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At least 793 records · Page 44
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

QCD and Hadron Physics

This White Paper presents the recommendations and scientific conclusions from the Town Meeting on QCD and Hadronic Physics that took place in the period 13-15 September 2014 at Temple University as part of the NSAC 2014 Long Range Planning process. The meeting was held in coordination with the Town Meeting on Phases of QCD and included a full day of joint plenary sessions of the two meetings. The goals of the meeting were to report and highlight progress in hadron physics in the seven years since the 2007 Long Range Plan (LRP07), and present a vision for the future by identifying the key questions and plausible paths to solutions which should define the next decade. The introductory summary details the recommendations and their supporting rationales, as determined at the Town Meeting on QCD and Hadron Physics, and the endorsements that were voted upon. The larger document is organized as follows. Section 2 highlights major progress since the 2007 LRP. It is followed, in Section 3, by a brief overview of the physics program planned for the immediate future. Finally, Section 4 provides an overview of the physics motivations and goals associated with the next QCD frontier: the Electron-Ion-Collider.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Physical Processes in the MAGO/MFT Systems

The Monograph is devoted to theoretical discussion of the physical effects, which are most significant for the alternative approach to the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion (CTF): the MAGO/MTF approach. The book includes the description of the approach, its difference from the major CTF systems—magnetic confinement and inertial confinement systems. General physical methods of the processes simulation in this approach are considered, including plasma transport phenomena and radiation, and the theory of transverse collisionless shock waves, the surface discharges theory, important for such kind of research. Different flows and magneto-hydrodynamic plasma instabilities occurring in the frames of this approach are also considered. In virtue of the general physical essence of the considered phenomena the presented results are applicable to a wide range of plasma physics and hydrodynamics processes. The book is intended for the plasma physics and hydrodynamics specialists, post-graduate students, and senior students-physicists.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3

This manual describes the PYTHIA 8.3 event generator, the most recent version of an evolving physics tool used to answer fundamental questions in particle physics. The program is most often used to generate high-energy-physics collision "events", i.e. sets of particles produced in association with the collision of two incoming high-energy particles, but has several uses beyond that. The guiding philosophy is to produce and reproduce properties of experimentally obtained collisions as accurately as possible. The program includes a wide ranges of reactions within and beyond the Standard Model, and extending to heavy ion physics. Emphasis is put on phenomena where strong interactions play a major role. The manual contains both pedagogical and practical components. All included physics models are described in enough detail to allow the user to obtain a cursory overview of used assumptions and approximations, enabling an informed evaluation of the program output. A number of the most central algorithms are described in enough detail that the main results of the program can be reproduced independently, allowing further development of existing models or the addition of new ones. Finally, a chapter dedicated fully to the user is included towards the end, providing pedagogical examples of standard use cases, and a detailed description of a number of external interfaces. The program code, the online manual, and the latest version of this print manual can be found on the PYTHIA web page: https://www.pythia.org/

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Accelerator and Beam Physics: Grand Challenges and Research Opportunities

Accelerator and beam physics (ABP) is the science of the motion, generation, acceleration, manipulation, prediction, observation and use of charged particle beams. It focuses on fundamental long-term accelerator and beam physics research and development. Accelerator and beam physics research has resulted in important advances in accelerator science, yet support for this research is declining. NSF has terminated its program in accelerator Science and funding by DOE through GARD and Accelerator Stewardship has been steady or declining. The declining support for accelerator research will slow advances and threaten student training and work-force development in accelerator science. We propose a robust and scientifically challenging program in accelerator and beam physics, which will position the field of US High Energy Physics to be productive and competitive for decades to come.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The physics case of a 3 TeV muon collider stage

In the path towards a muon collider with center of mass energy of 10 TeV or more, a stage at 3 TeV emerges as an appealing option. Reviewing the physics potential of such muon collider is the main purpose of this document. In order to outline the progression of the physics performances across the stages, a few sensitivity projections for higher energy are also presented. There are many opportunities for probing new physics at a 3 TeV muon collider. Some of them are in common with the extensively documented physics case of the CLIC 3 TeV energy stage, and include measuring the Higgs trilinear coupling and testing the possible composite nature of the Higgs boson and of the top quark at the 20 TeV scale. Other opportunities are unique of a 3 TeV muon collider, and stem from the fact that muons are collided rather than electrons. This is exemplified by studying the potential to explore the microscopic origin of the current $g$-2 and $B$-physics anomalies, which are both related with muons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evaluation of Physical Security Risk for Potential Implementation of FLEX using Dynamic Simulation Methods

