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At least 793 records · Page 44

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2026

Carbon monoxide oxidation expands the known metabolic capacity in anaerobic methanotrophic consortia

Consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME-2) and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) represent globally relevant syntrophic associations capable of growing with minimal amounts of free energy and can persist when methane becomes limiting. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been reported in seep environments and represents a thermodynamically favourable alternative electron donor due to its low reduction potential. Here, we show that environmental ANME-SRB consortia can oxidize CO in the absence of methane, in anoxic microcosm experiments using a combination of stable isotope geochemical tracers, metatranscriptomics, and single cell activity measurements (FISH–nanoSIMS). The oxidation of CO was coupled with sulphate-reduction by syntrophic consortia, and, in the absence of sulphate, through CO 2 reduction to methane by ANME-2. Under these conditions, the production of methane was one ninth the rate of methanotrophy coupled to sulphate-reduction. Paired single cell FISH-nanoSIMS analysis of anabolic activity indicates that CO respiration appears to support cell maintenance rather than active growth, consistent with the observed down-regulation of energy generating complexes in ANME (e.g., mtr, rnf, etc.). The versatile capability of CO oxidation by anaerobic methanotrophic consortia broadens our understanding of carbon cycling in methane seeps and highlights potential mechanisms of resilience by methanotrophic archaea under changing geochemical regimes.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Texture Analysis of Polycrystalline Vaterite Spherulites from Lake Sturgeon Otoliths

Fish otoliths, or ear bones, are comprised of the CaCO 3 polymorphs (aragonite, calcite and vaterite), which can occur either alone or in combination. The polymorph phase abundance in an otolith depends on, as yet, unexplained genetic and environmental factors. Most fish otoliths are comprised of the densest CaCO 3 polymorph, aragonite. Sturgeon otoliths, on the other hand, contain significant amounts of the rare and the structurally enigmatic polymorph, vaterite. Sturgeon otoliths are frequently comprised of agglomerations of small microcrystalline vaterite spherulites (<300 μm in diameter), that range in shape from nearly perfect spheres to oblate spheroids. These spherulites are similar to the synthetic vaterite microspheres employed in laser trapping applications. Vaterite spherulites from both hatchery-reared (juvenile) and wild (adult) Lake Sturgeon exhibit extreme crystallographic texture as evidenced by X-ray diffraction patterns and their reconstructed pole-figures determined here. The vaterite crystallites making up the spherulites have excellent registry in both the axial and equatorial directions. Whether synthesized or natural, the texture manifested in these spherulites suggests that vaterite nucleates and grows similarly in vivo otolith formation as well as from laboratory synthesis. The uniaxial optical character of the vaterite spherulites, confirmed by these diffraction experiments and combined with their large birefringence, makes them well suited for laser trapping applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

Micro-battery Development for Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System Applications

The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) project supported by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, has yielded the smallest acoustic fish tag transmitter commercially available to date. In order to study even smaller fish populations and make the transmitter injectable by needles, the JSATS acoustic micro transmitter needs to be further downsized. This study focuses on the optimization of microbattery design based on Li/CFx chemistry. Through appropriate modifications, a steady high-rate pulse current with desirable life time has been achieved while the weight and volume of the battery is largely reduced. The impedance variation in as-designed microbatteries is systematically compared with that of currently used watch batteries in JSATS with an attempt to understand the intrinsic factors that control the performances of microbatteries under the real testing environments.

acoustic telemetry↗

DOE OSTI2016

Empirically testing vaterite structural models using neutron diffraction and thermal analysis

