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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 793 records · Page 44
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Revealing the Influence of Binding Motifs on Electron Transfer and Recombination Kinetics for CdSe Quantum Dots Functionalized with a Modified Viologen

Anchoring of molecules to the surfaces of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) presents an opportunity to leverage the precise synthetic tunability of molecular function and the remarkable light harvesting properties of NCs to drive photochemical reactions. However, charge transfer between the two species depends not only on the energy level alignments but also on the details of their binding interactions, which are difficult to probe. Here, in this work, we characterize the binding between CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and a new phosphonated derivative of the electron acceptor methyl viologen, designed to attach to the QD surface via the phosphonate group. We use isothermal titration calorimetry to probe the thermodynamics of the QD–molecule interaction and use the parameters determined therein to analyze transient absorption spectroscopy measurements of forward and back electron transfer from QDs to the viologen. We find that the ligand-like phosphonate binding leads to an electron-transfer rate constant that is 3 orders of magnitude smaller than that for the face-on binding of the bipyridine ring of methyl viologen. Back electron transfer is also significantly slower in the derivative. Interestingly, a minor fraction of the phosphonated derivative also binds in the face-on configuration, with similar forward and back electron transfer kinetics as methyl viologen. Numerical simulations show that the ligand-like binding will lead to significantly improved quantum yields of photocatalysis over a wide range of reaction rates. By independently characterizing binding thermodynamics and charge transfer kinetics, this work reveals how the complexities underlying electron transfer at the NC–molecule interface determine photocatalytic outcomes. This work also represents a step toward controlling forward and back electron transfer kinetics via rational molecular design.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dual-Responsive Macromolecular Surfaces with Binary Patterns

The development of nanopatterned interfaces incorporating multiple stimuli-responsive polymers has great potential for advancing smart sensors and molecular capture devices, yet it remains challenging due to limitations in patterning techniques and “grafting from” methods. Here, we present a binary-patterned surface featuring honeycomb-shaped photothermal polypyrrole (PPy) and thermally responsive poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) [poly(EGMEA-co-PEGMEA)] brushes within the cavities, fabricated using colloidal lithography and surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization. The morphology of the surface can be precisely tuned by adjusting the height of each domain. This design integrates unique topographical features with the stimuli-responsiveness of the polymer, enabling the collapse of the copolymer brushes through direct heating or photothermal conversion of PPy under near-IR light. In conclusion, this innovative system offers potential capture-release functionality, providing versatility for diverse applications and enhancing adaptability across different functional scenarios.

Copolymers↗
DOE OSTI2022

Control over emergence and alignment of transient blisters in thermo-responsive gels using hierarchically patterned substrates

Surfaces with tunable microscale textures are vital in a large variety of technological applications, including heat transfer, antifouling and adhesion. To facilitate such broad-scale use, there is a need to create surfaces that undergo reconfigurable changes in topology and thus, enable switchable functionality. To date, there is a relative dearth of methods for engineering surfaces that can be actuated to change topography over a range of length scales, and hence, form tunable hierarchically structured layers. Combining modeling and experiments, we design a geometrically patterned, thermo-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) gel film that undergoes controllable hierarchical changes in topology with changes in temperature. At the bottom, the film is covalently bound to a solid, curved substrate; at the top, the film encompasses longitudinal rectangular ridges that are oriented perpendicular to the underlying cylindrical curves. At temperatures below lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the swollen gel exhibits 3D variations in polymer density and thickness defined by the gel's top and bottom topography. As the temperature rises above LCST, the interplay between the upper ridges and lower curves in the gel drives non-uniform, directional solvent transport, the nucleation and propagation of a phase-separated higher-density skin layer, and the resulting pressure buildup within the film. These different, interacting kinetic processes lead to an instability, which produces transient microscopic blisters in the film. Through simulations, we show how tuning the width of the ridges modifies the propagation of a skin layer and creates localized pressure build-up points, which enables control over the emergence, distribution, and alignment of the microscopic blisters. Futhermore, we provide a simple argument to predict the size of such microscopic features. Experiments confirm our predictions and further highlight how our computational model enables the rational design of topographical transitions in these tunable films. The development of actuatable, hierarchically structured films provides new routes for achieving switchable functionality in actuators, drug release systems and adhesives.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Novel Three Phase Oak Ridge DC / AC Converter for Wireless Grid Tied Applications