The requirements for United States nuclear power plants to maintain a large onsite physical security force contribute to their large operational costs. The cost of maintaining the current physical security posture is approximately 10% of the overall operation and maintenance budget for commercial nuclear power plants. The goal of the Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program Physical Security Pathway is to develop tools, methods, and technologies and provide the technical basis for an optimized physical security posture. This pathway will analyze and minimize the conservatisms built into current security postures in order to reduce security costs while still ensuring adequate security and operational safety. The research performed at Idaho National Laboratory within this pathway has successfully developed a dynamic force-on-force (FOF) modeling framework using various computer simulation tools and integrated them with the dynamic assessment Event Modeling Risk Assessment using Linked Diagrams (EMRALD) tool. This document provides an overview of lessons learned in applying a dynamic computational framework that links results from a commercially available FOF simulation tool, a commercially available thermal-hydraulic tool, and EMRALD to an operating commercial nuclear power plant. This process of including plant procedures and multiple analysis results is being called Modeling and Analysis for Safety Security using Dynamic EMRALD Framework. Previous reports described how a user could integrate their plant-specific FOF models with the dynamic simulation tool EMRALD, model operator actions, integrate with probabilistic risk assessment tools, such as Computer Aided Fault Tree Analysis System or Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations, and with thermal-hydraulic tools, such as RELAP-5. Previous reports applied various combinations of available simulations codes with EMRALD using generic plant models to demonstrate how to perform the analysis. This report documents the results of applying the dynamic computational framework to an actual nuclear facility using their security scenarios and timelines. The purpose of this study was to verify that results achieved using generic models are similar to actual plant results and to refine our guidance of the use of the framework. Such an assessment enables further analysis, such as what-if scenarios and staff-reduction evaluation, thereby optimizing physical security at plants. NOTE: The work performed in this report is based on a generic EMRALD model with actual plant data used for the analysis. However, only the generic model and general results of the analysis are in the report. No plant’s sensitive information is discussed in this report. The discussion shows examples of insights that can be obtained from the MASS-DEF methodology.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Applications of Deep Learning to physics workflows

Modern large-scale physics experiments create datasets with sizes and streaming rates that can exceed those from industry leaders such as Google Cloud and Netflix. Fully processing these datasets requires both sufficient compute power and efficient workflows. Recent advances in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can either improve or replace existing domain-specific algorithms to increase workflow efficiency. Not only can these algorithms improve the physics performance of current algorithms, but they can often be executed more quickly, especially when run on coprocessors such as GPUs or FPGAs. In the winter of 2023, MIT hosted the Accelerating Physics with ML at MIT workshop, which brought together researchers from gravitational-wave physics, multi-messenger astrophysics, and particle physics to discuss and share current efforts to integrate ML tools into their workflows. The following white paper highlights examples of algorithms and computing frameworks discussed during this workshop and summarizes the expected computing needs for the immediate future of the involved fields.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Initial Validation of the Neutron Physics Codes in COSINE Using the MIT BEAVRS Benchmark

A software package for nuclear power plant design and analysis, known as COSINE, has been developed by State Nuclear Power Software Development Center (SNPSDC). A detailed benchmark called BEAVRS which includes measured reactor data is presented by MIT. The BEAVRS benchmark is based on a commercial power plant and provides a highly-detailed Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) specification with measured operational data that has been used to validate the neutron physics codes in COSINE. In this paper, a COSINE core model is prepared to calculate the BEAVRS benchmark. The first stage validation is focused on the depletion of two cycles and initial physics test of cycle 1. The calculation results agree well with the measured data. It could be confirmed that the COSINE codes package has the ability to design and analyze a commercial PWR core, and the precision of the calculation results can meet the requirements of industrial design and analysis. A calculation of MIT BEAVRS benchmark using COSINE has been performed in this paper. A lot of measurements are given in the benchmark specification which can be used for code validation. The calculation includes a depletion calculation of both two cycles and a calculation of the initial physics test of cycle 1. COSINE neutron physics codes use the mature industrial calculation method which can achieve reasonable results with acceptable accuracy and speed. Through the calculation, it can be seen that the difference of critical boron concentration calculated from cos Nu is less than 25 pcm compared with measured data. And the relative difference of rod worth is less than 10%. The isothermal temperature coefficient difference between measurement and calculation is less than 1 pcm/deg. F. All results meet the criteria of ANS. The validation for measurements after initial physics test following a more complex power history and the validation for in-core detector signals are underway. (authors)