Otoliths, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) ear bones, are among the most commonly used age and growth structures of fishes. Most fish otoliths are comprised of the most dense CaCO 3 polymorph, aragonite. Sturgeon otoliths, in contrast, have been characterized as the rare and structurally enigmatic polymorph, vaterite a metastable polymorph of CaCO 3 . Vaterite is an important material ranging from biomedical to personal care applications although its crystal structure is highly debated. We characterized the structure of sturgeon otoliths using thermal analysis and neutron powder diffraction, which is used non-destructively. We confirmed that while sturgeon otoliths are primarily composed of vaterite, they also contain the denser CaCO 3 polymorph, calcite. For the vaterite fraction, neutron diffraction data provide enhanced discrimination of the carbonate group compared to x-ray diffraction data, owing to the different relative neutron scattering lengths, and thus offer the opportunity to uniquely test the more than one dozen crystal structural models that have been proposed for vaterite. Of those, space group P6 5 22 model, a = 7.1443(4)Å , c = 25.350(4)Å , V = 1121.5(2)Å 3 provides the best fit to the neutron powder diffraction data, and allows for a structure refinement using rigid carbonate groups.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Multimodal LA-ICP-MS and nanoSIMS imaging enables copper mapping within photoreceptor megamitochondria in a zebrafish model of Menkes disease

Here, copper is essential for eukaryotic life, and animals must acquire this nutrient through the diet and distribute it to cells and organelles for proper function of biological targets. Indeed, mutations in the central copper exporter ATP7A contribute to a spectrum of diseases, including Menkes disease, with symptoms ranging from neurodegeneration to lax connective tissue. As such, a better understanding of the fundamental impacts of ATP7A mutations on in vivo copper distributions is of relevance to those affected by these diseases. For this work, we combine metal imaging and optical imaging techniques at a variety of spatial resolutions to identify tissues and structures with altered copper levels in the Calamity gw71 zebrafish model of Menkes disease. Rapid profiling of tissue slices with LA-ICP-MS identified reduced copper levels in the brain, neuroretina, and liver of Menkes fish compared to control specimens. High resolution nanoSIMS imaging of the neuroretina, combined with electron and confocal microscopies, identified the megamitochondria of photoreceptors as loci of copper accumulation in wildtype fish, with lower levels of megamitochondrial copper observed in Calamity gw71 zebrafish. Interestingly, this localized copper decrease does not result in impaired photoreceptor development or altered megamitochondrial morphology, suggesting the prioritization of copper at sufficient levels for maintaining essential mitochondrial functions. Together, these data establish the Calamity gw71 zebrafish as an optically transparent in vivo model for the study of neural copper misregulation, illuminate a role for the ATP7A copper exporter in trafficking copper to the neuroretina, and highlight the utility of combining multiple imaging techniques for studying metals in whole organism settings with spatial resolution.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2015

The effects of temperature on gastric emptying time of malabar blood snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus, Bloch & Schneider 1801) using X-radiography technique

Water temperature can influence the metabolic rate of ectothermal animal such as, fish. This study aims to investigate the gastric emptying time (GET) of malabar blood snapper (L. malabaricus) at different temperature (22, 26, 30, 34°C) fed with commercial diet pellet. The gastric emptying times at different temperatures were determined X-radiographically, using barium sulfate (BaSO{sub 4}) as a contrast medium food marker. The food marker and X-radiography showed that initial voidance of fecal matter began 4-8 h after feeding at all temperature. The fastest GET (18 h) was obsereved at 30°C, whereas the longest (28 h) GET was seen at 22°C. GET was increased with increasing temperature up to 30°C whereas decreased at extreme (34°C) and stress temperature (22°C). The findings of this study suggest to culture L. malabaricus at 26-30°C with commercial diet pellet as this temperature ranges escalate the faster digestion process which may contribute faster growth rate of this commercially important fish species. Overall, the data obtained from this study may have important consequences for optimization of commercial production of malabar blood snapper.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Simulations of wavelength-multiplexed holography for single-shot spatiotemporal characterization of NIF’s advanced radiographic capability (ARC) laser

