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At least 793 records · Page 44

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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterizing the Risk: Review of Sensorimotor Evidence and Research Roadmap

BACKGROUND: NASA’s Artemis program will take astronauts back to the lunar surface for the first time in almost 50 years. Despite the successes of the previous Apollo program, the Artemis missions will differ in duration, vehicle characteristics, and landing tasks that may exacerbate the risks to crew health/safety and mission objectives. NASA’s Human Research Program identifies the risk of altered sensorimotor/vestibular function impacting critical mission tasks as one of the top priority risks to lunar exploration missions. This session will review the existing evidence and remaining gaps in knowledge for the sensorimotor risk. DESCRIPTION: Alterations in sensorimotor processing during spaceflight can lead to motion sickness, spatial disorientation, and decrements in postural control, locomotion, and fine motor control during and following gravity-transitions. The risk of impairment is greatest during and soon after gravity-transitions, when performance decrements may have high operational impacts (e.g., manual landings, immediate egress following landing, and early extravehicular activities (EVAs)). Recent studies have specifically improved the risk characterization of changes in perception, motion sickness, postural and locomotor control, manual control, and fine-motor coordination. However, given the difficulty in obtaining measurements during and soon after gravity-transitions, evidence for initial decrements immediately following gravity-transitions remains limited. The most significant gaps in the risk include manual control ability around gravity-transitions, the incidence and severity of motion sickness during landings, and the ability to perform egress/EVAs soon after gravity-transition. To address these gaps, current research roadmaps leverage both spaceflight studies and ground-based analogs for risk characterization and countermeasure development/validation. DISCUSSION: This panel will further describe the current sensorimotor research strategies with an emphasis on the operational scenarios of manual control, crew egress, and EVA. The goal of this research is to accommodate the needs of the crew and facilitate human capabilities to ensure lunar mission success. This work will prepare NASA for successful Artemis missions and enable the next giant leap, the exploration of Mars.

Timothy Ryan Macaulay↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Experimental Characterization of an Electric Ducted Fan for the SUSAN 25% Scale Research Vehicle

An electric ducted fan (EDF) was tested in the NASA Langley 12-Foot Low-Speed Tunnel for the SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan 25% scale research vehicle, which incorporates distributed electric fans along the wings and serves as a scaled electrified transport aircraft testbed. The commercial-off-the-shelf EDF was selected as a propulsor that can meet the 25% scale vehicle geometry constraints, along with the performance requirements throughout the flight profile. The test included a series of one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and design of experiments (DOE) approaches that were implemented across a range of fan speed, voltage, freestream dynamic pressure, and incidence angle settings to characterize the performance of the EDF. Several test matrix designs and modeling approaches were considered. System identification methods were used to develop a static motor model, a dynamic motor model, an EDF thrust model, and a power consumption model. The model predictive capabilities were then evaluated with validation data not used in the modeling process. The results provide a comprehensive set of models developed to characterize the fan, and offer general insight into EDF modeling approaches.

electric ducted fan↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization of an Optically Accessible RP/GOx Rotating Detonation Engine

The accurate characterization of the dynamic response of liquid jets to transient detonation wave passage is crucial for optimizing and modeling liquid-fueled rotating detonation combustors. To address this need, we have developed an optically accessible rocket RDE (RP-RDE), which utilizes liquid RP-1 and gaseous oxygen as propellants and operates at elevated pressures. The experimental setup features optical access from the oxidizer injection plenum to the combustor exit, allowing for detailed characterization of injection, mixing, and combustion processes and their impact on the detonation wave structure. To design and develop the liquid injection scheme for the RP-RDE test article, we employed a combined experimental and numerical approach that included cold-flow simulations. Our aim was to optimize the liquid injection process and ensure that the resulting fuel-oxidizer mixture is homogeneous and stable. To this end, high-speed optical imaging will be employed to provide qualitative visualization of the liquid and gaseous phases of the propellant as well as the local heat release during detonation wave propagation through the non-premixed medium. This work will provide critical insights into the behavior of the transient detonation waves in more relevant rocket conditions, which is essential for the optimization and modeling of rotating detonation combustors.