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Application of the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit to Medical Physics - Paper 65

We show how the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit, originally developed for High Energy Physics, has been applied to a wide variety of challenging applications in medical physics. As the authors are mainly responsible for providing assistance to Geant4 users in North America, they draw on examples from the North American experience, but the conclusions can be generalized to the Geant4 medical user community worldwide. Geant4 is already heavily used in all areas of medical physics, from external beam therapy to brachytherapy to interventional nuclear medicine and medical imaging. As the complexity of medical physics studies continues to increase, requiring greater accuracy of modeling, and an increase in 4D capabilities (component motion and time-varying electric and magnetic fields), Geant4 use will only expand. The openness of the HEP community (keeping Geant4 well supported, open and free) is greatly appreciated by the medical and aerospace communities. The democratic nature of Geant4's governance (that decision-making rests with a technical steering board elected by the collaborators) has given outside communities the confidence to invest their energies in Geant4 (shown them that it is worth the time investment to become expert users). Geant4's latest key area of focus, moving to multithreaded operation, is seen as a huge boon to the medical users (where precision simulations often require billions of primary particles). Another recent key area of Geant4, increasing automated systems for unit and end-to-end testing, is also seen as extremely valuable to these non-HEP communities. Innovations from HEP and aerospace will benefit medical applications, and vice versa. Geant4 can expect increasing resources to be provided by the medical physics community, pooling resources to the benefit of all users. (authors)

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Dimensionality reducibility for multi-physics reduced order modeling

Applications of reduced order modeling (ROM) to support analysis of complex reactor behavior using high fidelity simulations have developed rapidly in recent years. Reduction implies any computational approach aiming to reduce the cost of the simulation, especially for situations involving repeated executions such as probabilistic risk assessment and uncertainty quantification applications. This article presents a novel non-intrusive methodology to render reduction for multi-physics models by taking advantage of the combined reduction introduced by each sub-physics in the simulation. Next, a surrogate model is constructed in terms of the reduced dimensions. A key component of the proposed methodology is to upper-bound the errors resulting from the reduction to ensure its reliability for subsequent engineering applications. To implement and demonstrate the proposed ROM algorithm, the INL’s MAMMOTH environment is employed to analyze the level of reduction in the coupled radiation-thermal transport modeling of a 2D quarter fuel pin in a light water reactor spectrum. MAMMOTH couples the neutronics model of Rattlesnake module and the fuel performance model of BISON module. Here, the results show that the reduction obtained with coupled physics is more significant than that with individual sub-physics models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Hadron Physics at FAIR

The new FAIR facility in Darmstadt has a broad program in the field of hadron and nuclear physics utilizing ion beams with unprecedented intensity and accuracy. The hadron physics program centers around the the high-energy storage ring HESR for antiprotons and the PANDA experiment that is integrated in it. The physics program includes among others topics like hadron spectroscopy in the charmonium mass region and below, hyperon physics, electromagnetic processes and charm in nuclei.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Relativistic plasma physics in supercritical fields

Since the invention of chirped pulse amplification, which was recognized by a Nobel Prize in physics in 2018, there has been a continuing increase in available laser intensity. Combined with advances in our understanding of the kinetics of relativistic plasma, studies of laser-plasma interactions are entering a new regime where the physics of relativistic plasmas is strongly affected by strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED) processes, including hard photon emission and electron-positron (e⁻-e⁺) pair production. Additionally, this coupling of quantum emission processes and relativistic collective particle dynamics can result in dramatically new plasma physics phenomena, such as the generation of dense e⁻-e⁺ pair plasma from near vacuum, complete laser energy absorption by QED processes, or the stopping of an ultra-relativistic electron beam, which could penetrate a cm of lead, by a hair's breadth of laser light. In addition to being of fundamental interest, it is crucial to study this new regime to understand the next generation of ultra-high intensity laser-matter experiments and their resulting applications, such as high energy ion, electron, positron, and photon sources for fundamental physics studies, medical radiotherapy, and next generation radiography for homeland security and industry.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Low-energy physics in neutrino LArTPCs

