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At least 793 records · Page 44

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NASA NTRS1988

On the siting of gases shock-emplaced from internal cavities in basalt

Laboratory experiments were carried out on shock-emplaced gases from Servilleta basalt samples that contained gas-filled cavities to answer the following questions: (1) what is the role of shock melting in trapping gases; (2) how are the glassy pockets that contain trapped gases formed; and (3) are the gases trapped in laboratory shocked basalts sited similarly to, and emplaced with the same efficiency as, the gases in the EETA 79001 shergottite? Noble gases were extracted by stepped combustion and crushing followed by shock at 40 GPa, and were analyzed for abundances. Results obtained indicate that noble gases trapped from internal cavities of shock-exposed basalt are associated with glass and are sited predominantly in microvesicles, with a significant fraction of the gases released by crushing. The presence of gas-filled cavities prior to shock results in substantially greater shock effects locally. Thus, glassy pockets similar to those seen in EETA 79001 can be produced in situ within a matrix shocked to only moderate pressures. However, the siting of the gases points to a more complex scenario.

Wiens, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Navier-Stokes calculations of transonic flows past open and transitional cavities

Computational simulations of deep and transitional cavities at transonic regimes were performed. The three-dimensional unsteady separation on the cavity floor was analyzed, and computational flow visualization inside the cavity was done. A parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of varying Mach number and the ratio delta/D, where delta is the instantaneous boundary layer thickness at the upstream lip and D is the depth. Both time-averaged and instantaneous solutions were obtained. Comparison of the solutions with experimental data were generally favorable; some discrepancies are explained.

Srinivasan, S.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Modal, ray, and beam techniques for analyzing the EM scattering by open-ended waveguide cavities

The problem of high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) scattering by open-ended waveguide cavities with an interior termination is analyzed via three different approaches. When cavities can be adequately modeled by joining together piecewise separable waveguide sections, a hybrid combination of asymptotic high-frequency and modal techniques is employed. In the case of more arbitrarily shaped waveguide cavities for which modes cannot even be defined in the conventional sense, the geometrical optics ray approach proves to be highly useful. However, at sufficiently high frequencies, both of these approaches tend to become inefficient. Hence, a paraxial Gaussian batch technique, which retains much of the simplicity of the ray approximation but is potentially more efficient, is investigated. Typical numerical results based on the different approaches are discussed.

Pathak, Prabhakar H.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Passive venting technique for shallow cavities

A device is introduced for reducing drag and store separation difficulties caused by shallow cavities on aircraft in supersonic flight consisting of a group of hollow pipes the same length as the cavity. The pipes are attached to the cavity floor so as to allow air to flow through the pipes. This device allows air to flow through the pipes opposite to the direction of flow outside the pipes. This results in reduced drag and improved store separation characteristics.

Stallings, Robert L., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Time-accurate Navier-Stokes computations of self-excited two-dimensional unsteady cavity flows

Time-accurate Navier Stokes computations were performed to study self-excited oscillatory shear layer behavior over a two-dimensional rectangular cavity and to gain insight into the vortex-acoustic coupling that sustains these oscillations. Results were obtained solving the full, unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations for Reynolds-averaged turbulent air flow past a cavity with L/d = 2. Conditions duplicated test conditions in experiments by Rossiter at Mach numbers varied from 0.6 to 1.2. The computational scheme was the USA 2D series code developed by Rockwell's Science Center with an algebraic turbulence model for the shear layer and recirculating region. Two physical conditions were simulated: an isolated cavity situated (1) in an infinite plane wall and (2) in an infinite channel with an opposing parallel wall. Computed results for (1) showed excellent agreement with Rossiter's measured amplitudes and frequencies. A tuned acoustic duct resonance effect was observed in (2), demonstrating a controlled change in the acoustic feedback mechanism and resultant amplification in computed oscillations.

Dougherty, N. Sam↗

NASA NTRS1990

Computing interference flows past cylinder-fin-sting assembly in and near a cavity

The internal carriage of stores by the military aircraft is an option, particularly at high speeds, for a possible reduction in the aerodynamic drag and in the radar observability. Trade studies of this option, which include the safe separation of stores from their bays and aerodynamic complications of a cavity flow, require studying the aircraft and the stores together. With this motivation, the computer code, VISCC, is developed to solve the three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged, unsteady, compressible, and complete Navier-Stokes equations. The store considered here for simulation is a missile configuration with four tail fins and an L-shaped offset sting. The missile is placed first directly above the opening of a rectangular box cavity, then submerged completely inside the cavity. The freestream Mach and the unit Reynolds numbers are 2.75 and 2.97 million per foot, respectively. The results of the time-accurate computations depict these complex flows and help understanding the interference effects. The time-averaged surface pressures compare favorably with the available wind tunnel data.