In this study, a novel three phase oak ridge dc to ac converter is introduced for wireless mobility energy storage (WMES) applications to support the grid demand during peak times. The proposed topology can be used in a bi-directional operation between ac grid and dc terminals of energy storage by accomplishing unity power factor. Inherent merit of the technology can directly merge dc input to the high frequency and 60 Hz grid frequency by superimposing through the wireless coils. Theoretical and simulation results are validated by the simulation analysis for 20 kW output power. The functionality of the proposed three phase system is established by using 6 inches air gap between the couplers with the input of 675 V DC and output of 277 V AC, RMS . The system overall design analysis is demonstrated for simulation analysis and simulation results are presented achieving 3% current total harmonic distortion (THD) and 0.99 power factor (PF) at full load 20 kW wireless power transfer.

Asa, Erdem↗
NASA NTRS1990

Concurrent Image Processing Executive (CIPE). Volume 1: Design overview

The design and implementation of a Concurrent Image Processing Executive (CIPE), which is intended to become the support system software for a prototype high performance science analysis workstation are described. The target machine for this software is a JPL/Caltech Mark 3fp Hypercube hosted by either a MASSCOMP 5600 or a Sun-3, Sun-4 workstation; however, the design will accommodate other concurrent machines of similar architecture, i.e., local memory, multiple-instruction-multiple-data (MIMD) machines. The CIPE system provides both a multimode user interface and an applications programmer interface, and has been designed around four loosely coupled modules: user interface, host-resident executive, hypercube-resident executive, and application functions. The loose coupling between modules allows modification of a particular module without significantly affecting the other modules in the system. In order to enhance hypercube memory utilization and to allow expansion of image processing capabilities, a specialized program management method, incremental loading, was devised. To minimize data transfer between host and hypercube, a data management method which distributes, redistributes, and tracks data set information was implemented. The data management also allows data sharing among application programs. The CIPE software architecture provides a flexible environment for scientific analysis of complex remote sensing image data, such as planetary data and imaging spectrometry, utilizing state-of-the-art concurrent computation capabilities.

Lee, Meemong↗
NASA NTRS1993

Prediction of three sigma maximum dispersed density for aerospace applications

Free molecular heating (FMH) is caused by the transfer of energy during collisions between the upper atmosphere molecules and a space vehicle. The dispersed free molecular heating on a surface is an important constraint for space vehicle thermal analyses since it can be a significant source of heating. To reduce FMH to a spacecraft, the parking orbit is often designed to a higher altitude at the expense of payload capability. Dispersed FMH is a function of both space vehicle velocity and atmospheric density, however, the space vehicle velocity variations are insignificant when compared to the atmospheric density variations. The density of the upper atmosphere molecules is a function of altitude, but also varies with other environmental factors, such as solar activity, geomagnetic activity, location, and time. A method has been developed to predict three sigma maximum dispersed density for up to 15 years into the future. This method uses a state-of-the-art atmospheric density code, MSIS 86, along with 50 years of solar data, NASA and NOAA solar activity predictions for the next 15 years, and an Aerospace Corporation correlation to account for density code inaccuracies to generate dispersed maximum density ratios denoted as 'K-factors'. The calculated K-factors can be used on a mission unique basis to calculate dispersed density, and hence dispersed free molecular heating rates. These more accurate K-factors can allow lower parking orbit altitudes, resulting in increased payload capability.