We simulate the use of a newly developed single-shot wavelength-multiplexed holography-based diagnostic, STRIPED FISH, to fully characterize the as-delivered laser pulses of the National Ignition Facility’s Advanced Radiographic Capability (NIF-ARC) laser. To that end, we have performed simulations of the NIF-ARC pulse incorporating (a) a time-integrated spatial-profile measurement and a complete temporal-intensity-and-phase measurement using a frequency resolved optical gating, but without any spatiotemporal pulse characterizations, and (b) simulated first-order spatiotemporal distortions, which could be measured on a single shot if a STRIPED FISH device were deployed.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2013

Genetic Monitoring of Threatened Chinook Salmon Populations: Estimating Introgression of Nonnative Hatchery Stocks and Temporal Genetic Changes

Abstract Conservation efforts aimed at Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations have frequently utilized artificial propagation in an attempt to increase fish abundance. However, this approach carries the risk of unwanted changes in the genetic characteristics of the target population and perhaps others that might incidentally be affected. We used genetic monitoring techniques to estimate the amount of introgression that has occurred from nonnative hatchery stocks into native populations and to determine the extent of genetic changes that have occurred in association with supplementation efforts over the past 20–50 years in Snake River Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha populations from northeastern Oregon. A total of 4,178 fish from 13 populations were genotyped for 12 microsatellite DNA loci. Expected heterozygosity values for each sample ranged from 0.707 to 0.868. Estimates of the effective number of breeders per year in the naturally spawning populations ranged from 20.6 to 459.1, whereas in the hatchery populations they ranged from 33.8 to 1,118.8. We found that introgression from the Rapid River Hatchery stock was particularly noticeable in the early 1990s but that it appears to have had a substantial effect on only two of the native populations (Lookingglass Creek and the upper Grande Ronde River) despite the ample opportunities for introgression to occur. All seven of the native populations sampled have maintained their levels of within-population genetic diversity throughout the sampling period. Overall, this region's supplementation efforts appear to have had a minimal effect on the genetic diversity of its Chinook Salmon populations. Received October 9, 2012; accepted March 25, 2013

Van Doornik, Donald M.↗

DOE OSTI2013

Sluiceway Operations for Adult Steelhead Downstream Passage at The Dalles Dam, Columbia River, USA

This study evaluated adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss; fallbacks and kelts) downstream passage at The Dalles Dam in the Columbia River, USA, during the late fall, winter, and early spring months between 2008 and 2011. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of operating the dam’s ice-and-trash sluiceway during non-spill months to provide a relatively safe, non-turbine, surface outlet for overwintering steelhead fallbacks and downstream migrating steelhead kelts. We applied the fixed-location hydroacoustic technique to estimate fish passage rates at the sluiceway and turbines of the dam. The spillway was closed during our sampling periods, which generally occurred in late fall, winter, and early spring. The sluiceway was highly used by adult steelhead (91–99% of total fish sampled passing the dam) during all sampling periods. Turbine passage was low when the sluiceway was not operated. This implies that lack of a sluiceway route did not result in increased turbine passage. However, when the sluiceway was open, adult steelhead used it to pass through the dam. The sluiceway may be operated during late fall, winter, and early spring to provide an optimal, non-turbine route for adult steelhead (fallbacks and kelts) downstream passage at The Dalles Dam.

Adult steelhead passage↗

DOE OSTI2013

Sluiceway Operations to Pass Juvenile Salmonids at The Dalles Dam, Columbia River, USA

