Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “phase transfer”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Life cycle assessment of novel heat exchanger for dry cooling of power plants based on encapsulated phase change materials

Cooling systems in power plants account for approximately 40% of total freshwater withdrawals in the U.S. Due to dwindling access to freshwater resources worldwide, continued operation of wet cooling systems poses a significant engineering challenge. To reduce water consumption, a novel air-cooled heat exchanger has been developed using encapsulated phase change material (EPCM) for dry cooling of power plants. Compared to traditional finned-tube air-cooled condensers, this novel EPCM heat exchanger improves the heat transfer coefficient and power plant efficiency while reducing the pressure drop and cooling system cost. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) are used to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of EPCM heat exchangers from cradle-to-grave and to compare them to wet cooling and traditional air-cooled condensers. A thermodynamic model is developed to predict the EPCM heat exchanger performance for plant-scale operations. Equipment and construction costs for heat exchangers are estimated based on design parameters obtained from the thermodynamic model. Both process-LCA and economic-input–output LCA are used to simulate and test the sensitivity of EPCM alternatives with commercial wet and dry cooling technologies. We investigate options for EPCM end-of-life management upon retiring the heat exchanger and construct a process-based LCA model to estimate a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credit for recycling the EPCM. The life cycle GHG emission of the novel dry cooling technology is 1.16 kg CO 2 eq. /MWh compared with the 1.1–4.3 kg CO 2 eq. /MWh reported for commercial dry cooling technologies and consumes 9.5 L/MWh e of water for cradle-to-gate life cycle, which is significantly lower than that of wet cooling systems. The TEA shows many advantages of EPCM cooling technology over the state-of-art dry cooling solutions. Overall, the EPCM heat exchanger provides a better alternative compared to existing dry cooling and wet cooling technologies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cannibals in the thick disk II. Radial-velocity monitoring of the young α -rich stars

Determining ages of stars for reconstructing the history of the Milky Way remains one of the most difficult tasks in astrophysics. This involves knowing when it is possible to relate the stellar mass with its age and when it is not. The young α-rich (YAR) stars present such a case in which we are still not sure about their ages because they are relatively massive, implying young ages, but their abundances are α-enhanced, which implies old ages. We report the results from new observations from a long-term radial-velocity-monitoring campaign complemented with high-resolution spectroscopy, as well as new astrometry and seismology of a sample of 41 red giants from the third version of APOKASC, which includes YAR stars. The aim is to better characterize the YAR stars in terms of binarity, mass, abundance trends, and kinematic properties. The radial velocities of HERMES, APOGEE, and Gaia were combined to determine the binary fraction among YAR stars. In combination with their mass estimate, evolutionary status, chemical composition, and kinematic properties, it allowed us to better constrain the nature of these objects. We found that stars with M < 1 M ⊙ were all single, whereas stars with M > 1 M ⊙ could be either single or binary. This is in agreement with theoretical predictions of population synthesis models. Studying their [C/N], [C/Fe], and [N/Fe], trends with mass, it became clear that many YAR stars do not follow the APOKASC stars, favoring the scenario that most of them are the product of mass transfer. Our sample further includes two likely undermassive stars, that is to say of such as low mass that they cannot have reached the red clump within the age of the Universe, unless their low mass is the signature of mass loss in previous evolutionary phases. These stars do not show signatures of currently being binaries. Both YAR and undermassive stars might show some anomalous APOGEE abundances for the elements N, Na, P, K, and Cr; although, higher-resolution optical spectroscopy might be needed to confirm these findings. Considering the significant fraction of stars that are formed in pairs and the variety of ways that makes mass transfer possible, the diversity in properties in terms of binarity, and chemistry of the YAR and undermassive stars studied here implies that most of these objects are likely not young.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling of vapor-liquid interactions in condensing ejectors