Charles, Terri L.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Microheater Array Boiling Experiment

By conducting pool boiling tests in microgravity, the effect of buoyancy on the overall boiling process and the relative magnitude of other phenomena can be assessed. Data from KC-135 and sounding rocket experiments indicate little effect of gravity on boiling heat transfer at wall superheats below 25 C, despite vast differences in bubble behavior between gravity levels. In microgravity, a large primary bubble, surrounded by smaller satellite bubbles, moved over the surface, occasionally causing nucleation. Once formed, the primary bubble size remained constant for a given superheat, indicating evaporation at the bubble base is balanced with condensation on the bubble cap. The primary bubble's size increased with wall superheat. Most heaters under the primary bubble had low heat transfer rates, suggesting liquid dryout. Strong Marangoni convection developed in microgravity, forming a 'jet' into the bulk liquid that forced the bubble onto the heater. An experiment is being designed for the. Microgravity Science Glovebox. This experiment uses two 96 element microheater arrays, 2.7 and 7.0 mm in size. These heaters are individually controlled to operate at a constant temperature, measuring local heat fluxes as a function of time and space. Most boiling experiments operate at constant wall heat flux with larger heaters, allowing only time and space-averaged measurements. Each heater is about the bubble departure size in normal gravity, but significantly smaller than the bubble departure size in reduced gravity.

Kim, Jungho↗
NASA NTRS2015

Three Orbital Burns to Molniya Orbit Via Shuttle_Centaur G Upper Stage

An unclassified analytical trajectory design, performance, and mission study was done for the 1982 to 1986 joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-United States Air Force (USAF) Shuttle/Centaur G upper stage development program to send performance-demanding payloads to high orbits such as Molniya using an unconventional orbit transfer. This optimized three orbital burn transfer to Molniya orbit was compared to the then-baselined two burn transfer. The results of the three dimensional trajectory optimization performed include powered phase steering data and coast phase orbital element data. Time derivatives of the orbital elements as functions of thrust components were evaluated and used to explain the optimization's solution. Vehicle performance as a function of parking orbit inclination was given. Performance and orbital element data was provided for launch windows as functions of launch time. Ground track data was given for all burns and coasts including variation within the launch window. It was found that a Centaur with fully loaded propellant tanks could be flown from a 37 deg inclination low Earth parking orbit and achieve Molniya orbit with comparable performance to the baselined transfer which started from a 57 deg inclined orbit: 9,545 versus 9,552 lb of separated spacecraft weight, respectively. There was a significant reduction in the need for propellant launch time reserve for a 1 hr window: only 78 lb for the three burn transfer versus 320 lb for the two burn transfer. Conversely, this also meant that longer launch windows over more orbital revolutions could be done for the same amount of propellant reserve. There was no practical difference in ground tracking station or airborne assets needed to secure telemetric data, even though the geometric locations of the burns varied considerably. There was a significant adverse increase in total mission elapsed time for the three versus two burn transfer (12 vs. 1-1/4 hr), but could be accommodated by modest modifications to Centaur systems. Future applications were discussed. The three burn transfer was found to be a viable, arguably preferable, alternative to the two burn transfer.

Orbital trajectory design↗
NASA NTRS2026

A Modular Conjugate Heat Transfer Optimization Framework for Thermal Management of Electric Aircraft

Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis and optimization is a powerful method for improving thermal management, as it simultaneously resolves the temperature distribution in both fluid and solid domains. This paper presents a modular, discrete adjoint-based CHT optimization capability integrated within the OpenMDAO/MPhys framework. A unique feature of the proposed framework is its flexibility to extend to multidisciplinary optimization, including aero-structural-thermal applications. The fluid domain is modeled using a finite-volume Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver, and the solid domain with a conduction heat transfer solver. A mixed Neumann-Dirichlet boundary condition is developed to enable full submersion of the solid geometry within the fluid domain, while ensuring consistent temperature and heat flux coupling at the CHT interface. Gradient-based optimization is performed; the gradients are efficiently computed using the discrete adjoint solvers implemented in DAFoam. To demonstrate the method, this paper considers two cases related to electric aircraft thermal management: a U-bend heat exchanger and an actively cooled battery pack. The U-bend case aims to minimize pressure loss while maximizing heat flux by changing the pipe geometry. The optimized design reduces pressure loss by 52.7% and increases total heat flux by 2.3%. In the battery pack case, a 3-by-3 cell configuration is cooled by ambient airflow, with constant heat generation prescribed in the cells. The battery casing shape serves as the design variable, and the objective function is a weighted sum of pressure loss and pack weight, subject to a maximum temperature constraint. The optimized design achieves a 44.6% reduction in pressure loss and a 1.5% reduction in weight, while satisfying the thermal constraint. To ensure the reliability of the optimized designs, this study validates coarse-mesh, steady-state predictions against fine-mesh unsteady simulations, demonstrating consistency within acceptable errors. This work demonstrates the potential of the developed framework to enable rapid, high-fidelity design of thermal management systems for electric aircraft.