Existing ice and trash sluiceways are commonly used to pass juvenile salmonids downstream at hydropower dams through a benign, non-turbine route. At The Dalles Dam on the Columbia River, managers undertook optimizing operations of sluiceway weirs to maximize survival of juvenile salmonids at the powerhouse. We applied fixed-location hydroacoustic methods to compare fish passage rates and sluiceway efficiencies for two weir configurations during 2004 and 2005: three weirs versus six weirs, located at the mid- versus east powerhouse, respectively. We also analyzed horizontal distributions of passage at the sluiceway and turbines and the effects of operating turbines beneath open sluiceway gates to provide supporting data relevant to operations optimization. Based on the findings, we recommend the following for long-term operations for the sluiceway at The Dalles Dam: open six rather than three sluiceway weirs to take advantage of the maximum hydraulic capacity of the sluiceway; open the three weirs above the western-most operating main turbine unit (MU) and the three weirs at MU 8 where turbine passage rates are relatively high; operate the turbine units below open sluiceway weirs as a standard procedure; operate the sluiceway 24 h/d year-round to maximize its benefits to juvenile salmonids; and use the same operations for spring and summer emigrants. These operational concepts are transferable to dams where sluiceway surface flow outlets are used protect downstream migrating fishes.

juvenile salmonid passage↗

DOE OSTI2014

Monitoring Stock-Specific Abundance, Run Timing, and Straying of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Using Genetic Stock Identification (GSI)

Abstract Genetic stock identification (GSI) provides a method of characterizing stock-specific abundance, run timing, and straying as they pertain to the population demographics and behavior of both hatchery and wild fish and thus assists with fisheries management. In this study, tissues were collected and genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci from adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that passed Bonneville Dam during four consecutive migration years (2004–2007). GSI methods were used to estimate the proportions of stocks in a broad genetic baseline, with high-density coverage of Chinook Salmon across the eastern Pacific Rim. The estimates of abundance for interior Columbia River stocks showed widespread decline consistent with a shift to poor ocean conditions during the years when the fish in this study were at sea, but divergent stock- and age-specific patterns were also observed. For example, the upper Columbia River spring-run stock experienced a unique net gain in abundance during this period, and the interior Columbia River summer–fall-run stock experienced a delayed decline of 4-year-olds. Stocks with early run timing shifted to later migrations. However, run timing distributions did not shift unidirectionally for all stocks across years, and stock membership in three major run timing categories was maintained. Of 9,215 total adults sampled, 27 (0.3%) were out-of-basin strays and a quarter of the strays were putatively of wild origin. The general concordance of GSI results with those based on more traditional methods supports the effectiveness of GSI as a tool for fisheries management. Received May 5, 2013; accepted October 23, 2013 Published online February 10, 2014

Hess, Jon E.↗

DOE OSTI2017

Age and Method of Release Affect Migratory Performance of Hatchery Steelhead

Abstract Hatchery programs that are designed to aid recovery of natural populations of anadromous salmonids, including steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss, require locally derived, natural-origin broodstock. In such programs, achieving smoltification size thresholds may require extending hatchery rearing beyond age 1. We compared out-migration survival and travel rates of 142,990 PIT-tagged steelhead smolts released at age 1 (S1 rearing strategy) or age 2 (S2 rearing strategy) over five release years at Winthrop National Fish Hatchery (WNFH, Okanogan County, Washington). An S2 rearing cycle produced larger smolts with more uniform size distributions, resulting in higher survival during the first portion of their out-migration than for S1 smolts in three of the five release years. The S2 smolts migrated more rapidly to the ocean than S1 smolts in all years except 2011 and arrived in the Columbia River estuary 5.4 d earlier on average than the S1 smolts. The S1 steelhead that did not leave during the volitional release were subsequently forced from the hatchery to measure their survival. Nonvolitional S1 migrants were smaller and had survival rates that were 2.3–66.3 times lower than those of S1 steelhead that left WNFH on their own. The same was true for S2 steelhead, but the magnitude of the survival difference between volitional migrants and fish forced from the raceways was less variable and ranged from 2.5- to 4.6-fold. We conclude that S2 rearing can be a successful strategy for producing smolts from local natural-origin broodstock, with out-migration survival and travel times that are equivalent to or better than those of S1 smolts produced from nonlocal broodstock. Received July 25, 2016; accepted March 31, 2017 Published online May 31, 2017