Propulsion↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization Progress of an Absorption Laser Differential Interferometer

An absorption laser differential interferometer (A-LDI) system can be used to provide simultaneous, colinear measurements of flow properties (pressure, temperature, concentration, velocity) and flow fluctuations. Further characterization work on the absorption aspect of the system is provided in this paper, including characterization of the laser operating parameters, comparisons of two etalons of different free spectral range, and the further evaluation of a fixed-wavelength absorption measurement that can be used to obtain absorption and LDI measurements with the same sampling rate. A 0.4 GHz etalon was demonstrated to provide sufficient fringe peaks at low modulation depths to be used for the low-pressure testing characteristic of hypersonic wind tunnel facilities. The use of a 3 GHz etalon as a low-cost relative wavemeter was tested and validated. Data taken with the fixed-wavelength strategy in a sub-atmospheric test cell using 100% O2was successful and will allow absorption and LDI data to be acquired simultaneously, colinearly, and at the same sampling rate, yielding a truly simultaneous measurement of the flow density fluctuations and the flow mean density.

Joshua M Weisberger↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

On Characterization of Flow Disturbances in Arc-Jet Testing

This paper reports computational simulations and analysis of flow characterization tests in high enthalpy arc-jet facilities at NASA Ames Research Center. Flow disturbances and their characterization are presented through case studies, and their implications for testing are discussed. The case studies include free-jet test configurations from three different arc heaters and nozzles: the 60-MW IHF 30-inch conical nozzle, the 10-MW TP3 15-inch conical nozzle, and the 20-MW AHF 12-inch conical nozzle. For all cases, test articles are placed in the jet exiting the conical nozzle, and the existence of a flow disturbance is confirmed through flow survey data using pitot pressure and heat flux probes and accompanying analysis. The paper focuses on cases where the effects of the disturbances on test article surface quantities are important. The present analysis comprises computational fluid dynamics simulations of the nonequilibrium flowfield in the facility nozzles and test box, including the models tested. Comparisons of computations with the experimental measurements are presented. The computations that reproduce the probe sweep data approximately are essential to interpret the arc-jet test data accurately, while providing insights into several observed calorimeter anomalies caused by flow disturbances.

Arc-jet testing↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization Progress of an Absorption Laser Differential Interferometer

An absorption laser differential interferometer (A-LDI) system can be used to provide simultaneous, colinear measurements of flow properties (pressure, temperature, concentration, velocity) and flow fluctuations. Further characterization work on the absorption aspect of the system is provided in this paper, including characterization of the laser operating parameters, comparisons of two etalons of different free spectral range, and the further evaluation of a fixed-wavelength absorption measurement that can be used to obtain absorption and LDI measurements with the same sampling rate. A 0.4 GHz etalon was demonstrated to provide sufficient fringe peaks at low modulation depths to be used for the low-pressure testing characteristic of hypersonic wind tunnel facilities. The use of a 3 GHz etalon as a low-cost relative wavemeter was tested and validated. Data taken with the fixed-wavelength strategy in a sub-atmospheric test cell using 100% O 2 was successful and will allow absorption and LDI data to be acquired simultaneously, colinearly, and at the same sampling rate, yielding a truly simultaneous measurement of the flow density fluctuations and the flow mean density.

Joshua M. Weisberger↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

On Characterization of Flow Disturbances in Arc-Jet Testing

Arc-jet testing↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Emissions Characterization and Smoke Transport of A Prescribed Fire

Under the background of climate change, vast regions of the world will face a hotter and probably drier future that favors ignition and spread of wildfires. This poses additional challenges to the communities who are fighting the ever-larger wildfires. Fire and smoke models are valuable tools to fire managers and decision-makers to mitigate the impact of fires. Existing fire modeling systems bear large uncertainties due to the difficulty in collecting data to characterize fire behavior and smoke transport. More observations are urgently needed for improvement of fire modeling and reduction in model uncertainty. The coordinated prescribed burn experiment, such as the Fire and Smoke Model and Measurement Evaluation Experiment (FSMMEE), will allow the concurrent collection of critical measurements of fuel, fire behavior, smoke, and meteorology to better understand and model fires. In this preliminary investigation, we employed the data from the prescribed burn experiment at Langdon Mountain, Utah, in November 2019, to reconstruct the fire emissions and characterize the smoke transport. The NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting Model (NU-WRF) was utilized to assist in identifying the potential pre-fire remote sensing capabilities, such as fuel load, moisture, and fire radiative power, which are helpful to model development and advancement. Along the way, two sets of NU-WRF experiments would be done by applying either a default fire emissions inventory (i.e., NASA’s Quick Fire Emissions Dataset, QFED) or reconstructed fire emissions using the data collected from the prescribed fire. The results would help answer the questions such as “How do reconstructed emissions compare to QFED emissions and their impact on plume transport”.