heat transfer↗
DOE OSTI2023

Non-bonding interaction of dual atom catalysts for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction

Here, we demonstrate the design of graphene-supported dual atom catalysts (DACs) for the four-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), by utilizing the non-bonding interaction of counterpart metals (M) that synergistically tune the electronic properties and catalytic activity of the Fe active site in FeMN 6 -DAC and FeMN 8 -DAC systems, where M stands for Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. More specifically, for Fe-M distances below 15Å, the non-bonding interaction is significant, making the system act as the DAC. We predicted that FeNiN 6 -DAC and FeNiN 8 -DAC exhibit a low ORR overpotential (η ORR ) of 0.28 V and 0.47 V, respectively, which are at the summits of volcano plots. This low η ORR originates from the high Bader charge transfer coupled with high spin density at the Fe site in both the FeNiN 6 -DAC and FeNiN 8 -DAC systems, which weakens the adsorption of OH* intermediate while enhancing its desorption to H 2 O. Guided by these density functional theory (DFT) computational results, we synthesized FeCoN 8 -DAC and FeNiN 8 -DAC along with N-doped graphene and confirmed their structures with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and electron spin resonance (ESR). We verify experimentally the catalytic activities and find that FeNiN 8 -DAC has the low experimental overpotential of 0.39 V with a Tafel slope of 47 mVdec -1 . Based on these results, we propose a DFT-guided strategy to tune the charge transfer and spin population of the active site toward designing DACs for electrochemical ORR.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Defects‐Induced In‐Plane Heterophase in Cobalt Oxide Nanosheets for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Abstract Cobalt oxides as efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts have received much attention because of their rich reserves and cheap cost. There are two common cobalt oxides, Co 3 O 4 (spinel phase, stable but poor intrinsic activity) and CoO (rocksalt phase, active but easily be oxidatized). Constructing Co 3 O 4 /CoO heterophase can inherit both characteristic features of each component and form a heterophase interface facilitating charge transfer, which is believed to be an effective strategy in designing excellent electrocatalysts. Herein, an atomic arrangement engineering strategy is applied to improve electrocatalytic activity of Co 3 O 4 for the OER. With the presence of oxygen vacancies, cobalt atoms at tetrahedral sites in Co 3 O 4 can more easily diffuse into interstitial octahedral sites to form CoO phase structure as revealed by periodic density functional theory computations. The Co 3 O 4 /CoO spinel/rocksalt heterophase can be in situ fabricated at the atomic scale in plane. The overpotential to reach 10 mA cm −2 of Co 3 O 4 /CoO is 1.532 V, which is 92 mV smaller than that of Co 3 O 4 . Theoretical calculations confirm that the excellent electrochemical activity is corresponding to a decline in average p ‐state energy of adsorbed‐O on the Co 3 O 4 /CoO heterophase interface. The reaction Gibbs energy barrier has been significantly decreased with the construction of the heterophase interface.

