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At least 793 records · Page 44
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Subsurface Energy Systems Mapping Inquiry Tool (MapIT)

The Subsurface Energy Systems Mapping Inquiry Tool (MapIT) is an online web mapping tool designed to help users discover available public-sourced data to facilitate data exploration for subsurface energy exploration and characterization efforts for resource identification (e.g. critical minerals, hydrocarbons, geothermal) as well as injection of geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (e.g. enhanced oil recovery, saline storage, etc.). Modules within the tool curate data related to geology, faults, fractures, injection and confining zones, hydrologic information, groundwater, groundwater wells, geomechanical and petrophysical data, and geochemical data. User documentation on how to use the tool is also provided. Data have been collected from authoritative national, state, and local sources and made available in this tool. The data is also available as a data catalog and Esri Geodatabase at: https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/mapit-database Disclaimer: There is no guarantee of completeness or appropriateness for individual user’s requirements. Use of this tool is solely at the discretion of the user. See full Federal Disclaimer for further information (https://netl.doe.gov/home/disclaimer). This project was funded by the United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, in part, through a site support contract. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor the support contractor, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. https://www.netl.doe.gov/home/disclaimer

Carbon Sequestration↗
DOE OSTI2018

Results of CO2 Storage Efficiency in Deep Saline Formations – Stage 2

Conference paper presented at 14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-14), Melbourne, Australia, October 12–25, 2018. Previous dynamic simulations indicate that it may take hundreds of years and an unrealistic number of wells to approach a static volumetrically derived estimate of storage capacity and efficiency for an actual large-scale CO 2 storage development. This study shows how efficiency factors may be influenced by key parameters of practical project development, such as a 50-year injection period, number of wells and drilling sequence, onshore vs. offshore conditions, and increasing unit storage cost as development intensifies. Two potential storage formations were investigated: the Minnelusa Formation of the Powder River Basin and the Bunter Sandstone of the North Sea Basin.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Solar Technical Assistance Team (Revised) (Fact Sheet)

The Solar Technical Assistance Team (STAT) is a team of solar technology and deployment experts who ensure that the best information on policies, regulations, financing, and other issues is getting into the hands of state government decision makers whey they need it. This fact sheet provides information about STAT and the STAT webinar series for the summer of 2012.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Solar Technology Validation Project - Hualapai Valley Solar (Met Station): Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

Under this Agreement, NREL will work with Participant to improve concentrating solar power system performance characterizations. This work includes, but is not limited to, research and development of methods for acquiring renewable resource characterization information using site-specific measurements of solar radiation and meteorological conditions; collecting system performance data; and developing tools for improving the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of solar energy conversion systems. This work will be conducted at NREL and Participant facilities.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Creating Optimal Fracture Networks

The primary goal of this project is the development of a multi-physics, multi-scale simulation capability to predict the initiation, propagation and maintenance of hydraulically driven fracture networks in heterogeneous geologic materials. The development and validation of integrated code capability, GEOS, that accurately captures the phenomenology of these complex physical processes across a wide range of time-­ (~10 -6 to ~10 8 s) and length- (~10 -3 to ~10 4 m) scales is the main scientific objective of the proposed initiative. GEOS constitutes a new analytical framework incorporating the underlying physics that drives fracture development – e.g. dynamically changing fracture network topologies, fluid/solid interactions taking place along discrete interfaces, and complex matrix/fracture transport processes. Enhanced seismic observational tools and inversion methods will also be developed. This initiative has positioned LLNL to play a leading role in the development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems, unconventional gas energy resources, risk assessment associated with geologic sequestration of CO 2 and the detection of radioactive gases from clandestine nuclear tests, impacting both energy and national security.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2015

Toxicity of Uranium Adsorbent Materials using the Microtox Toxicity Test

The Marine Sciences Laboratory at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory evaluated the toxicity of a diverse range of natural and synthetic materials used to extract uranium from seawater. The uranium adsorbent materials are being developed as part of the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Fuel Resources Program. The goal of this effort was to identify whether deployment of a farm of these materials into the marine environment would have any toxic effects on marine organisms.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Shape evolution in neutron-rich nuclei near the r-process path

To assess the resources needed to field a quantitative measurement to advance our knowledge on shape evolution, we have carried out a numerical simulation of the Coulomb excitation for 112 Ru at 460 MeV bombarding energy on a 208 Pb target of 1 mg/cm 2 using a semiclassical code, GOSIA with GRETINA/CHICO2.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 2: Environmental Sustainability Effects of Select Scenarios from Volume 1