Here, in this paper, we review scientific opportunities and challenges related to detection and reconstruction of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) signatures in liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detectors. LArTPC neutrino detectors designed for performing precise long-baseline oscillation measurements with GeV-scale accelerator neutrino beams also have unique sensitivity to a range of physics and astrophysics signatures via detection of event features at and below the few tens of MeV range. In addition, low-energy signatures are an integral part of GeV-scale accelerator neutrino interaction final-states, and their reconstruction can enhance the oscillation physics sensitivities of LArTPC experiments. New physics signals from accelerator and natural sources also generate diverse signatures in the low-energy range, and reconstruction of these signatures can increase the breadth of Beyond the Standard Model scenarios accessible in LArTPC-based searches. A variety of experimental and theory-related challenges remain to realizing this full range of potential benefits. Neutrino interaction cross-sections and other nuclear physics processes in argon relevant to sub-hundred-MeV LArTPC signatures are poorly understood, and improved theory and experimental measurements are needed; pion decay-at-rest sources and charged particle and neutron test beams are ideal facilities for improving this understanding. There are specific calibration needs in the low-energy range, as well as specific needs for control and understanding of radiological and cosmogenic backgrounds. Low-energy signatures, whether steady-state or part of a supernova burst or larger GeV-scale event topology, have specific triggering, DAQ and reconstruction requirements that must be addressed outside the scope of conventional GeV-scale data collection and analysis pathways. Novel concepts for future LArTPC technology that enhance low-energy capabilities should also be explored to help address these challenges.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

New physics contamination to precision luminosity measurements at future 𝑒 +⁢ 𝑒 − colliders

Several key observables of the high-precision physics program at future lepton colliders will critically depend on the knowledge of the absolute machine luminosity. The determination of the luminosity relies on the precise knowledge of some reference process, which is, in principle, not affected by unknown physics, so that its cross section can be computed within a well-established theory, like the Standard Model. Quantifying the uncertainties induced by possible new physics effects on such processes is, therefore, crucial. We present an investigation of light and heavy new physics contributions to the small-angle Bhabha process at future 𝑒 + ⁢𝑒 − colliders, and we discuss possible strategies to remove the contamination due to heavy degrees of freedom by relying on observables that are independent of the absolute luminosity.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Langston University - High Energy Physics (LU-HEP)

This final report is presented by Langston University (LU) for the project entitled "Langston University High Energy Physics" (LUHEP) under the direction of principal investigator (PI) and project director Professor Joel Snow. The project encompassed high energy physics research performed at hadron colliders. The PI is a collaborator on the DZero experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, IL, USA and the ATLAS experiment at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and was during the entire project period from April 1, 1999 until May 14, 2012. Both experiments seek to understand the fundamental constituents of the physical universe and the forces that govern their interactions. In 1999 as member of the Online Systems group for Run 2 the PI developed a cross-platform Python-based, Graphical User Interface (GUI) application for monitoring and control of EPICS based devices for control room use. This served as a model for other developers to enhance and build on for further monitoring and control tasks written in Python. Subsequently the PI created and developed a cross-platform C++ GUI utilizing a networked client-server paradigm and based on ROOT, the object oriented analysis framework from CERN. The GUI served as a user interface to the Examine tasks running in the D\O\ control room which monitored the status and integrity of data taking for Run 2. The PI developed the histogram server/control interface to the GUI client for the EXAMINE processes. The histogram server was built from the ROOT framework and was integrated into the D\O\ framework used for online monitoring programs and offline analysis. The PI developed the first implementation of displaying histograms dynamically generated by ROOT in a Web Browser. The PI's work resulted in several talks and papers at international conferences and workshops. The PI established computing software infrastructure at LU and U. Oklahoma (OU) to do analysis of DZero production data and produce simulation data for the experiment. Eventually this included the FNAL SAM data grid system, the SAMGrid (SG) infrastructure, and the Open Science Grid software stacks for computing and storage elements. At the end of 2003 Snow took on the role of global Monte Carlo production coordinator for the DØ experiment. A role which continues til this day. In January of 2004 Snow started working with the SAMGrid development team to help debug, deploy, and integrate SAMGrid with DØ Monte Carlo production. Snow installed and configured SG execution and client sites at LUHEP and OUHEP, and a SG scheduler site at LUHEP. The PI developed a python based GUI (DAJ) that acts as a front end for job submission to SAMGrid. The GUI interfaces to the DZero Mone Carlo (MC) request system that uses SAM to manage MC requests by the physics analysis groups. DAJ significantly simplified SG job submission and was deployed in DZero in an effort to increase the user base of SG. The following year was the advent of SAMGrid job submission to the Open Science Grid (OSG) and LHC Computing Grid (LCG) through a forwarding mechanism. The PI oversaw the integration of these grids into the existing production infrastructure. The PI developed an automatic MC (Automc) request processing system capable of operating without user intervention (other than getting grid credentials), and able to submit to any number of sites on various grids. The system manages production at all but 2 sites. The system was deployed at Fermilab and remains operating there today. The PI's work in distributed computing resulted in several talks at international conferences. UTA, OU, and LU were chosen as the collaborating institutions that form the Southwest Tier 2 Center (SWT2) for ATLAS. During the project period the PI contributed to the online and offline software infrastructure through his work with the Run 2 online group, and played a major role in Monte Carlo production for DZero. During the part of the project period in which the PI served as MC production coordinator MC production increased very significantly. In the first year of the PI's tenure as production coordinator production was 159M events and 6.7~TB of data. During the last year of the project period production was 2,342~M events and 262~TB of data. That is a factor of 15 increase in events and 39 in data volume. The increase occurred with improvements in computer hardware and networks, through the use of grid technology on diverse resources, and through increased automation and efficiency of the production process. LU HEP developed and deployed the automatic MC request processing system in use at FNAL. The complementary strategies of automation and grid production served DZero well. Fermilab has recognized LU HEP's contribution to DZero by allowing the PI to devote full time to research activities by appointing him a guest scientist for the last six years of the project period.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fundamental physics studies in time domain and multi-messenger astronomy