Ejectors are compact mechanical devices that utilize the expansion of a high-pressure primary fluid to entrain and compress a low-pressure secondary fluid by means of momentum transfer between the two streams of fluid. Condensing ejectors feature both momentum and heat transfer through the interaction between the vapor and liquid streams. The goal of this paper is to develop and validate a one-dimensional slug flow model to simulate the vapor–liquid interactions in two types of condensing ejectors – one with primary liquid and secondary vapor flows (Type I), and the other with primary vapor and secondary liquid flows (Type II). Control volume analysis of the mass, momentum, and energy balance in each phase and across the interface was conducted for the ejectors. The slug flow models for both types of ejectors are validated with published results in the literature. The friction coefficient on the inner wall of the ejectors and the interfacial heat transfer coefficient are identified as controlling parameters for the ejector performance in terms of pressure and temperature distributions along the axis. The detailed parametric study shows that the liquid inlet velocity and mixing tube diameter have a significant impact on the performance of the Type I ejectors, and the performance of the Type II ejectors is mainly controlled by the secondary liquid flow inlet temperature.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Novel Three-Phase Isolated LLC and Non-Isolated LCL-T Resonant Converter for Fuel Cell Applications

In this paper, a novel three-phase isolated LLC and non-isolated LCL−T resonant converter topologies are introduced for fuel cell applications. In order to improve the fuel cell DC/DC converter efficiency, the current amplitude should be reduced in the power stage components. Cascaded connections of fuel cell blocks through a controllable system enable using higher voltage amplitude and bring the current amplitude lower at the target power. In this way, power losses in the passive components can be reduced, and maximum energy transfer can be established, improving the DC/DC converter efficiency from the fuel cell to the load. The introduced new converter also achieves soft switching (ZVS), minimizing the switching losses in all input and output load conditions. The presented three-phase isolated LLC and non-isolated LCL−T resonant converter systems, fed by three fuel cell modules with an output range of 190380 V, deliver 580−730 V at 450 kW maximum output power. The results reveal that the proposed systems have the advantage of reducing the size, volume, and weight and increasing the overall DC/DC converter system efficiency compared to the single-phase systems.

Asa, Erdem [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000190884812)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Flow and thermal modelling of the argon volume in the DarkSide-20k TPC

The DarkSide-20k dark matter experiment, currently under construction at LNGS, features a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC) with a ∼ 50 t argon target from an underground well. At this scale, it is crucial to optimise the argon flow pattern for efficient target purification and for fast distribution of internal gaseous calibration sources with lifetimes of the order of hours. To this end, we have performed computational fluid dynamics simulations and heat transfer calculations. The residence time distribution shows that the detector is well-mixed on time-scales of the turnover time (∼ 40 d). Notably, simulations show that despite a two-order-of-magnitude difference between the turnover time and the half-life of 83m Kr of 1.83 h, source atoms have the highest probability to reach the centre of the TPC 13 min after their injection, allowing for a homogeneous distribution before undergoing radioactive decay. We further analyse the thermal aspects of dual-phase operation and define the requirements for the formation of a stable gas pocket on top of the liquid. We find a best-estimate value for the heat transfer rate at the liquid-gas interface of 62 W with an upper limit of 144 W and a minimum gas pocket inlet temperature of 89 K to avoid condensation on the acrylic anode. This study also informs the placement of liquid inlets and outlets in the TPC. The presented techniques are widely applicable to other large-scale, noble-liquid detectors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improved lipid analysis using a 2D-LC-MS system with a novel injection procedure

The aim of this study was to improve analysis of nonpolar lipidomics sample extracts using reversed phase (RP) chromatography. A 4/3/3 (v/v/v) mixture of methanol/methyl tert-butyl ether/chloroform (MeOH/MTBE/CHCl 3 , MMC) was chosen for sample extraction solvent based on its proven extraction capability for several lipid classes. To avoid carry over, loss of analytes and peak distortion the loops and all capillaries of the presented LC system were flushed and filled up with methanol until the analytical column. Here, the choice of methanol was due to its weak elution strength and being infinitely miscible with MMC and several other nonpolar solvents. This allowed injection of a 100 μl sample that was 20 μl nonpolar extraction solvent diluted fivefold with methanol. All lipids of 25 lipid classes were transferred quantitatively to the column head where the online dilution of methanol was carried out with aqueous eluent for focusing the lipid analytes. The weak elution strength of methanol prevented peak distortions. The consecutive reversed phase elution resulted in remarkably narrow peaks (full width at half maximum was 0.07–0.08 min typically) and enhanced sensitivity (limit of detection usually in sub nM region) because of increased sample injection volume and narrow peaks. Calibration and quality control samples made by diluting commercial lipid standards 200–50000 times confirmed the applicability of this approach both for targeted lipid quantification and for untargeted quantitative comparison of lipids from different sources.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