With the goal of understanding environmental effects of a growing bioeconomy, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), national laboratories, and U.S. Forest Service research laboratories, together with academic and industry collaborators, undertook a study to estimate environmental effects of potential biomass production scenarios in the United States, with an emphasis on agricultural and forest biomass. Potential effects investigated include changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water quality and quantity, air emissions, and biodiversity. Effects of altered land-management regimes were analyzed based on select county-level biomass-production scenarios for 2017 and 2040 taken from the 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy (BT16), volume 1, which assumes that the land bases for agricultural and forestry would not change over time. The scenarios reflect constraints on biomass supply (e.g., excluded areas; implementation of management practices; and consideration of food, feed, forage, and fiber demands and exports) that intend to address sustainability concerns. Nonetheless, both beneficial and adverse environmental effects might be expected. To characterize these potential effects, this research sought to estimate where and under what modeled scenarios or conditions positive and negative environmental effects could occur nationwide. The report also includes a discussion of land-use change (LUC) (i.e., land management change) assumptions associated with the scenario transitions (but not including analysis of indirect LUC [ILUC]), analyses of climate sensitivity of feedstock productivity under a set of potential scenarios, and a qualitative environmental effects analysis of algae production under carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) co-location scenarios. Because BT16 biomass supplies are simulated independent of a defined end use, most analyses do not include benefits from displacing fossil fuels or other products, with the exception of including a few illustrative cases on potential reductions in GHG emissions and fossil energy consumption associated with using biomass supplies for fuel, power, heat, and chemicals. Most analyses in volume 2 show potential for a substantial increase in biomass production with minimal or negligible environmental effects under the biomass supply constraints assumed in BT16. Although corn ethanol has been shown to achieve GHG emissions improvements over fossil fuels, cellulosic biomass shows further improvements in certain environmental indicators covered in this report. The harvest of agricultural and forestry residues generally shows the smallest contributions to changes in certain environmental indicators investigated. The scenarios show national-level net SOC gains. When expanding the system boundary in illustrative cases that consider biomass end use, reductions in GHG emissions are estimated for scenarios in which biomass—rather than oil, coal, and natural gas—is used to produce fuel, power, heat, and chemicals. Analyses of water quality reveal that there could be tradeoffs between biomass productivity and some water quality indicators, but better outcomes for both biomass productivity and water quality can be achieved with selected conservation practices. Biodiversity analyses show possible habitat benefits to some species, with other species showing potential adverse effects that may require additional safeguards. Increasing productivity of algae can reduce GHG emissions and water consumption associated with producing algal biomass, though the effects of water consumption are likely of greater concern in some regions than in others. Moreover, the effects of climate change on potential biomass production show gains and losses in yield among feedstocks across the continental United States. Key research gaps and priorities include actions that can enhance benefits and reduce potential for negative effects of increased biomass production. The results from this report will help DOE, the bioenergy industry, and other institutions continue important discussions on environmental effects and will help chart a path toward a more environmentally sustainable bioeconomy.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Assessment of CO 2 Storage Resources in Depleted Oil and Gas Fields in the Ship Shoal Area, Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important regions in the United States for energy resources and infrastructure. Gulf of Mexico federal offshore oil and gas production accounts for 17% of total U.S. crude oil production and 5% of total U.S. gas production (EIA Gulf of Mexico Fact Sheet). This region presents an excellent combination of high need and significant opportunity for large scale geologic storage of CO 2 . The Ship Shoal Area is located about 20 miles offshore Louisiana within the Gulf Coast federal waters. Miocene and Pliocene sediments in the Ship Shoal Area are proven to provide excellent and secure traps for oil and gas. The Ship Shoal Area contains a large number of depleted oil and gas fields either currently abandoned, or planned for abandonment by 2025, which may provide very significant potential CO 2 storage capacity. GeoMechanics Technologies conducted a comprehensive research project to better characterize Neogene sediments in the Ship Shoal Area for high volume CO 2 storage. The data generated from literature, well data, well log, and formation evaluation were input into Rockwork 16 geologic software to create a detailed geologic model for the Ship Shoal study area. The geologic grids were then fed into TOUGH2, the gas migration model software and FLAC 3D, the geomechanical model software. The fluid flow modeling for both the Miocene and Pliocene simulation from both Block 107 and Block 84 indicated that Pliocene and Miocene are a good reservoir for the CO 2 sequestration. Thirty years of CO 2 injection (at a rate of 1 million metric tons CO 2 per year) and 30 years of observation simulations were run with the fluid flow modeling. The 3D geomechanical modeling for Ship Shoal Block 107 and Block 84 were developed to evaluate induced surface deformation and potential fault reactivation after 30 years CO 2 injection at base of Pliocene and at upper Miocene injection locations. Evaluation results indicate low to no risks for fault slips or fault reactivation. Twelve well bores and 76 well bores for Ship Shoal Blocks 84 and 107 respectively were reviewed for their cement history. Most wells (57 out of 76 and 7 out of 12 wells in Ship Shoal Block 107 and 84 respectively) have good integrity. Nineteen and 5 wells (in Ship Shoal Block 107 and 84 respectively) with no top plug, incomplete cement or Plug and Abandonment information are given yellow cautionary indicators. These cautionary wells may provide leakage paths of CO 2 through the well bores to the USDWs. Using our Quantitative Risk & Decision Analysis Tool (QRDAT) for caprock integrity evaluation, we compared Ship Shoal’s risk to that of In Salah, Sleipner, Kevin Dome, Loudon, Illinois Industrial CCS and Wilmington Graben. We found the risk at the Ship Shoal Blocks 84 and 107 fields are similar to the known CO 2 active sequestration sites, but lower than the Wilmington Graben turbidities offshore California studied site. The risk of natural seismicity in the Gulf of Mexico is relatively low. Geomechanics Technologies has documented the top 25 CO 2 emission sources within the close proximity of the Ship Shoal Block 84 and 107 fields. All the offshore and onshore pipelines have been digitized and can be viewed in an interactive website (http://www.geomechanicstech.com/shipshoal.html). We also performed a feasibility study on the potential for converting existing oil or gas pipelines for CO 2 transport. There are abandoned, idled and retired onshore and offshore pipelines. However, there is no standard specification for maximum pipeline pressures needed for CO 2 transport. It is a function of design, materials, and testing provided; thus it will be the responsibility of the pipeline operator to correctly determine, maintain and operate within the limits of the pipelines. There are a few transit corridors extending from onshore Louisiana (Cailou Bay) to offshore trunk-lines. The cost for constructing a pipeline has increased about 46% from 2015 to an average cost of $5,064,046 per mile in 2016. We use the NETL CO 2 storage resource mass estimate to calculate the potential resources for Ship Shoal Block 84 and 107 fields using the depleted oil and gas reservoir volume and sand volume generated from our geologic modeling. The estimated storage resource results are greater when using the sand volumes derived through geologic modeling than the oil and gas reservoir data. The difference is due to the depleted oil and gas reservoir information not accounting for the water-flooded sand located below the oil/gas-water contact or unproductive sand units. Resource calculation using the sand volume obtained through geologic modeling overestimate the storage capacity as the model accounts for all sand within the formation, not just the interconnected sand.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2019