Liu, Zhijuan↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Rise of Neural Networks for Materials and Chemical Dynamics

Machine learning (ML) is quickly becoming a premier tool for modeling chemical processes and materials. ML-based force fields, trained on large data sets of high-quality electron structure calculations, are particularly attractive due their unique combination of computational efficiency and physical accuracy. This Perspective summarizes some recent advances in the development of neural network-based interatomic potentials. Designing high-quality training data sets is crucial to overall model accuracy. One strategy is active learning, in which new data are automatically collected for atomic configurations that produce large ML uncertainties. Another strategy is to use the highest levels of quantum theory possible. Transfer learning allows training to a data set of mixed fidelity. A model initially trained to a large data set of density functional theory calculations can be significantly improved by retraining to a relatively small data set of expensive coupled cluster theory calculations. These advances are exemplified by applications to molecules and materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Emergent c -axis magnetic helix in manganite-nickelate superlattices

Here, the nature of the magnetic order in (La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 ) 9 /(LaNiO 3 ) 3 superlattices is investigated using x-ray resonant magnetic reflectometry. We observe a new -axis magnetic helix state in the (LaNiO 3 ) 3 layers that had never been measured in nickelates, and which mediates the ~130° magnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic (La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 ) 9 layers, illustrating the power of x-rays for discovering the magnetic state of complex oxide interfaces. Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption spectroscopy show that Ni-O ligand hole states from bulk LaNiO 3 are mostly filled due to interfacial electron transfer from Mn, driving the Ni orbitals closer to an atomic-like 3d 8 configuration. We discuss the constraints imposed by this electronic configuration to the microscopic origin of the observed magnetic structure. The presence of a magnetic helix in (La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 ) 9 /(LaNiO 3 ) 3 is crucial for modeling the potential spintronic functionality of this system and may be important for designing emergent magnetism in novel devices in general.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1993

Effects of radiobiological uncertainty on shield design for a 60-day lunar mission

Some consequences of uncertainties in radiobiological risk due to galactic cosmic ray exposure are analyzed to determine their effect on engineering designs for a first lunar outpost - a 60-day mission. Quantitative estimates of shield mass requirements as a function of a radiobiological uncertainty factor are given for a simplified vehicle structure. The additional shield mass required for compensation is calculated as a function of the uncertainty in galactic cosmic ray exposure, and this mass is found to be as large as a factor of 3 for a lunar transfer vehicle. The additional cost resulting from this mass is also calculated. These cost estimates are then used to exemplify the cost-effectiveness of research.

Wilson, John W.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Modifying real convolutional codes for protecting digital filtering systems

A novel method is proposed for protecting digital filters from temporary and permanent failures that are not easily detected by conventional fault-tolerant computer design principles, on the basis of the error-detecting properties of real convolutional codes. Erroneous behavior is detected by externally comparing the calculated and regenerated parity samples. Great simplifications are obtainable by modifying the code structure to yield simplified parity channels with finite impulse response structures. A matrix equation involving the original parity values of the code and the polynomial of the digital filter's transfer function is formed, and row manipulations separate this equation into a set of homogeneous equations constraining the modifying scaling coefficients and another set which defines the code parity values' implementation.

Redinbo, G. R.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Analysis of Heat Transfer from Local Heating and Cooling Sources at Cryogenic Temperatures

Understanding the dispersion of heat around a cryogenic fluid tank, specifically the interaction between the cryogenic fluid and the tank wall is critical in the analysis of long duration cryogen storage in microgravity. The heat transfer interaction between a cryogenic storage tank and heat sources from external spacecraft structures is also one of the many factors that determine how much heat enters a tank. Recent flight experiments with two-phase fluids have indicated that local concentrations of heat input (also known as “hot spots”) can cause unwanted affects including local boiling. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models can provide a detailed assessment of the heat transfer occurring across a cryogenic storage system. However, CFD modeling takes time to construct and run. A simpler approach that can act as initial guidance for later CFD modeling analyzes external “hot spots” as point or finite heat sources. A radial, finite element network or a local direct solution can effectively estimate the heat spread across a cryogenic storage tank by calculating the temperature and heat load as a function of distance from the heat source. This calculation accounts for the convective heat transfer between the cryogenic fluid and storage tank surface. Similar approaches can be used to determine the effectiveness of cooling from a cryocooler as a finite, local heat sink. This approach allows for quick approximations of the thermal map across a cryogenic tank as well as sensitivity analysis under a wide range of design parameters including gravitational fields as implied through natural convection coefficients.