A systematic approach to generating accurate neural network potentials: the case of carbon

Abstract Availability of affordable and widely applicable interatomic potentials is the key needed to unlock the riches of modern materials modeling. Artificial neural network-based approaches for generating potentials are promising; however, neural network training requires large amounts of data, sampled adequately from an often unknown potential energy surface. Here we propose a self-consistent approach that is based on crystal structure prediction formalism and is guided by unsupervised data analysis, to construct an accurate, inexpensive, and transferable artificial neural network potential. Using this approach, we construct an interatomic potential for carbon and demonstrate its ability to reproduce first principles results on elastic and vibrational properties for diamond, graphite, and graphene, as well as energy ordering and structural properties of a wide range of crystalline and amorphous phases.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sulfur Loading and Speciation Control the Hydrophobicity, Electron Transfer, Reactivity, and Selectivity of Sulfidized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron

Sulfidized nanoscale zerovalent iron (SNZVI) is a promising material for groundwater remediation. However, the relationships between sulfur content and speciation and the properties of SNZVI materials are unknown, preventing rational design. Here, the effects of sulfur on the crystalline structure, hydrophobicity, sulfur speciation, corrosion potential, and electron transfer resistance are determined. Sulfur incorporation extended the nano-Fe 0 BCC lattice parameter, reduced the Fe local vacancies, and lowered the resistance to electron transfer. Impacts of the main sulfur species (FeS and FeS 2 ) on hydrophobicity (water contact angles) are consistent with density functional theory calculations for these FeS x phases. These properties well explain the reactivity and selectivity of SNZVI during the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE), a hydrophobic groundwater contaminant. Controlling the amount and speciation of sulfur in the SNZVI made it highly reactive (up to 0.41 L m -2 d -1 ) and selective for TCE degradation over water (up to 240 moles TCE per mole H 2 O), with an electron efficiency of up to 70%, and these values are 54-fold, 98-fold, and 160-fold higher than for NZVI, respectively. These findings can guide the rational design of robust SNZVI with properties tailored for specific application scenarios.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

ECRAM Materials, Devices, Circuits and Architectures: A Perspective

Abstract Non‐von‐Neumann computing using neuromorphic systems based on two‐terminal resistive nonvolatile memory elements has emerged as a promising approach, but its full potential has not been realized due to the lack of materials and devices with the appropriate attributes. Unlike memristors, which require large write currents to drive phase transformations or filament growth, electrochemical random access memory (ECRAM) decouples the “write” and “read” operations using a “gate” electrode to tune the conductance state through charge‐transfer reactions, and every electron transferred through the external circuit in ECRAM corresponds to the migration of ≈1 ion used to store analogue information. Like static dopants in traditional semiconductors, electrochemically inserted ions modulate the conductivity by locally perturbing a host's electronic structure; however, ECRAM does so in a dynamic and reversible manner. The resulting change in conductance can span orders of magnitude, from gradual increments needed for analog elements, to large, abrupt changes for dynamically reconfigurable adaptive architectures. In this in‐depth perspective, the history of ECRAM, the recent progress in devices spanning organic, inorganic, and 2D materials, circuits, architectures, the rich portfolio of challenging, fundamental questions, and how ECRAM can be harnessed to realize a new paradigm for low‐power neuromorphic computing are discussed.