National Wind Technology Center-Characterization of Atmospheric Conditions

Data provided by the instrumentation located at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) is compiled below for the purposes of characterizing the atmospheric operating conditions at the National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) wind site. Conditions are presented conditioned on month of the year to show seasonal variation, and based on characteristic quantities seen in the atmospheric flow including, bulk wind speed, direction, and atmospheric stability. All data reported and analyzed in the following document were collected from instrumentation mounted on the 135 m-tall masts erected at the NWTC near Boulder, Colorado. Each of the two met-masts (named M4 and M5) were sited specifically to measure the inflow wind to several of the utility-scale turbines at the NWTC. The construction, operation, and maintenance of the masts has been supported since their commissioning in 2011 by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Wind and Water Power Program. Data from the masts are publicly available for download or basic visualization, hosted on NREL's website (https://nwtc.nrel.gov/135mData). Data from the masts have been used in the past for a wide range of projects including wind turbine power performance measurements, high fidelity model development and validation, and atmospheric science research. An interactive visualization platform has been developed on NREL's Open Energy Information platform and can be used to reproduce many of the graphics included in the current work. This report describes in detail the atmospheric conditions recorded by M5, the inflow mast for the DOE-owned GE 1.5 MW wind turbine. The report focuses on data recorded from August 2012 to May 2018 and includes: an introduction to the wind climate at the NWTC; a physical description of the met masts; a review of installed instrumentation; and data collection, processing, and quality control methods. In addition to a concise description of the instrumentation from the met masts and the data channels they provide, this report characterizes the behavior of the atmospheric resource first in a cumulative sense, discussing mainly the distributions wind speeds, flow directions and thermodynamic properties at several heights along the towers. Periodicity in atmospheric conditions is then detailed through analysis of diurnal and annual cycles of the data streams. Periods of both low turbulence and extreme atmospheric events that are of interest in terms of wind turbine operation and wind energy research are detailed in the final chapter of this report. Low turbulence events are somewhat rare at the NWTC and are of interest from the perspective of validating the operation of new wind turbine and blade designs. Similarly, the NTWC is known for a relatively higher rate of occurrence of extreme weather events.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Akutan Geothermal: Resource Report