The era of ime domain and multi-messenger astronomy is not only leading to the development of a much broader set of detectors and instruments for astrophysical observations, but is also providing the means for astronomy to tie directly to cutting-edge studies in physics. In this manner, fundamental physics (theory and experiment) coupled with a strong theoretical understanding of astrophysical phenomena (guided by high-performance computing simulations) can tie directly to the amazing new observations in astronomy. This paper discusses how physics, astrophysical models, and observations can not only help astronomy probe fundamental physics but guide the needs for next-generation astrophysical missions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Short-Baseline Near Detector at Fermilab: Input to the European Strategy for Particle Physics 2026 Update

SBND is a 112 ton liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector located 110 meters from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) target at Fermilab. Its main goals include searches for eV-scale sterile neutrinos as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program, other searches for physics beyond the Standard Model, and precision studies of neutrino-argon interactions. In addition, SBND is providing a platform for LArTPC neutrino detector technology development and is an excellent training ground for the international group of scientists and engineers working towards the upcoming flagship Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). SBND began operation in July 2024, and started collecting stable neutrino beam data in December 2024 with an unprecedented rate of ~7,000 neutrino events per day. During its currently approved operation plans (2024-2027), SBND is expected to accumulate nearly 10 million neutrino interactions. The near detector dataset will be instrumental in testing the sterile neutrino hypothesis with unprecedented sensitivity in SBN and in probing signals of beyond the Standard Model physics. It will also be used to significantly advance our understanding of the physics of neutrino-argon interactions ahead of DUNE. After the planned accelerator restart at Fermilab (2029+), opportunities are being explored to operate SBND in antineutrino mode in order to address the scarcity of antineutrino-argon scattering data, or in a dedicated beam-dump mode to significantly enhance sensitivity to searches for new physics. SBND is an international effort, with approximately 40% of institutions from Europe, contributing to detector construction, commissioning, software development, and data analysis. Continued European involvement and leadership are essential during SBND's operations and analysis phase for both the success of SBND, SBN and its role leading up to DUNE.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Opportunities for Nuclear Physics & Quantum Information Science

This whitepaper is an outcome of the workshop Intersections between Nuclear Physics and Quantum Information held at Argonne National Laboratory on 28-30 March 2018 [www.phy.anl.gov/npqi2018/]. The workshop brought together 116 national and international experts in nuclear physics and quantum information science to explore opportunities for the two fields to collaborate on topics of interest to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics, and more broadly to U.S. society and industry. The workshop consisted of 22 invited and 10 contributed talks, as well as three panel discussion sessions. Topics discussed included quantum computation, quantum simulation, quantum sensing, nuclear physics detectors, nuclear many-body problem, entanglement at collider energies, and lattice gauge theories.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