Talin, A. Alec↗
DOE OSTI2022

Understanding the Importance of Labile Fe(III) during Fe(II)-Catalyzed Transformation of Metastable Iron Oxyhydroxides

Transformation of metastable Fe(III) oxyhydroxides is a prominent process in natural environments and can be significantly accelerated by the coexisting aqueous Fe(II) (Fe(II) aq ). Recent evidence points to the solution mass transfer of labile Fe(III) (Fe(III) labile ) as the primary intermediate species of general importance. However, a mechanistic aspect that remains unclear is the dependence of phase outcomes on the identity of the metastable Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precursor. Here, we compared the coupled evolution of Fe(II) species, solid phases, and Fe(III) labile throughout the Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation of lepidocrocite (Lp) versus ferrihydrite (Fh) at equal Fe(III) mass loadings with 0.2–1.0 mM Fe(II) aq at pH = 7.0. Similar to Fh, the conversion of Lp to product phases occurs by a dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism mediated by Fe(III) labile that seeds the nucleation of products. Though for Fh we observed a transformation to goethite (Gt), accompanied by the transient emergence and decline of Lp, for initial Lp we observed magnetite (Mt) as the main product. Further, a linear correlation between the formation rate of Mt and the effective supersaturation in terms of Fe(III) labile concentration shows that Fe(II)-induced transformation of Lp into Mt is governed by the classical nucleation theory. When Lp is replaced by equimolar Gt, Mt formation is suppressed by opening a lower barrier pathway to Gt by heterogeneous nucleation and growth on the added Gt seeds. The collective findings add to the mechanistic understanding of factors governing phase selections that impact iron bioavailability, system redox potential, and the fate and transport of coupled elements.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Trihydrogen Formation on Gold Nanoparticles in Strong Laser Fields

The tri-hydrogen cation (H+ 3 ) plays a central role in proton-transfer chemistry, astrochemical pathways, and hydrogen plasma environments, acting as a key indicator of ultrafast proton rearrangement. Although H+ 3 formation is studied extensively in the gas phase, its surface-mediated generation and its sensitiv- ity to nanoparticle morphology remain largely unexplored. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which can localize surface charge and sustain strong electric fields, offer an ideal platform to probe such nonequilibrium reaction pathways. Us- ing reaction nanoscopy, we spatially map H+ 3 production on AuNPs exposed to intense femtosecond laser fields. By comparing spherical and faceted nanopar- ticles, we demonstrate how morphology modulates charge density and governs reaction efficiency. We find that sharp features on faceted particles concen- trate charge more effectively, promoting molecular fragmentation and enabling proton rearrangement and migration that enhance H+ 3 yields. This work opens new directions for exploiting strong-field interactions at metal interfaces to drive nanoscale reactivity and photocatalysis.

Dagar, Ritika [SLAC National Accelerator Laborator↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-throughput ab initio design of atomic interfaces using InterMatch

Forming a hetero-interface is a materials-design strategy that can access an astronomically large phase space. However, the immense phase space necessitates a high-throughput approach for an optimal interface design. Here we introduce a high-throughput computational framework, InterMatch, for efficiently predicting charge transfer, strain, and superlattice structure of an interface by leveraging the databases of individual bulk materials. Specifically, the algorithm reads in the lattice vectors, density of states, and the stiffness tensors for each material in their isolated form from the Materials Project. From these bulk properties, InterMatch estimates the interfacial properties. We benchmark InterMatch predictions for the charge transfer against experimental measurements and supercell density-functional theory calculations. We then use InterMatch to predict promising interface candidates for doping transition metal dichalcogenide MoSe 2 . Finally, we explain experimental observation of factor of 10 variation in the supercell periodicity within a few microns in graphene/α-RuCl 3 by exploring low energy superlattice structures as a function of twist angle using InterMatch. We anticipate our open-source InterMatch algorithm accelerating and guiding ever-growing interfacial design efforts. Moreover, the interface database resulting from the InterMatch searches presented in this paper can be readily accessed online.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