NU-WRF↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Improved Spectral and Angular Characterization of Libya-4 and Dome-C for consistent MODIS and VIIRS Radiometric Scaling

The NASA CERES observed SW and LW fluxes are utilized by the climate community for monitoring the Earth’s energy imbalance and for climate model validation. To facilitate seamless flux and cloud properties across MODIS, VIIRS, and geostationary (GEO) imagers the CERES project intercalibrates the imagers directly comparing the coincident ray-matched analogous channel radiances. For CERES edition 4 products, the MODIS, VIIRS and GEO imagers were radiometrically scaled to the Aqua-MODIS C5 calibration reference. There are no direct comparison opportunities between NPP and NOAA20 VIIRS, since they are positioned a half an orbit apart. The previous usage of Aqua-MODIS as a transfer radiometer is coming to an end, since the Aqua orbit is slowly drifting towards the terminator and will be deorbited in 2026. The CERES project will utilize the Libya-4 and Dome-C invariant targets to radiometrically scale between MODIS and VIIRS reflective solar bands. The Libya-4 and Dome-C Earth invariant targets will be characterized by the repeat cycle angular configuration. The target spectral band adjustment factors (SBAF) will be derived using EMIT and DESIS hyper-spectral observations onboard the ISS and will be compared with the existing SCIAMACHY, GOME-2, and Hyperion SBAFs. The DESIS and EMIT SBAF approach can incorporate the future CLARREO CPF SI traceable hyper-spectral measurements allowing the targets to be referenced to an absolute calibration reference. Utilizing the BRDF and atmospheric corrected characterization of one sensor with another will provide the scaling factors. Consistent scaling factors between the two invariant target validates the method.

David R. Doelling↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Method Development for Experimental Characterization of Dynamic Strength of Aluminum Structures

Space Flight Hardware (SFH) experiences intense vibratory loading during flight, which only lasts a few minutes. When determining the appropriate size of these components to withstand such loading without becoming damaged, standard design practice is to assume that the peak dynamic loads are applied statically. In doing so, the resulting stress is compared against a material strength parameter obtained from a quasi-static experiment. Since the near-peak stresses are only experienced over a small fraction of time in reality, this approach leads to design conservatism that unnecessarily increases structural mass as well as the associated inefficiency and financial cost. In an effort to modernize engineering design standards to appropriately consider the higher practical strength of dynamically loaded structures, this overarching research project seeks to develop an experimental test procedure for quantifying the dynamic strength of metallic alloys as a function of excitation frequency. In the ideal case, the characterization test would include an in-situ method for monitoring the onset and progression of plastic deformation of the test specimen undergoing vibratory loading. These new tests are designed to be high intensity (forcing amplitude), short term (60 seconds at full amplitude), and cyclic in nature (sinusoidal excitation via attached stinger to an otherwise cantilevered beam). In addition, the initial alloy under investigation is 6061 aluminum, due to its wide use and applicability for SFH. Thus far, the primary candidate under development with live-capacity is to track hysteresis behavior of the beam from power dissipation trends, calculated via force (from transducer on excitation stinger) and velocity (measurements from Laser Doppler Vibrometer) data and work to distinguish between elastic and plastic features. As a key component of this ongoing method development, any pseudo-live indication of plasticity could be corroborated against the outcome of a pre-post assessment of damage via macroscopic evaluation of beam geometry (i.e. assessing any permanent change in the beam’s tip deflection). Support for experimental design decisions as well as dynamic strength data from tests with excitation frequencies of 10, 40, and 55 Hz will be discussed. This work contributes to the foundation for a new type of vibration-based characterization experiments and generates initial data on the functional strength of 6061 aluminum under the conditions considered.

