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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

From Chaos to Clarity: Autonomous Materials Discovery for Extreme Environments

The pursuit of advanced functional materials for energy applications demands an understanding of their behavior under the most challenging conditions. Extreme environments, characterized by intense radiation, high temperatures, and corrosive chemistries, push materials to their limits, often revealing unexpected behaviors and degradation pathways. Traditional materials research approaches, relying on trial-and-error experimentation, are often slow and resource-intensive, ill-suited to the complexities of extreme environments. This talk will explore the transformative potential of autonomous materials science in revolutionizing our understanding of materials synthesis and degradation in extreme environments. By integrating advanced microscopy techniques, artificial intelligence, and robotic experimentation, we can accelerate the discovery and design of resilient materials for a sustainable future. The presentation will highlight recent breakthroughs in autonomous microscopy, computer vision, and machine learning, showcasing their ability to unravel complex material transformations at the atomic scale. The talk will also delve into the challenges and opportunities associated with deploying autonomous systems to probe extreme environments, emphasizing the importance of robust algorithms, real-time data analysis, and adaptive experimentation. Our ultimate goal is to empower scientists with unprecedented capabilities to explore, understand, and engineer materials that can withstand the harshest conditions, paving the way for innovations in energy, aerospace, and beyond.

artificial intelligence↗
DOE OSTI2021

TINES - Time Integration, Newton and Eigen Solver v. 1.0

SAND2021-1505 O. TINES is an open source software providing math infrastructure for solving many stiff time ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and/or differential algebraic equations (DAEs) using a batch hierarchical parallelism. The code is written using a parallel programming model (i.e., Kokkos) to future-proof the next generation parallel computing platforms such as GPU accelerators. This code is developed to support Exascale Catalytic Chemistry (ECC) Project. The code provides fundamental math helpers that can aid other research projects. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Kim, Kyungjoo↗
DOE OSTI2021

Large Adaptive Optics Survey for Substellar Objects around Young, Nearby, Low-mass Stars with Robo-AO

We present results from the Large Adaptive optics Survey for Substellar Objects, where the goal is to directly image new substellar companions (<70 M {sub Jup}) at wide orbital separations (≳50 au) around young (≲300 Myr), nearby (<100 pc), low-mass (≈0.1–0.8 M{sub ⊙}) stars. We report on 427 young stars imaged in the visible (i') and near-infrared (J or H ) simultaneously with Robo-AO on the Kitt Peak 2.1 m telescope and later the Maunakea University of Hawaii 2.2 m telescope. To undertake the observations, we commissioned a new infrared camera for Robo-AO that uses a low-noise high-speed SAPHIRA avalanche photodiode detector. We detected 121 companion candidates around 111 stars, of which 62 companions are physically associated based on Gaia DR2 parallaxes and proper motions, another 45 require follow-up observations to confirm physical association, and 14 are background objects. The companion separations range from 2 to 1101 au and reach contrast ratios of 7.7 mag in the near-infrared compared to the primary. The majority of confirmed and pending candidates are stellar companions, with ~5 being potentially substellar and requiring follow-up observations for confirmation. We also detected a 43 ± 9 M {sub Jup} and an 81 ± 5 M {sub Jup} companion that were previously reported. We found 34 of our targets have acceleration measurements detected using Hipparcos–Gaia proper motions. Of those, 58{sub -14}{sup +12}% of the 12 stars with imaged companion candidates have significant accelerations (χ{sup 2}>11.8), while only 23{sub -6}{sup +11}% of the remaining 22 stars with no detected companion have significant accelerations. The significance of the acceleration decreases with increasing companion separation. These young accelerating low-mass stars with companions will eventually yield dynamical masses with future orbit monitoring.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

HL-LHC Computing Review: Common Tools and Community Software

Common and community software packages, such as ROOT, Geant4 and event generators have been a key part of the LHC's success so far and continued development and optimisation will be critical in the future. The challenges are driven by an ambitious physics programme, notably the LHC accelerator upgrade to high-luminosity, HL-LHC, and the corresponding detector upgrades of ATLAS and CMS. In this document we address the issues for software that is used in multiple experiments (usually even more widely than ATLAS and CMS) and maintained by teams of developers who are either not linked to a particular experiment or who contribute to common software within the context of their experiment activity. We also give space to general considerations for future software and projects that tackle upcoming challenges, no matter who writes it, which is an area where community convergence on best practice is extremely useful.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