Tatara, Christopher P.↗

DOE OSTI2013

Suppression of Cannibalism during Larviculture of Burbot through Size Grading

Abstract The survival and percentage of North American Burbot Lota lota maculosa larvae and metamorphosing larvae presumed to have been cannibalized during a 15-d period immediately following a size-grading event were compared with those of fish in nongraded control groups. In larvae (mean TL, 11.8 mm), grading immediately produced a size distinction, as the group that passed the grader was significantly narrower and shorter than the group retained by the grader. The mean coefficient of variation of the length of larvae in the retained group was significantly lower than that of the control group, indicating that grading reduced size heterogeneity. Grading significantly increased larval survival, which averaged 74.3% and 93.3% for the passed and retained fish, respectively, compared with 59.3% in the control. Increased survival was linked to a reduction in the percentage of larvae presumed cannibalized in the graded groups. In metamorphosing larvae (mean TL, 21.0 mm), grading did not significantly change TL, width, or the coefficient of variation of length, nor did it improve survival or reduce presumed cannibalism. This study provides initial empirical evidence that size grading can be an effective way to significantly reduce cannibalism when done at the onset of cannibalism in larval-stage Burbot.

Barron, James M.↗

DOE OSTI2013

Phenotypic Comparisons among Natural-Origin, Hatchery-Origin, and Captive-Reared Female Spring Chinook Salmon from the Tucannon River, Washington

Abstract We examined the effects of hatchery rearing on FL, weight, egg size, fecundity, relative fecundity, and reproductive mass of female spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from a population that had been in captivity for 0 (natural-origin), 18 (hatchery-origin), and 48 (captive-reared broodstock) months. Age-4 captive-reared broodstock females that were reared for their entire life in the hatchery environment had significantly lower mean FL, weight, fecundity, relative fecundity, and reproductive mass, but had significantly larger eggs than age-4 females from the other groups after correcting for body size. Hatchery-origin females had significantly lower fecundity than natural-origin fish. Our findings illustrate a phenomenon of lower overall reproductive potential for hatchery-reared fish in the form of reduced fecundity that decreases as time spent in the hatchery environment increases. We also observed that progeny of captive-reared broodstock parents, released as smolts and recaptured as returning age-4 adults, have a size and fecundity distribution that is similar to the hatchery-origin adults, suggesting that the decrease in fecundity was not a genetically linked trait.

Gallinat, Michael P.↗

DOE OSTI2015

Stock-Specific Size and Timing at Ocean Entry of Columbia River Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead: Implications for Early Ocean Growth

Abstract Juvenile salmon transitioning from freshwater to marine environments experience high variation in growth and survival, yet the specific causes of this variation are poorly understood. Size at and timing of ocean entry may contribute to this variation because they influence both the availability of prey and vulnerability to predators. To explore this issue, we used stock assignments based on genetic stock identification and internal tags to document the stock-specific size and timing of juvenile hatchery and presumed wild Columbia River Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss at ocean entry during 2007–2011. We found that juvenile salmon and steelhead had consistent stock-specific capture dates, with lower-river stocks typically having earlier timing than those originating farther upstream. Mean size also varied among stocks and was related to hatchery practices. Hatchery yearling Chinook Salmon and steelhead were consistently larger than wild fish from the same stocks, although timing in the estuary was similar. In contrast, hatchery subyearling Chinook Salmon were of similar size to wild fish but entered the ocean up to a month earlier. We evaluated the potential importance of these traits on early marine growth by estimating stock-specific growth rates for Chinook Salmon caught in estuarine and ocean habitats. Growth rates were related to relative ocean entry timing, with lower growth rates for stocks that had only recently arrived in marine waters. Our results demonstrate that stocks within a single basin can differ in their size and timing of ocean entry, life history traits that contribute to early marine growth and potentially to the survival of juvenile salmon. Our results also highlight the necessity of considering stock-specific variation in life history traits to understand salmon ecology and survival across the entire life cycle. Received January 16, 2015; accepted April 28, 2015