vibrations, plastic deformation, aluminum, testing↗

NASA NTRS2024

3D Printed Materials Characterization for Rapid Prototyping and Plant Growth

Through KSC IRTD funding in 2022, this project brought a list of 18, 3D printed filaments into formal characterization testing to provide a reference for their behaviors under relevant applications. The project format set up a series of tests to expose 3D printed specimens. A total of 1,989 individual 3D printed test specimens were sent across KSC to be scrutinized by three laboratories to fulfill a multidisciplinary assessment of each material TRL. Testing started with 18 materials. Initially, seed germination assays in the PPA, sample materials were enclosed in petri dishes with lettuce seeds on damp germination paper. No significant impacts on lettuce seed germination were observed in this testing. Next, sample coupons were printed and sent for materials testing to the KSC Analysis/Mechanical and Environmental Testing Laboratory, where they were subjected to 14- and 30-day soak periods in solutions used to provide nutrients to plants or to sanitize hardware before and after use. Following a long soak typical of a 30-day plant growout in Hoagland’s solution, 14 materials gained more than 10% of their own mass. This indicated an increased potential for leaching or providing conditions that are not food safe. Materials that exceeded 15% absorption by mass were eliminated from further testing. Based off this result, the team continued with a core list of nine filaments to fulfill Tensile, Flexural, Biofilm formation, and plant growth testing. Those materials were PLA (Raise3D), ABS (Raise3D), PETG (PolyethyleneTerephthalate Glycol) (Raise3D), ASA (Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate) (Raise3D), PC (Polycarbonate) (Raise3D), TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane)-95 (Raise3D), PLA Copper (Gizmodorks), PP (Polypropylene) (Braskem), and HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) (Gizmodorks). Testing also quantified the spectral impact of using different color 3D printed surfaces in a growth chamber. The material used for spectral testing was PLA. Printing employed a standard surface texture representative of all materials. It was shown through Tensile Testing (ASTM D638-22) that the breaking force of a 3D printed part greatly varied depending on layer orientation. This is common through all materials, and demonstrates that the strength of a 3D printed component can be maximized by layering the material normal to the primary force on the part. Four-point flexural testing (ASTM D790) provided quantities of interest, Flexural modulus, Flexural strength, Flexural stress, and strain at break within a 5% strain limit from each of nine materials. Biofilm formation testing was conducted in the Molecular and Microbiological Laboratory. Testing completed on specimens from each material showed equal formation on the surface. Additional plant growth testing was conducted in the PPA beyond the initial germination testing. The final assessment documents that three materials (PLA, ABS, and PC) have reached TRL 6 through extensive testing, and ultimate end-to-end applied use in experimental or testing conditions (flight and ground). TRL 5 materials (ASA, TPU-95, PLA Copper, PP, PETG, and HIPS) have all been successfully applied in Research and Development for crop growth applications and are ready to be applied in formal testing. TRL 4 materials Nylon910, PLA Carbon Fiber, PPA CF, PPA Glass Fiber (GF), NinjaFlex, and P-filament 721 are materials that were able to be printed and tested, but have yet to show data meeting applied requirements. TRL 3 NylonX, Flex TPE-185, and Nylon were unable to be reliably printed to fulfill testing. These results provide researchers with reference for materials to use during plant growth experimentation, and also set a standard for future characterization work applying 3D printing and materials to testing, research, and experimentation.

Gioia Massa↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Pre-Launch Characterization of the Hyperspectral Ocean Color Instrument on NASA’s Pace Mission

Launched in February 2024, the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission represents NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records. A key feature of PACE is the inclusion of an advanced satellite radiometer known as the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a global mapping radiometer that combines multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing. Like its predecessors, OCI provides two day global coverage of top-of-atmosphere radiances. Unlike its predecessors, OCI covers a spectral range from 340 nm to 2260 nm. Below 900 nm, OCI provides hyperspectral radiances sampled every 2.5 nm or 1.25nm, with a bandwidth of 5 nm for each channel. Its spatial resolution is about 1.2km. The high radiometric accuracy of OCI was made possible by a thorough and extensive prelaunch characterization campaign, conducted at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. This presentation describes the prelaunch radiometric characterization (approach and results) of OCI, such as e.g. the linearity correction, signal to noise ratio, polarization, IFOV, relative spectral response, radiometric gain, temperature sensitivity, optical crosstalk, and response versus scan angle.

Gerhard Meister↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

MSR Curation Technology Development – Developing Protocols for Pre-Basic Characterization Measurements

The joint NASA/ESA Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign could deliver to Earth the first pristine Mar-tian rock and regolith samples, collected by the Mars2020 science mission, Perseverance. In preparation for their arrival, the NASA/ESA Joint Curation Office (JCO) within the Sample Receiving Project (SRP) is developing curation technology needed to perform initial characterization of the samples while isolating samples from the Earth’s biosphere and protecting the samples from terrestrial contamination. (RSTA; Fig. 1). The Mars Sample Return Planning Group 2 (MSPG2) identified methods for achieving an array of potential science objectives for MSR outlined by the International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST) [1]. One category of methods, called Pre-Basic Characterization, recommends potential analyses that would happen before the Returnable Sample Tube Assemblies (RSTA; Figure 1) are opened: 1) Magnetometer & Magnetic Susceptibility; 2) X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) Scanner [2]. To be in compliance with planetary protection requirements, and to limit the amount of time sample tubes are out-side of an isolated contamination-controlled environment, secondary containment is necessary. A Sample Tube Isolation Container (STIC) and Secondary Outer Containment Case (SOCC) is currently being developed at NASA JPL under the direction of the SRP JCO.