Cryogenic Fluid Management↗
DOE OSTI2020

Programmable Gene Knockdown in Diverse Bacteria Using Mobile‐CRISPRi

Abstract Facile bacterial genome sequencing has unlocked a veritable treasure trove of novel genes awaiting functional exploration. To make the most of this opportunity requires powerful genetic tools that can target all genes in diverse bacteria. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is a programmable gene‐knockdown tool that uses an RNA‐protein complex comprised of a single guide RNA (sgRNA) and a catalytically inactive Cas9 nuclease (dCas9) to sterically block transcription of target genes. We previously developed a suite of modular CRISPRi systems that transfer by conjugation and integrate into the genomes of diverse bacteria, which we call Mobile‐CRISPRi. Here, we provide detailed protocols for the modification and transfer of Mobile‐CRISPRi vectors for the purpose of knocking down target genes in bacteria of interest. We further discuss strategies for optimizing Mobile‐CRISPRi knockdown, transfer, and integration. We cover the following basic protocols: sgRNA design, cloning new sgRNA spacers into Mobile‐CRISPRi vectors, Tn 7 transfer of Mobile‐CRISPRi to Gram‐negative bacteria, and ICE Bs1 transfer of Mobile‐CRISPRi to Bacillales. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1 : sgRNA design Basic Protocol 2 : Cloning of new sgRNA spacers into Mobile‐CRISPRi vectors Basic Protocol 3 : Tn 7 transfer of Mobile‐CRISPRi to Gram‐negative bacteria Basic Protocol 4 : ICE Bs1 transfer of Mobile‐CRISPRi to Bacillales Support Protocol 1 : Quantification of CRISPRi repression using fluorescent reporters Support Protocol 2 : Testing for gene essentiality using CRISPRi spot assays on plates Support Protocol 3 : Transformation of E. coli by electroporation Support Protocol 4 : Transformation of CaCl 2 ‐competent E. coli

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2000

Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization Using WAVE

The current preliminary design tools lack the product performance, quality and cost prediction fidelity required to design Six Sigma products. They are also frequently incompatible with the tools used in detailed design, leading to a great deal of rework and lost or discarded data in the transition from preliminary to detailed design. Thus, enhanced preliminary design tools are needed in order to produce adequate financial returns to the business. To achieve this goal, GEAE has focused on building the preliminary design system around the same geometric 3D solid model that will be used in detailed design. With this approach, the preliminary designer will no longer convert a flowpath sketch into an engine cross section but rather, automatically create 3D solid geometry for structural integrity, life, weight, cost, complexity, producibility, and maintainability assessments. Likewise, both the preliminary design and the detailed design can benefit from the use of the same preliminary part sizing routines. The design analysis tools will also be integrated with the 3D solid model to eliminate manual transfer of data between programs. GEAE has aggressively pursued the computerized control of engineering knowledge for many years. Through its study and validation of 3D CAD programs and processes, GEAE concluded that total system control was not feasible at that time. Prior CAD tools focused exclusively on detail part geometry and Knowledge Based Engineering systems concentrated on rules input and data output. A system was needed to bridge the gap between the two to capture the total system. With the introduction of WAVE Engineering from UGS, the possibilities of an engineering system control device began to formulate. GEAE decided to investigate the new WAVE functionality to accomplish this task. NASA joined GEAE in funding this validation project through Task Order No. 1. With the validation project complete, the second phase under Task Order No. 2 was established to develop an associative control structure (framework) in the UG WAVE environment enabling multi-disciplinary design of turbine propulsion systems. The capabilities of WAVE were evaluated to assess its use as a rapid optimization and productivity tool. This project also identified future WAVE product enhancements that will make the tool still more beneficial for product development.

Irwin, Keith↗