Weitkamp, Laurie A.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Longitudinal seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Southern Uganda

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease endemic to many regions of Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and the Balkans. Caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV), CCHF has been a recognized cause of illness in Uganda since the 1950s and recently, more intensive surveillance suggests CCHFV is widely endemic within the country. Most surveillance has been focused on the Ugandan cattle corridor due to the risk of CCHFV exposure associated with livestock practices. Here we evaluated the seroprevalence of CCHFV in several Southern Ugandan communities outside the cattle corridor combined with longitudinal sample sets to measure the immune response to CCHFV for up to a decade. Interestingly, across three community types, agrarian, trading and fishing, we detected CCHFV seroprevalence in all three but found the highest seroprevalence in fishing communities. We also measured consistent CCHFV-specific antibody responses for up to a decade. Our findings support the conclusion that CCHFV is widely endemic in Uganda and highlight that additional communities may be at risk for CCHFV exposure.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Rapid retrieval of first-order spatiotemporal distortions for ultrashort laser pulses

High-intensity, ultrashort laser sources are a foundational pillar for High-Energy-Density (HED) physics, and as the repetition-rates of these systems increase, diagnostics must be developed to match their data collection speed. Characterization of any spatiotemporal distortions in the laser pulse is necessary in order to standardize results across facilities. Here, we have previously developed a laser diagnostic called Spatially and Temporally Resolved Intensity and Phase Evaluation Device: Full Information from a Single Hologram, or STRIPED FISH, to measure the full spatiotemporal laser electric field on a single shot. In order to provide rapid feedback, we here adapt the STRIPED FISH retrieval algorithm, which typically has computation times of up to 30 minutes due to the high spatial resolution of the device and its retrieval of the complete four-dimensional pulse field, to distill the key electric field quantities into a handful of scalars for rapid assessment of the pulse's first order distortions. Here, our new, rapid non-iterative retrieval algorithm is validated with simulated and experimental data, and it provides, within seconds, the same first-order information as given by the full analysis. This algorithm is suitable for on-shot assessment of spatiotemporal distortions and can be adapted to assess high repetition-rate laser quality in HED experiments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

Elevated plasma triglycerides and growth rate are early indicators of reproductive status in post-spawning female steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Many iteroparous fishes spawn after skipping one or more yearly cycles, which impacts recruitment estimates used for fisheries management and conservation. The physiological mechanisms underlying the development of consecutive and skip spawning life histories in fishes are not well understood. In salmonids, lipid energy reserves and/or growth are thought to regulate the initiation of reproductive maturation during a critical period ~1 year prior to spawning. The fasting spawning migration of summer-run steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) results in significant depletion of energy reserves during the proposed critical period for repeat spawning. To determine whether and when lipid energy reserves and growth influence repeat spawning, measures of lipid energy reserves, growth rate and reproductive development were tracked in female steelhead trout from first to second spawning as a consecutive or skip spawner in captivity. Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and growth rate were elevated by 10 weeks after spawning in reproductive (i.e. consecutive spawning) versus non-reproductive (i.e. skip spawning) individuals. Muscle lipid (ML) levels, condition factor and plasma estradiol levels increased at later time points. The early differences in plasma TG levels and increases in growth rate are attributable to differential rates of feeding and assimilation between the groups following spawning. A year after spawning, plasma TG levels, MLs and growth rate decreased in consecutive spawners, attributable to transfer of lipid reserves into the ovary. During the year prior to second spawning, energy reserves and plasma estradiol levels were higher in reproductive skip spawners versus consecutive spawners, reflecting the energy deficit after first spawning. These results suggest that the decision to initiate ovarian recrudescence occurs by 10 weeks after first spawning and are consistent with the differences in energy reserves acquired following spawning being a consequence of that decision. This information will increase the success of conservation projects reconditioning post-spawning summer-run steelhead trout.

Jenkins, Laura E.↗