V Tu↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Quantitative Characterization of 3D Woven Composites Via Fourier Analysis and Structure Tensors Applied to CT Scans

NASA's development of advanced 3D woven carbon composites, such as HEEET and 3MDCP, represents a significant leap in materials designed to endure extreme atmospheric entry conditions. However, the internal complexity of these materials introduces a variety of structures and novel defect types. Traditional characterization methods rely on labor-intensive, manual examination of X-ray CT scans, demanding considerable time and expertise. This process, while thorough, is not sustainable for large-scale analysis and defect tracking. Addressing this critical challenge, this presentation introduces an innovative suite of automated tools and analytical techniques, pioneered by the Mars Sample Return (MSR) Earth Entry System (EES) Thermal Protection System (TPS) project. These advancements offer a more efficient and accurate approach for quantifying CT data and characterizing the defects of 3D woven composites.

3D Woven↗

NASA NTRS2023

Automated Global-Scale Detection and Characterization of Anthropogenic Activity using Multi-Source Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Imagery

Satellite-based remote sensing imagery is an effective means for detecting objects and structures in support of many applications. However, detecting the spatial and temporal bounds of a specific activity in satellite imagery is inherently more complex and research in this area is nascent. One reason for this is that describing an activity implies defining both spatial and temporal bounds and while activity is inherently continuous in nature, the geospatial (imagery) time series for any particular swath of ground provided by satellite imagery is relatively sparse and discrete in comparison. The IARPA Space-Based Machine Automated Recognition Technique (SMART)1 program is the first large-scale research program to target advancing the state of the art for automatically detecting, characterizing, and monitoring large-scale anthropogenic activity in global, multispectral satellite imagery. The program has two primary research objectives: 1) the “harmonization” of multiple imagery sources and 2) automated reasoning at scale to detect, characterize, and monitor activities of interest. This paper provides details on the goals, dataset, metrics, and lessons learned of the IARPA SMART program. By releasing the annotated dataset, the program aims to foster additional research in this area by the community at large.

Hirsh R Goldberg↗

NASA NTRS2024

Characterization of Low-Velocity Impact Damage in Toughened Non-Crimp Fabric Laminates

The damage response of resin-infused composites was investigated using quasi-static indentation (QSI) and instrumented drop-weight impact testing. The test specimens were composed of six layers of non-crimp fabrics where each layer contained +45°, 90°, −45°, and 0° plies. The goals of the testing were to identify damage responses that may differ from traditional thermoset materials and provide damage characterization data to evaluate current damage prediction analyses and aid improvements to current damage models. The damage was characterized using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonic testing (UT). Incremental QSI loading was used on a single specimen to investigate damage growth in nine steps at progressively higher loads. Realtime acoustic emission data were used to determine the unloading points. Unlike typical thermoset composites, the force-displacement was smooth and showed no obvious indications of damage. The primary damage consisted of large lines of fiber fracture on the plies near the impact surface and delaminations through the thickness. Nine specimens were impacted at nominal impact energies of 25 ft-lbs, 30 ft-lbs, and 35 ft-lbs. The force histories at each energy followed nearly identical paths. Again, no obvious signs of damage were observed in any of the force histories. The general damage response in the dynamic tests was similar to the QSI-loaded specimens. However, repeat specimens impacted with a given impact energy showed variations in the damage. Some characteristics of the damage response were different than those typically observed in thermoset composites and will need to be evaluated using current analysis methods.

Composite Materials↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization of Low-Velocity Impact Damage in Toughened Non-Crimp Fabric Laminates

Composite Materials↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Roman-WFI: characterization of widefield chromatic response

Characterization of filter transmission is essential to control systematic chromatic errors in photometric surveys. Widefield surveys employ large filter optics viewed from high angles of incidence. Large optics may have variations in edge wavelength definition across their surface, and their spectral response shifts at high incidence angles. I will describe the characterization of the band definitions for the Wide Field Instrument of the Roman Space Telescope as part of its thermal vacuum test campaigns and through preparatory work. The measurement approach and analysis enable joint retrieval of chromatic response variations across the filter and focal plane. Additional tests probe out-of-band response and thermal straylight paths.

Eric Switzer↗