FPGA-based HPC accelerators: An evaluation on performance and energy efficiency

Hardware specialization is a promising direction for the future of digital computing. Reconfigurable technologies enable hardware specialization with modest non-recurring engineering cost, but their performance and energy efficiency compared to state-of-the-art processor architectures remain an open question. In this article, we use FPGAs to evaluate the benefits of building specialized hardware for numerical kernels found in scientific applications. In order to properly evaluate performance, we not only compare Intel Arria 10 and Xilinx U280 performance against Intel Xeon, Intel Xeon Phi, and NVIDIA V100 GPUs, but we also extend the Empirical Roofline Toolkit (ERT) to FPGAs in order to assess our results in terms of the Roofline model. We show design optimization and tuning techniques for peak FPGA performance at reasonable hardware usage and power consumption. As FPGA peak performance is known to be far less than that of a GPU, we also benchmark the energy efficiency of each platform for the scientific kernels comparing against microbenchmark and technological limits. Results show that while FPGAs struggle to compete in absolute terms with GPUs on memory- and compute-intensive kernels, they require far less power and can deliver nearly the same energy efficiency.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

C-band high gradient research and facilities at Los Alamos National Laboratory [Slides]

Achieving high-gradient performance (low breakdown rates, low field emission, new materials for HOM absorption, cathodes at high gradient etc.) is a materials science problem. Los Alamos is, at core, a materials science laboratory with particular expertise in metallurgy. Los Alamos also considers itself the steward of accelerator science for the NNSA part of the DOE complex. Thus, Los Alamos has both an institutional interest in, and capability to address, this problem space. High gradient C-band work directly aligns with future NNSA and LANL missions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

On the Post-Keplerian Corrections to the Orbital Periods of a Two-body System and Their Application to the Galactic Center

We perform detailed numerical analyses of the orbital motion of a test particle around a spinning primary, with the aim of investigating the possibility of using the post-Keplerian (pK) corrections to the orbiter’s periods (draconitic, anomalistic, and sidereal) as a further opportunity to perform new tests of post-Newtonian gravity. As a specific scenario, the S-stars orbiting the massive black hole (MBH) supposedly lurking in Sgr A* at the center of the Galaxy are adopted. We first study the effects of the pK Schwarzchild, Lense–Thirring, and quadrupole moment accelerations experienced by a target star for various possible initial orbital configurations. It turns out that the results of the numerical simulations are consistent with the analytical ones in the small eccentricity approximation for which almost all the latter ones were derived. For highly elliptical orbits, the sizes of the three pK corrections considered turn out to increase remarkably. The periods of the observed S2 and S0-102 stars as functions of the MBH’s spin axis orientation are considered as well. The pK accelerations lead to corrections of the orbital periods of the order of 1–100 days (Schwarzschild), 0.1–10 hr (Lense–Thirring), and 1–10{sup 3} s (quadrupole) for a target star with a = 300–800 au and e ≈ 0.8, which could be measurable with future facilities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Resilience Design Patterns - A Structured Approach to Resilience at Extreme Scale (version 1.1)

Reliability is a serious concern for future extreme-scale high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Projections based on the current generation of HPC systems and technology roadmaps suggest the prevalence of very high fault rates in future systems. The errors resulting from these faults will propagate and generate various kinds of failures, which may result in outcomes ranging from result corruptions to catastrophic application crashes. Therefore the resilience challenge for extreme-scale HPC systems requires management of various hardware and software technologies that are capable of handling a broad set of fault models at accelerated fault rates. Also, due to practical limits on power consumption in HPC systems future systems are likely to embrace innovative architectures, increasing the levels of hardware and software complexities. As a result the techniques that seek to improve resilience must navigate the complex trade-off space between resilience and the overheads to power consumption and performance. While the HPC community has developed various resilience solutions, application-level techniques as well as system-based solutions, the solution space of HPC resilience techniques remains fragmented. There are no formal methods and metrics to investigate and evaluate resilience holistically in HPC systems that consider impact scope, handling coverage, and performance & power efficiency across the system stack. Additionally, few of the current approaches are portable to newer architectures and software environments that will be deployed on future systems. In this document, we develop a structured approach to the management of HPC resilience using the concept of resilience-based design patterns. A design pattern is a general repeatable solution to a commonly occurring problem. We identify the commonly occurring problems and solutions used to deal with faults, errors and failures in HPC systems. Each established solution is described in the form of a pattern that addresses concrete problems in the design of resilient systems. The complete catalog of resilience design patterns provides designers with reusable design elements. We also define a framework that enhances a designer's understanding of the important constraints and opportunities for the design patterns to be implemented and deployed at various layers of the system stack. This design framework may be used to establish mechanisms and interfaces to coordinate flexible fault management across hardware and software components. The framework also supports optimization of the cost-benefit trade-offs among performance, resilience, and power consumption. The overall goal of this work is to enable a systematic methodology for the design and evaluation of resilience technologies in extreme-scale HPC systems that keep scientific applications running to a correct solution in a timely and cost-efficient manner in spite of frequent faults, errors, and failures of various types.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fermilab Neutrino Program – Accelerators & Experiments

