structures is related with horizontal movements in the mantle in the sublatitudinal direction.

Markov, M. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

High temperature monotonic and cyclic deformation in a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy

Directionally solidified (DS) MAR-M246+Hf was tested in tension and fatigue, at temperatures from 20 C to 1093 C. Tests were performed on (001) oriented specimens at strain rates of 50 % and 0.5 % per minute. In tension, the yield strength was constant up to 704 C, above which the strength dropped off rapidly. A strong dependence of strength on strain rate was seen at the higher temperatures. The deformation mode was observed to change from heterogeneous to homogeneous with increasing temperature. Low Cycle Fatigue tests were done using a fully reversed waveform and total strain control. For a given plastic strain range, lives increased with increasing temperature. For a given temperature strain rate had a strong effect on life. At 704 C, decreasing strain rates decreased life, while at the higher temperatures, decreasing strain rates increased life, for a given plastic strain range. These results could be explained through considerations of the deformation modes and stress levels. At the higher temperatures, marked coarsening caused beneficial stress reductions, but oxidation limited the life. The longitudinal grain boundaries were found to influence slip behavior. The degree of secondary slip adjacent to the boundaries was found to be related to the degree of misorientation between the grains.

Huron, Eric S.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Deformation and fracture of single-crystal and sintered polycrystalline silicon carbide produced by cavitation

An investigation was conducted to examine the deformation and fracture behavior of single-crystal and sintered polycrystalline SiC surfaces exposed to cavitation. Cavitation erosion experiments were conducted in distilled water at 25 C by using a magnetostrictive oscillator in close proximity (1 mm) to the surface of SiC. The horn frequency was 20 kHz, and the double amplitude of the vibrating disk was 50 microns. The results of the investigation indicate that the SiC (0001) surface could be deformed in a plastic manner during cavitation. Dislocation etch pits were formed when the surface was chemically etched. The number of defects, including dislocations in the SiC (0001) surface, increased with increasing exposure time to cavitation. The presence of intrinsic defects such as voids in the surficial layers of the sintered polycrystalline SiC determined the zones at which fractured grains and fracture pits (pores) were generated. Single-crystal SiC had superior erosion resistance to that of sintered polycrystalline SiC.

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa↗
NASA NTRS1987

Deformation and fatigue behavior of SSME turbopump blade materials

Directionally solidified and single crystal superalloys which are intended for use as turbopump blade materials are anisotropic both elastically and plastically. Therefore, isotropic constitutive models must be modified. Several models which are now being developed are based on metallurgical theories of deformation in these types of alloys. However, these theories have not been fully justified, and the temperature and strain regimes over which they may be valid are poorly defined. The objective of this work is to study the deformation behavior of the alloys, in order to determine the validity of these models and to thereby support the ongoing research efforts in solid mechanics.

Milligan, Walter W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Plastic deformation of a magnesium oxide 001-plane surface produced by cavitation

An investigation was conducted to examine plastic deformation of a cleaved single-crystal magnesium oxide 001-plane surface exposed to cavitation. Cavitation damage experiments were carried out in distilled water at 25 C by using a magnetostrictive oscillator in close proximity (2 mm) to the surface of the cleaved specimen. The dislocation-etch-pit patterns induced by cavitation were examined and compared with that of microhardness indentations. The results revealed that dislocation-etch-pit patterns around hardness indentations contain both screw and edge dislocations, while the etch-pit patterns on the surface exposed to cavitation contain only screw dislocations. During cavitation, deformation occurred in a thin surface layer, accompanied by work-hardening of the ceramic. The row of screw dislocations underwent a stable growth, which was analyzed crystallographically.

Hattori, S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Migration of the separation point on a deforming cylinder

An iterative scheme of solving the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady two-dimensional flow about a deforming and translating cylinder is given. In the kth iteration, the convected vorticity appears as the source term in an equation of transient diffusion of vorticity. A novel integral transform is used to reduce this transient vorticity equation to a k-dimensional heat equation. The bounded solution of this equation is obtained with a general method of superposition for problems involving a moving boundary. An equation describing the migration of the separation point on a deforming cylinder in unsteady cross flows is derived from the analytically obtained velocity field. The radial expansion of the cylinder surface is shown to hasten the separation time and to increase the separation angle. The results imply that in the steady flow past a body that is moving forward and sinking at constant rates, the locus of points at which the azimuthal component of skin friction changes sign originates on the leeward ray at a point downstream of the front tip.

Lin, S. P.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Surface deformation, gravity and the geoid from a three-dimensional convection model at low Rayleigh numbers

The two-dimensional surface deformation, gravity field, and geoid are calculated from the temperature fields of a number of numerical models of constant-viscosity three-dimensional convective flows, heated from within and from below. The surface deformation and the geoid are insensitive to the short-wavelength features of the temperature variation; the gravity field is less smooth, although it still does not clearly indicate the narrowness of the upwelling and downwelling regions at large Rayleigh numbers. The results indicate that the convective upwelling beneath regions showing positive geoid and residual depth anomalies is more localized than the horizontal extent of these features would suggest. The results are relevant to attempts to understand the behavior of the earth mantle.