Geothermal energy resources are present in the Hot Springs Bay Valley geothermal area, and the City has invested considerable money and time in the exploration of the resource for future use. Exploration activities funded primarily through a grant the City was awarded from Alaska Energy Authority and later supplemented by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), with cost share from the City. The exploration led to the development of a geothermal resource conceptual model that was built and refined between 2008 and 2018. During this period, geological and geophysical studies, exploration drilling and other activities were completed, including a preliminary feasibility study for a power project, investigations of the terrain for suitability for access and development, environmental and archeological review, plus TG well abandonment and a review of economic considerations. The model of the resource predicts that there is a viable geothermal resource in two general areas: on the northwest edge of Hot Springs Bay Valley going northwest of the valley (hot springs area) and southwest of the Valley (fumarole area). The resource temperature for the valley area is expected to be about 170°C (340°F) and given the size and permeability estimates (with a factor for the level of confidence in the estimates), the mean power capacity of the outflow resource is 3 MWe and the P50 (most likely) power capacity is 1 MWe. The fumarole area has an expected resource temperature of 240°C (464°F) and given the size and permeability estimates mean capacity is 20 MWe and the P50 (most likely) capacity is 9 MWe. Permeability is the most difficult factor to predict and has a significant impact on the available geothermal fluids and therefore the amount of power that can be generated. The uncertainty in this value is the main reason for lower confidence in the likelihood of exploration success and the wide range in predicted MW values. The permeability has been difficult to locate as indicated by the results of the flow test at AK-3 in 2017. The test resulted in the production of some fluid, but due to low permeability, the recharge to the wellbore was too slow to sustain flow. The greatest probability of overall MWe production is in the fumarole region, but development is hampered by poor accessibility. The extremely high cost of road building for exploratory drilling, put an end to planning at an intermediate stage of the project and refocused attention on the viability of development in the hot spring outflow part of the resource. The City will be determining what the next steps are with AK-3, which is still that is still open and maintained in a suspended status in HSBV. While AK-3 remains accessible (not plugged with cement) it will need to be maintained. The City has a bond with AOGCC that will remain in place until the well is abandoned. GRG recommends that the well be maintained open as an asset for the foreseeable future.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis

The Government of Jamaica asked the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to determine if the use of domestically produced ethanol motor fuel could help them achieve their goals to develop its economy and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The first step was to determine how much ethanol could be used by Jamaican vehicles in blends of 10% (E10 – current blend level), 15% (E15), or 25% (E25). All blend levels make for feasible automotive fuels and are being used or pursued in multiple countries. Building on gross domestic product (GDP)-related projections made by the Johnson et al. (2019) business as usual scenario, the quantity of ethanol to be used in future years and blend levels is shown in Table ES1. All blend levels are assumed to achieve the same volumetric fuel economy because of verified efficiency improvements enabled by increased octane levels.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Best Practices for the Validation of U.S. Offshore Wind Resource Models

This report presents a comprehensive set of best practices for working with both modeled and measured US offshore wind resource data sets. We specifically target two key questions in this report. First, what are the best data sources and methods for validating modeled wind resource estimates? Second, what are the best methods for vertically extrapolating near-surface wind speed measurements to heights that span the rotor-swept area of modern offshore wind turbines?