A tetrahedral neptunium(V) complex

Neptunium is an actinide element sourced from anthropogenic production, and, unlike naturally abundant uranium, its coordination chemistry is not well developed in all accessible oxidation states. High-valent neptunium generally requires stabilization from at least one metal–ligand multiple bond, and departing from this structural motif poses a considerable challenge. Here we report a tetrahedral molecular neptunium(V) complex ([Np 5+ (NPC) 4 ][B(ArF 5 ) 4 ], 1-Np) (NPC = [NP t Bu(pyrr) 2 ] − ; t Bu = C(CH 3 ) 3 ; pyrr = pyrrolidinyl (N(C 2 H 4 ) 2 ); B(ArF 5 ) 4 = tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluourophenyl)borate). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solution-state spectroscopy and density functional theory studies of 1-Np and the product of its proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction, 2-Np, demonstrate the unique bonding that stabilizes this reactive ion and establishes the thermochemical and kinetic parameters of PCET in a condensed-phase transuranic complex. The isolation of this four-coordinate, neptunium(V) complex reveals a fundamental reaction pathway in transuranic chemistry.

coordination chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-electric-field behavior of the metal-insulator transition in TiS3 nanowire transistors

We investigate the behavior of the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in TiS 3 nanowire field-effect transistors, in the strongly nonequilibrium limit that has, thus far, largely been neglected. Under high electric fields within the TiS 3 channel (≤115 kV/cm), we observe the emergence of a critical fixed point, separating insulating and metallic regions in the transfer curves of the device. The critical gate voltage that defines this fixed point evolves systematically with the drain bias (field), allowing us to map out a phase diagram that identifies the conditions for metallicity or for insulating behavior. Dependent upon the choice of the gate voltage used to tune the carrier concentration in the nanowire, the existence of the field-induced MIT allows the TiS 3 to be either insulating or metallic over an extensive range of temperature. The possible connection of this strongly nonequilibrium state to some form of charge density wave is discussed.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2025

Time-of-Flight Energy Measurements With BPMs

The energy of a bunched non-relativistic ion beam can be deduced from measuring the beam phases in neighbouring Beam Position Monitors (BPMs). This report discusses implementation of such a procedure at the PIP-II H- linac being constructed at Fermilab. The case when the flight time between BPMs is longer than the period of BPM frequency is considered in more detail. When absolute BPM phase calibration is not available, the BPM phase information can be used to track deviations of the beam energy from the de-sired value. Such energy deviation parameter is operationally implemented at the transfer line between 400 MeV Linac and the Booster, and its analog is expected to be used in the transfer line from PIP-II as well.

Shemyakin, Alexander V. [Fermilab] (ORCID:00000001↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental and numerical study on the impacts of various long carbon fiber inserts on the thermal performance of phase change materials

In thermal energy storage systems, phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used to provide efficient storing and extraction of thermal energy. However, most PCMs have low thermal conductivities, which limit the heat transfer of the latent energy inward/outward. In this study, the impacts of various fiber inserts on the solidification and melting processes with PCM were investigated by experiments and simulations. It was found that long anisotropic carbon fibers with high thermal conductivities can not only increase the heat transfer within PCM by enlarging hot-cold interface areas, but also act as crystallization nuclei and increase the solidification of PCM during the charging process. Recalescence of PCM during solidification was observed. COMSOL models were used to understand the thermal transfer mechanisms. COMSOL Multiphysics models of a single carbon fiber filament in PCM showed that the anisotropy in thermal conductivities controlled the radial and axial heat transfer ratios along its fiber axis and can enhance both the solidification and melting processes.