Baysal, O.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for a driven cavity

The flow field in a lid driven cavity is determined by integration of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical integration is accomplished via an operator splitting method known as the theta-scheme. This splitting separates the problem into the solution of a quasi-stokes problem and a nonlinear convection problem. Some details of solution methods used for the two subproblems and results obtained for the driven cavity are described. The schemes developed for the quasi-Stokes problem are more advanced at this stage than those for the nonlinear problem. However, the approaches used for both parts are outlined. As a model problem, a two dimensional square cavity with sides of unit length and a lid moving with unit velocity from left to right is considered. The Navier-Stokes equations are discretized in space on a uniform staggered or MAC mesh. The time discretization is accomplished via the theta-scheme.

Semeraro, B. D.↗

NASA NTRS1991

A new surface impedance function for the aperture surface of a conducting body with a dielectric-filled cavity

A surface impedance function (SIF) appropriate for use on the aperture surface of a conducting body with a dielectric-filled cavity, is presented. Unlike the usual SIFs that might be used on an aperture, this SIF takes into account not only the wave transmitted through the aperture but also the wave reflected from the inside of the cavity the shape of the aperture and cavity, and the polarization and direction of the incident wave. The SIF is derived heuristically from the series-reflection solution for a plane wave normally incident on an infinite flat conducting plate with a flat dielectric coating. The SIF was developed and used in a combined method of moments (MM) solution for the scattered fields due to an incident plane wave. This combined technique greatly reduces the number of current expansion coefficients to be determined using the method of moments and hence also reduces the number of impedance elements required for calculation in the method of moments. Application of the SIF in a combined method is illustrated for a two-dimensional object.

Goggans, Paul M.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Navier-Stokes calculations of transonic flows past cavities

Presented in this paper is a computational investigation of subsonic and transonic flows past three-dimensional deep and transitional cavities. Simulations of these self-induced oscillatory flows have been generated through time-accurate solutions of the Reynolds averaged, full Navier-Stokes equations, using the explicit MacCormack scheme. The Reynolds stresses have been included through the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model with certain modifications. The computational results include instantaneous and time averaged flow properties. The results of an experimental investigation have been used not only to validate the time-averaged results, but also to investigate the effects of varying the Mach number and the incoming boundary-layer thickness. Time series analyses have been performed for the instantaneous pressure values on the cavity floor and compared with the results obtained by a predictive formula. While most of the comparisons have been favorable, some discrepancies have been observed, particularly on the rear face. The present results help understanding the three-dimensional and unsteady features of the separations, vortices, the shear layer, as well as some of the aeroacoustic phenomena of compressible cavity flows.

Baysal, O.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Numerical studies of the fluid and optical fields associated with complex cavity flows

Numerical solutions for the flowfield about several cavity configurations have been computed using the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results are made in two dimensions for free shear layers and a rectangular cavity, and in three dimensions for the transonic aero-window problem of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Results show that dominant acoustic frequencies and magnitudes of the self excited resonant cavity flows compare well with the experiment. In addition, solution sensitivity to artificial dissipation and grid resolution levels are determined. Optical path distortion due to the flow field is modelled geometrically and is found to match the experiment. The fluid field was computed using a diagonalized scheme within an overset mesh framework. An existing code, OVERFLOW, was utilized with the additions of characteristic boundary condition and output routines required for reduction of the unsteady data. The newly developed code is directly applicable to a generalized three dimensional structured grid zone. Details are provided in a paper included in Appendix A.

Atwood, Christopher A.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Scattering and radiation analysis of three-dimensional cavity arrays via a hybrid finite element method

A hybrid numerical technique is presented for a characterization of the scattering and radiation properties of three-dimensional cavity arrays recessed in a ground plane. The technique combines the finite element and boundary integral methods and invokes Floquet's representation to formulate a system of equations for the fields at the apertures and those inside the cavities. The system is solved via the conjugate gradient method in conjunction with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) thus achieving an O(N) storage requirement. By virtue of the finite element method, the proposed technique is applicable to periodic arrays comprised of cavities having arbitrary shape and filled with inhomogeneous dielectrics. Several numerical results are presented, along with new measured data, which demonstrate the validity, efficiency, and capability of the technique.

Jin, Jian-Ming↗

NASA NTRS1991

A hydrogen maser with cavity auto-tuner for timekeeping

A hydrogen maser frequency standard for timekeeping was worked on at the Shanghai Observatory. The maser employs a fast cavity auto-tuner, which can detect and compensate the frequency drift of the high-Q resonant cavity with a short time constant by means of a signal injection method, so that the long term frequency stability of the maser standard is greatly improved. The cavity auto-tuning system and some maser data obtained from the atomic time comparison.