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

PV Reference Cells for Outdoor Use: An Investigation of Calibration Factors

Reference cells are widely used in the photovoltaic (PV) industry to measure irradiance. For field applications and outdoor use, a variety of products are on the market, and they are often perceived as a low-cost alternative to thermopile radiometers. But reference cell characteristics differ substantially from the latter, therefore measurements made by one category of instrument cannot be substituted for or directly compared with the other. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Solar Radiation Research Laboratory is currently in a multiyear effort to develop guidance and recommendations for the design and use of outdoor reference cells, with a view to reducing inconsistencies and measurement uncertainty. The core of this effort is the long-term deployment of 39 units of 10 distinct types made by 6 manufacturers. This report compares the calibration factors provided by manufacturers - which most users rely upon - to those measured at a high level of accuracy by NREL's Cell Lab. It also reports on the application of the Broadband Outdoor Radiometer Calibration (BORCAL) method to reference cells. As a group, the factory calibrations for the crystalline silicon cells showed a small positive bias of +0.7%, with a tight distribution around this value. This is a very good result for the manufacturers. The two World Photovoltaic Scale cells constituted outliers, with a mean deviation of -0.8%, which is still within the reported uncertainty ranges. The data collected during the BORCAL procedures show a strong and systematic fluctuation of the apparent responsivity of the reference cells over the course of a day, which was anticipated. Consequently, the standard BORCAL R@45 calibration factors underestimated the reference cell responsivities by 1%-4%. An alternate responsivity indicator was developed, R'@30, incorporating adjustments for temperature response, spectral response, and directional response. This reduced the mean deviation to -0.4% compared to the Cell Lab. Further, two independent BORCAL sessions were able to produce the same values to within ±0.2%. This could be a viable approach for verifying reference cells using existing BORCAL infrastructure, for example, to evaluate their long-term stability. The daily profiles of responsivity obtained during the BORCAL sessions (provided in Appendix A) show clear patterns of differences between models, which provides evidence that their directional responses differ from each other; thus, two sensors that are calibrated correctly might give the same reading at 30° zenith angle but systematically different readings at 60°. The impact of these inconsistencies in field operation will be quantified using the long-term observations started in 2020.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electric Access System Enhancement (EASE): Assessment of a Distributed Energy Resource Management System for Enabling Dynamic Hosting Capacity

The Electric Access System Enhancement (EASE) project demonstrated a scalable, interoperable, and cost-effective means of integrating high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). The control architecture developed leveraged a Distributed Energy Resource Management System, Distribution System Operator for transacting energy, and 3rd Party DER Aggregator platform. The project identified ways to enhance the customer interconnection process to the grid and improve access to information from DERs and optimize the usage of DERs to provide energy services in a simulated day-ahead shadow market while maintain grid reliability. By integrating these capabilities into a scalable system of systems, the DSO can effectively balance DER generation and customer demand on the distribution network. This capability allows the grid to host more DER than traditionally possible on wires alone. Hosting more DER has the added benefit of supplying increased demand growth, sometimes beyond the capacity limits of the distribution network itself. This is known as a dynamic hosting capacity, which could help utilities manage the forecasted growth in electricity demand as California switch to electric vehicles and appliances. This could help to establish energy storage and PV generation as a “pseudo firm” generation resource mix if managed appropriately and provide sufficient resource adequacy for distribution capacity upgrade deferrals.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100): Six-Month Progress Update [Slides]

Puerto Rico has committed to meeting its electricity needs with 100% renewable energy by 2050, along with realizing interim goals of 40% by 2025, 60% by 2040, the phase-out of coal-fired generation by 2028, and a 30% improvement in energy efficiency by 2040, as established in Puerto Rico Energy Public Policy Act (Act 17). Since hurricanes Irma and Maria in September 2017, DOE and its national laboratories have provided Puerto Rico energy system stakeholders with tools, training, and modeling support to enable planning and operation of the electric power grid with more resilience against further disruptions. On February 2, 2022, DOE, FEMA, and six national laboratories launched the two-year Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100) to conduct comprehensive analysis of stakeholder-driven pathways to Puerto Rico's energy future. The robust and objective energy analysis entails five activities, with an emphasis on power system reliability, resilience, and generation planning. This presentation provides a six-month progress update on the study, including presentation of four initial scenario frameworks defined with extensive stakeholder input.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100) (Six-Month Progress Update) [Slides]

Puerto Rico has committed to meeting its electricity needs with 100% renewable energy by 2050, along with realizing interim goals of 40% by 2025, 60% by 2040, the phase-out of coal-fired generation by 2028, and a 30% improvement in energy efficiency by 2040, as established in Puerto Rico Energy Public Policy Act (Act 17). Since hurricanes Irma and Maria in September 2017, DOE and its national laboratories have provided Puerto Rico energy system stakeholders with tools, training, and modeling support to enable planning and operation of the electric power grid with more resilience against further disruptions. On February 2, 2022, DOE, FEMA, and six national laboratories launched the two-year Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100) to conduct comprehensive analysis of stakeholder-driven pathways to Puerto Rico's energy future. The robust and objective energy analysis entails five activities, with an emphasis on power system reliability, resilience, and generation planning. This presentation was delivered in a public webinar on July 21, 2022, providing a high level summary of the progress in the first six months of the study, including presentation of four initial scenario definitions based on extensive stakeholder input.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