We provide an overview of the Fermilab neutrino program, including details for both the accelerator and experiment aspect of the program. On the accelerator side, the current operation of the proton complex is presented, alongside the status of the upcoming PIP-II upgrade and the newly proposed ACE-MIRT upgrade. On the detector side, the SBN and NOVA programs are presented, as well as the status of the upcoming DUNE/LBNF upgrade. The Fermilab neutrino program planning is contextualized in terms of the recent P5 report, as well as ongoing discussions on future flavor and collider programs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

The BNL-LANL cathode collaboration: Applying the tools of modern material science to cathode design [Slides]

Changes to the LANL / BNL photocathode programs are a strategic response to evolving needs and opportunities within NNSA. The Materials by Design strategy engages the broader material science communities at both LANL and BNL. Progress has been non-linear with time and investment. Techniques honed for one application can be rapidly applied to many others. For example, Cs 2 Te following successes of smooth K 2 CsSb. We enter a cycle of using accelerator-based tools to improve accelerators. Providers of advanced tools of material science (accelerator based x-ray light sources) are now availing themselves of the same capabilities to improve the next-generation machines. We are looking to define future collaborations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Atomically Dispersed Zn/Co–N–C as ORR Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Fuel Cells

Hydrogen fuel cells have drawn increasing attention as one of the most promising next-generation power sources for future automotive transportation. Developing efficient, durable, and low-cost electrocatalysts, to accelerate the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics, is urgently needed to advance fuel cell technologies. Herein, we report on metal–organic frameworks-derived nonprecious dual metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) (Zn/Co–N–C), consisting of Co–N 4 and Zn–N 4 local structures. These catalysts exhibited superior ORR activity with a half-wave potential (E 1/2 ) of 0.938 V versus RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) and robust stability (ΔE 1/2 = –8.5 mV) after 50k electrochemical cycles. Moreover, this remarkable performance was validated under realistic fuel cell working conditions, achieving a record-high peak power density of ~1 W cm –2 among the reported SACs for alkaline fuel cells. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy was conducted to identify the active sites and reveal catalytic mechanistic insights. The results indicated that the Co atom in the Co–N 4 structure was the main catalytically active center, where one axial oxygenated species binds to form an O ads –Co–N 4 moiety during the ORR. In addition, theoretical studies, based on a potential-dependent microkinetic model and core-level shift calculations, showed good agreement with the experimental results and provided insights into the bonding of oxygen species on Co–N 4 centers during the ORR. Furthermore, this work provides a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the active sites in the Zn/Co–N–C catalysts and will pave the way for the future design and advancement of high-performance single-site electrocatalysts for fuel cells and other energy applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Accelerator Technologies and Science: Progress and Outlook

For over half a century, high-energy particle accelerators play a key role and shape modern nuclear and particle physics, they are also the instruments at the forefront of research for material science and biology. The physics needs continuously push us to invent novel ways to increase energy and improve the performance of accelerators, reduce their cost and make them more power-efficient. Here we briefly overview the most notable accelerator facilities which recently became operational and are now employed for research in nuclear physics, basic energy sciences, neutrinos, high energy particle frontier. We also present upcoming and planned future facilities and outline their main goals, challenges, and required R&D. Focus will be given to the core accelerator technologies such as magnets, RF acceleration, and targets as we as leading beam physics developments such as beam cooling, colliding beams and plasma acceleration.