Zhou, Xinzhang↗
DOE OSTI2024

Molecular beam scattering from flat jets of liquid dodecane and water

Abstract Molecular beam experiments in which gas molecules are scattered from liquids provide detailed, microscopic perspectives on the gas–liquid interface. Extending these methods to volatile liquids while maintaining the ability to measure product energy and angular distributions presents a significant challenge. The incorporation of flat liquid jets into molecular beam scattering experiments in our laboratory has allowed us to demonstrate their utility in uncovering dynamics in this complex chemical environment. Here, we summarize recent work on the evaporation and scattering of Ne, CD 4 , ND 3 , and D 2 O from a dodecane flat liquid jet and present first results on the evaporation and scattering of Ar from a cold salty water jet. In the evaporation experiments, Maxwell–Boltzmann flux distributions with a cos θ angular distribution are observed. Scattering experiments reveal both impulsive scattering (IS) and trapping followed by thermal desorption (TD). Super‐specular scattering is observed for all four species scattered from dodecane and is attributed to anisotropic momentum transfer to the liquid surface. In the IS channel, rotational excitation of the polyatomic scatterers is a significant energy sink, and these species accommodate more readily on the dodecane surface compared to Ne. Our preliminary results on cold salty water jets suggest that Ar atoms undergo some vapor‐phase collisions when evaporating from the liquid surface. Initial scattering experiments characterize the mechanisms of Ar interacting with an aqueous jet, allowing for comparison to dodecane systems. Key Points Molecular beam scattering from flat liquid jets is a powerful technique to elucidate mechanistic detail at the gas–liquid interface. Previous dodecane scattering experiments have uncovered angularly‐resolved thermal desorption fractions and energy transfer at the interface for several small molecule scatterers. Preliminary results on scattering from cold salty water reveal mechanisms of interaction between argon and an aqueous jet.

Yang, Walt↗
DOE OSTI2023

Low Cost Glass-Ceramic Matrix Composite Heat Exchanger

As part of ARPA-E’s High Intensity Thermal Exchange through Materials and Manufacturing Processes (HITEMMP) program, this project sought to develop novel heat exchanger (HX) capabilities to enable efficient and power dense power generation cycles. This class of HX comes under the category of ceramic/composite materials with the higher temperature goal in the program of ≥1100 °C inlet temperature operation. The enabling capability of this effort is the use of glass-ceramic matrix composite (GCMC) material which provides the high temperature durability of a ceramic, the flaw tolerance of a composite, a significantly faster and lower cost manufacturing process than conventional matrix CMCs and very low porosity levels < 0.5%. For thin-walled HX structures and the need to minimize leakage, the low porosity differentiator is particularly important. RTRC has prior experience with this material system and in the current project advanced the component design and manufacturing methods into new territory to produce features required for effective heat exchange under high pressures. In this approach, silicon carbide fiber is fabricated into a fiber preform using various textile processes. Graphite tooling is used both during the build-up of the fiber preform (interior tooling) and after the fiber preform has been completed (exterior tooling). This tooling assembly is heated to high temperature in an environment that has been evacuated and backfilled with inert gas. A reservoir of specialty glass is present and once the desired temperature has been reached to achieve the desired glass viscosity, an actuator distributes the glass throughout the fiber preform using passageways which are part of the tooling design in a process known as glass transfer molding. After the tooling has been removed, the composite is heat treated to convert the amorphous glass to a crystalline ceramic, providing improved properties. The project was divided into three phases focusing on the following: 1) 10 kW HX design and coupon-level tube sheet fabrication, 2) 10 kW HX fabrication, 3) 50 kW HX fabrication. During Budget Period 1 (BP1), additional risks were encountered and the need for additional funds was agreed upon by ARPA-E program leadership. Due to a variety of factors, the contract modification required nominally 18 months to execute at which time the HITEMMP program was effectively concluding. Because of this and the time that would be required to perform BP2 tasks, it was decided to conclude the project at the end of BP1. During the design of the 10 kW HX, manufacturing constraints were learned and incorporated, leading to a revised configuration for the fiber preform and HX. Heat exchange and pressure drop predictions also played a role in modifying the original design concept to be a higher aspect ratio shell-and-tube HX, simplifying the manufacturing process and improving the heat exchanger performance. Good gravimetric and volumetric thermal power densities of 11.2 kW/kg and 10,200 kW/m3 for the entire HX were projected that involved thermo-structural Finite Element Analysis to determine the structural mass needed for the high operation pressures of 250 bar cold inlet and 80 bar hot inlet. Fiber preforms using textile processes were produced for multiple headered tube sheets. Additional challenges were encountered during the glass transfer molding step for which solutions were identified, but programmatics did not allow them to be implemented in BP1. While complete HX test articles were not fabricated, the benefits of this GCMC material for a variety of high temperature applications remain.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