Craig, Claire Harvey↗
NASA NTRS1985

The role of near-surface plastic deformation in the wear of lamellar solids

It is shown in this paper that the role of surface and near-surface plastic deformation is especially significant in both sliding and abrasive wear of lamellar composites. Lamellar structures were produced artificially from alternate layers of pure copper and pure tin or lead foils. The resulting composites were tested in three different wear tests: single-pass abrasion by a sharp, hard abrader; multiple-pass rubbing by a hard, rounded abrader; and pin-on-disk sliding. In each case the counterface was a hard alloy steel. Tests were run with the composite lamellae in two orientations: perpendicular and parallel to the sliding direction. It was found that the composites had much less wear resistance and greater abradability when oriented perpendicular to the rub direction. The mechanisms for wear particle removal and the role of plastic deformation in the process were studied by plasticity analysis and by microscopic (SEM and optical) observation.

Kennedy, F. E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Deformation, fatigue and fracture behavior of two cast anisotropic superalloys

Tensile and low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on two cast anisotropic superalloys. The effects of temperature, strain rate and stress range were investigated. Deformation behavior was extensively characterized and modeled. LCF and fracture behavior were studied and correlated with deformation behavior.

Milligan, Walter W.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Intraplate deformation, stress in the lithosphere and the driving mechanism for plate motions

During this period work was carried out on three fronts relevant to the understanding of intraplate deformation, stress in the lithosphere, and the driving mechanisms for plate motions: (1) observational constraints, using GPS geodesy on the deformation in the region of the boundry between the Pacific and North American plates in central and southern California; (2) numerical modeling of the effects of temperature dependent lithospheric viscosity on the stress and strain history of extensional regimes; and (3) improvement of estimates of mantle viscosity variation, the long-wave-length density variations in the mantle, and the topography of the core-mantel boundary from modeling of geoid anomalies, nutation, and changes in length of day. These projects are described in more detail, followed by a discussion of meetings attended and a list of abstracts and papers submitted and/or published.

Hager, Bradford H.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Crustal deformation in Great California Earthquake cycles

A model in which coupling is described approximately through a generalized Elsasser model is proposed for computation of the periodic crustal deformation associated with repeated strike-slip earthquakes. The model is found to provide a more realistic physical description of tectonic loading than do simpler kinematic models. Parameters are chosen to model the 1857 and 1906 San Andreas ruptures, and predictions are found to be consistent with data on variations of contemporary surface strain and displacement rates as a function of distance from the 1857 and 1906 rupture traces. Results indicate that the asthenosphere appropriate to describe crustal deformation on the earthquake cycle time scale lies in the lower crust and perhaps the crust-mantle transition zone.

Li, Victor C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A fractal model for crustal deformation

It is hypothesized that crustal deformation occurs on a scale-invariant matrix of faults. For simplicity, a two-dimensional pattern of hexagons on which strike-slip faulting occurs is considered. The behavior of the system is controlled by a single parameter, the fractal dimension. Deformation occurs on all scales of faults. The fractal dimension determines the fraction of the total displacement that occurs on the first-order or primary faults. The value of the fractal dimension can be obtained from the frequency-magnitude relation for earthquakes. The results are applied to the San Andreas fault system in central California. Earthquake studies give D = 1.90. The main strand of the San Andreas fault is associated with the primary faults of the fractal system. It is predicted that the relative velocity across the main strand is 2.93 cm/yr. The remainder of the relative velocity of 5.5 cm/yr between the Pacific and North American plates occurs on higher-order faults. The predicted value is in reasonably good agreement with the value 3.39 + or - 0.29 cm/yr obtained from geological studies.

Turcotte, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

A digital video model deformation system

The use of solid-state array cameras and a PC-controlled image acquisition system to measure model deformation in a wind tunnel is discussed. This digital system improves an earlier video model deformation system that used high-resolution tube cameras and required the manual measurement of targets on video hardcopy images. The new system eliminates both the vibration-induced distortion associated with tube cameras and the manual readup of video images necessary in the earlier version. Camera calibration and data reduction procedures necessary to convert pixel image plane data from two cameras into wing deflections are presented. Laboratory tests to establish the uncertainty of the system with the geometry to be used are described.

Burner, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Measurements of coseismic deformation in southern California - 1972-1982

This paper compares records collected in the years 1972-1982 from two classes of instruments at Pinon Flat Observatory (PFO), southern California: the long-base-length (greater than 100 m) strain meters and tiltmeters described by Berger and Lovberg(1970) and Wyatt et al. (1982), respectively; and the short-base-length near-surface tiltmeters. It was found that the signals for static strain changes recorded by the long-base-length strain meters and tiltmeters are in good quantitative agreement with the deformation calculated for a dislocation in an elastic half-space. In contrast, colocated short-base-length tiltmeters produced spurious results, with signals much larger than the theoretical coseismic deformations computed using the U.S. Geological Survey/CalTech network; these signals correlated well with peak site acceleration.

Wyatt, Frank K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Geodetic measurement of deformation in California

The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements made in the western U.S. since 1979 as part of the NASA Crustal Dynamics Project provide discrete samples of the temporal and spatial deformation field. The interpretation of the VLBI-derived rates of deformation requires an examination of geologic information and more densely sampled ground-based geodetic data. In the first two of three related studies, triangulation and trilateration data measured on two regional networks, one in the central Mojave Desert and one in the Coast Ranges east of the San Andreas fault, have been processed. At the spatial scales spanned by these local geodetic networks, auxiliary geologic and geophysical data have been utilized to examine the relation between measured incremental strain and the accommodation of strain seen in local geological structures, strain release in earthquakes, and principal stress directions inferred from in situ measurements. In a third study, the geocentric position vectors from a set of 77 VLBI experiments beginning in October 1982 have been used to estimate the tangential rate of change of station positions in the western U.S. in a North-America-Fixed reference frame.

Sauber, Jeanne↗