C. F. Lin↗

NASA NTRS1992

Thermal analysis and test of SUNLITE reference cavity for laser frequency stabilization

SUNLITE is a space-based experiment which uses a reference cavity to provide a stable frequency reference for a terahertz laser oscillator. Thermal stability of the cavity is a key factor in attaining a stable narrow-linewidth laser beam. This paper describes the thermal stability requirements on the cavity design and detailed thermal analysis performed, as well as thermal testing that was performed on a prototype. Analytical thermal models were correlated to the test data and additional modeling of the current design is presented. Suggestions for improving similar high-precision thermal tests are given.

Amundsen, R. M.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Asymptotic modal analysis of a rectangular acoustic cavity excited by wall vibration

Asymptotic modal analysis, a method that has recently been developed for structural dynamical systems, has been applied to a rectangular acoustic cavity. The cavity had a flexible vibrating portion on one wall, and the other five walls were rigid. Banded white noise was transmitted through the flexible portion (plate) only. Both the location along the wall and the size of the plate were varied. The mean square pressure levels of the cavity interior were computed as a ratio of the result obtained from classical modal analysis to that obtained from asymptotic modal analysis for the various plate configurations. In general, this ratio converged to 1.0 as the number of responding modes increased. Intensification effects were found due to both the excitation location and the response location. The asymptotic modal analysis method was both efficient and accurate in solving the given problem. The method has advantages over the traditional methods that are used for solving dynamics problems with a large number of responding modes.

Peretti, Linda F.↗

NASA NTRS1992

The formation of magnetic cavities in comets

In this paper a unidimensional model for the formation of magnetic cavities in comets is presented. This model includes ion-neutral friction, dissociative recombination, photoionization, and thermal energetic ion pressure coupled with a nonconstant velocity profile which was chosen to simulate the flow pattern. The model explains the thermal ion population profile. Conditions under which a cavity may not form are discussed. In the paper the roles of the various processes are studied, and it is shown that focusing on ion-neutral friction as the major process in the creation of the cavity is not in general correct. In the last part of the paper, the limitations of the model are delineated.

Klopman, Z.↗

NASA NTRS1992

A creep cavity growth model for creep-fatigue life prediction of a unidirectional W/Cu composite

A microstructural model was developed to predict creep-fatigue life in a (0)(sub 4), 9 volume percent tungsten fiber-reinforced copper matrix composite at the temperature of 833 K. The mechanism of failure of the composite is assumed to be governed by the growth of quasi-equilibrium cavities in the copper matrix of the composite, based on the microscopically observed failure mechanisms. The methodology uses a cavity growth model developed for prediction of creep fracture. Instantaneous values of strain rate and stress in the copper matrix during fatigue cycles were calculated and incorporated in the model to predict cyclic life. The stress in the copper matrix was determined by use of a simple two-bar model for the fiber and matrix during cyclic loading. The model successfully predicted the composite creep-fatigue life under tension-tension cyclic loading through the use of this instantaneous matrix stress level. Inclusion of additional mechanisms such as cavity nucleation, grain boundary sliding, and the effect of fibers on matrix-stress level would result in more generalized predictions of creep-fatigue life.

Kim, Young-Suk↗

NASA NTRS1992

Electromagnetic scattering and radiation from microstrip patch antennas and spirals residing in a cavity

A new hybrid method is presented for the analysis of the scattering and radiation by conformal antennas and arrays comprised of circular or rectangular elements. In addition, calculations for cavity-backed spiral antennas are given. The method employs a finite element formulation within the cavity and the boundary integral (exact boundary condition) for terminating the mesh. By virtue of the finite element discretization, the method has no restrictions on the geometry and composition of the cavity or its termination. Furthermore, because of the convolutional nature of the boundary integral and the inherent sparseness of the finite element matrix, the storage requirement is kept very low at O(n). These unique features of the method have already been exploited in other scattering applications and have permitted the analysis of large-size structures with remarkable efficiency. In this report, we describe the method's formulation and implementation for circular and rectangular patch antennas in different superstrate and substrate configurations which may also include the presence of lumped loads and resistive sheets/cards. Also, various modelling approaches are investigated and implemented for characterizing a variety of feed structures to permit the computation of the input impedance and radiation pattern. Many computational examples for rectangular and circular patch configurations are presented which demonstrate the method's versatility, modeling capability and accuracy.

Volakis, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Cryogenic monocrystalline silicon Fabry-Perot cavity for the stabilization of laser frequency

A 1.6 kg silicon monocrystal was used to make a Fabry-Perot optical cavity operated at cryogenic temperatures. High-resolution thermal expansion measurements were made as the silicon cooled to 4.2 K, in order to characterize the cavity as a length reference standard. A helium-neon laser was then locked to a transmission resonance at liquid-helium temperatures, and the laser frequency tracked the cavity resonance with error fluctuations at the level of 10 Hz/sq rt Hz in the bandwidth dc to 1 Hz. Implications of the combined set of data, thermal expansion plus frequency-tracking fluctuations, for using such a system as a frequency standard are discussed.

Richard, J.-P.↗