Shiltsev, Vladimir D.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Experience With LCLS-II Cryomodule Testing at Fermilab

The Cryomodule Test Stand (CMTS1) at Fermilab has been engaged with testing 8-cavity 1.3 GHz cryomodules designed and assembled for the LCLS-II project at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory since 2016. Over these three years twenty cryomodules have been cooled to 2K and power tested in continuous wave mode on a roughly once per month cycle. Test stand layout and testing procedures are presented together with results from the cryomodules tested to date. Lessons learned and future plans will also be shared.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1999

Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop

On behalf of the NASA Headquarters Microgravity Research Division and the Microgravity Combustion Science Discipline Working Group, we are pleased to present these proceedings of the Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop. At the time we go to press we expect to welcome to the workshop over 250 presenters and participants from U.S. academia, industry, and government; and from at least 8 international partner countries. We come together for this workshop at the beginning of the International Space Station era, where the future of microgravity combustion science programs will unfold over the next few years. As we accelerate our preparations for the ISS, this book and the growing literature base cited herein provide a summary of the accomplishments of approximately forty space-flight experiment-missions (plus nearly countless drop tests and aircraft parabolas) and a valuable resource for the new experiment ideas of the future.

Kurt R Sacksteder↗
DOE OSTI2017

Beam Based RF Voltage Measurements and Longitudinal Beam Tomography at the Fermilab Booster

Increasing proton beam power on neutrino production targets is one of the major goals of the Fermilab long term accelerator programs. In this effort, the Fermilab 8 GeV Booster synchrotron plays a critical role for at least the next two decades. Therefore, understanding the Booster in great detail is important as we continue to improve its performance. For example, it is important to know accurately the available RF power in the Booster by carrying out beam-based measurements in order to specify the needed upgrades to the Booster RF system. Since the Booster magnetic field is changing continuously measuring/calibrating the RF voltage is not a trivial task. Here, we present a beam based method for the RF voltage measurements. Data analysis is carried out using computer programs developed in Python and MATLAB. The method presented here is applicable to any RCS which do not have flat-bottom and flat-top in the acceleration magnetic ramps. We have also carried out longitudinal beam tomography at injection and extraction energies with the data used for RF voltage measurements. Beam based RF voltage measurements and beam tomography were never done before for the Fermilab Booster. The results from these investigations will be very useful in future intensity upgrades.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1993

Concept definition study for an extremely large aerophysics range facility

A conceptual design of a very large aeroballistic range is presented, as are its operational characteristics and procedures. The proposed model launcher is a two-stage light-gas gun, having a launch tube diameter of 254 mm, and the capability of accelerating a 14 kg launch mass to 6.1 km/sec. The gun's 91.4 cm diameter piston is driven by pressurized helium. High pressures in the central breech are contained by a multiple disk arrangement. The blast tank and sabot separation tank are described, as are methods for arresting sabot segments. The conceptual design of the range itself includes a 3.3 m diameter test or flight chamber some 330 m in length. Provisions are made for testing of free flight models and tests in which the model is confined by a track system. Methods for model deceleration and recovery are described. Provisions required for future addition of advanced model launchers such as an electromagnetic launcher or ram accelerator are addressed. Siting and safety issues are also addressed.

Swift, Hallock F.↗
DOE OSTI2021

NEAMS Workbench MOOSE Integration Update

The Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) Workbench is a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides a common analysis environment for the accelerated use of the NEAMS toolkit. To improve design and analysis of current and future nuclear energy systems, the NEAMS Workbench provides an integrated development environment for model creation, review, execution, output review, and visualization for integrated tools. In addition to a GUI, the NEAMS Workbench provides the Workbench Analysis Sequence Processor, an open-source tool set that facilitates input-content assistance for supported domain-specific input languages and user-friendly syntaxes. These supported syntaxes enable accelerated development and deployment of enhanced user inputs and workflows. The Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) has been supported in the NEAMS Workbench since 2016 and receives continuous updates. Efforts to improve MOOSE-based tool integration in the NEAMS Workbench are ongoing. This document details the current and planned enhancements of the NEAMS Workbench and the MOOSE framework to improve integration and usability of MOOSE-based applications within the NEAMS Workbench.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