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At least 775 records · Page 43

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NASA NTRS1992

SPE water electrolyzers in support of the lunar outpost

During the 1970s, the SPE water electrolyzer, which uses ion exchange membranes as its sole electrolyte, was developed for nuclear submarine metabolic oxygen production. These developments included SPE water electrolyzer operation at up to 3,000 psia and at current densities in excess of 1,000 amps per square foot. The SPE water electrolyzer system is now fully qualified for both the U.S. and U.K. Navies with tens of thousands of system hours accumulated at sea. During the 1980s, the basic SPE water electrolyzer cell structure developed for the Navies was incorporated into several demonstrations for NASA's Space Station Program. Among these were: the SPE regenerative fuel cell for electrical energy storage; the SPE water electrolyzer for metabolic oxygen production; and the high pressure SPE water electrolyzer for reboost propulsion reactant production. In the 1990s, one emphasis will be the development of SPE water electrolyzers for the Lunar Outposts Currently defined potential Lunar Outpost applications for the SPE water electrolyzer include: SPE water electrolyzers for metabolic oxygen and potable water production from reclaimed water; and SPE water electrolyzers operating at high pressure as part of stationary and mobile surface energy storage systems.

Mcelroy, J. F.↗

NASA NTRS2013

Silicon/Carbon Nanotube Photocathode for Splitting Water

A proof-of-concept device is being developed for hydrogen gas production based on water-splitting redox reactions facilitated by cobalt tetra-aryl porphyrins (Co[TArP]) catalysts stacked on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that are grown on n-doped silicon substrates. The operational principle of the proposed device is based on conversion of photoelectron energy from sunlight into chemical energy, which at a later point, can be turned into electrical and mechanical power. The proposed device will consist of a degenerately n-doped silicon substrate with Si posts covering the surface of a 4-in. (approximately equal to 10cm) wafer. The substrate will absorb radiation, and electrons will move radially out of Si to CNT. Si posts are designed such that the diameters are small enough to allow considerable numbers of electrons to transport across to the CNT layer. CNTs will be grown on top of Si using conformal catalyst (Fe/Ni) deposition over a thin alumina barrier layer. Both metallic and semiconducting CNT will be used in this investigation, thus allowing for additional charge generation from CNT in the IR region. Si post top surfaces will be masked from catalyst deposition so as to prevent CNT growth on the top surface. A typical unit cell will then consist of a Si post covered with CNT, providing enhanced surface area for the catalyst. The device will then be dipped into a solution of Co[TArP] to enable coating of CNT with Co(P). The Si/CNT/Co [TArP] assembly then will provide electrons for water splitting and hydrogen gas production. A potential of 1.23 V is needed to split water, and near ideal band gap is approximately 1.4 eV. The combination of doped Si/CNT/Co [TArP] will enable this redox reaction to be more efficient.

Amashukeli, Xenia↗

DOE OSTI2024

Characterizing Radium Distributions, Source Attribution and Impacts from Marcellus Produced Water

This presentation characterizes spatial trends in radium (Ra) concentrations, sources, and potential impacts generated from Marcellus Shale produced waters. Here, we combine previously published produced water data with additional Ra activity measurements extracted from residual waste reports submitted to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection from 2012-2023. This is the largest, spatially referenced compilation of Ra activity measurements from produced water sourced from the Marcellus Shale to date. The median Marcellus Shale produced water Ra activity presented here is 6,906 pCi/L (interquartile range = 12,515 pCi/L). Radium activities in the positively skewed dataset can exceed 30,000 pCi/L in some parts of the state. The regional trends in Ra concentrations and isotopic ratios will be characterized and potential environmental and health implications discussed.

Mackey, Justin↗

DOE OSTI2022

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water for Metal-foam-filled Horizontal Tubes

The goal of this paper is to enhance the in-tube flow boiling heat transfer of water while accounting for potential increase in pressure drop. Metal foams are a class of cellular structure with large surface-area-to-volume ratio and tortuous structure which has shown promising results for various energy conversion and storage applications. The higher heat transfer area and higher nucleation sites density due to the porous media can effectively enhance the heat transfer of water in both single-phase and two-phase operations. This paper presents the local heat transfer and pressure drop measurements of water in a partially metal-foam-filled horizontal copper tube. The ranges of parameters in the experiments are: mass flux from 80 to 200 kg/s-m2, heat flux from 3.5 to 105 kW/m2, and vapor quality from subcooled to 0.3. The results in the metal-foam-filled tube are compared with that of the bare copper tube. The effect of metal foam on the thermal hydraulic characteristics is discussed and analyzed. In addition, the two-phase flow behavior in a transparent tube filled with the same metal foam was visualized and investigated by high-speed imaging system. The experiments were also conducted in the tube without the metal foam for comparison.

Nawaz, Kashif↗

NASA NTRS2015

Mars ISRU for Production of Mission Critical Consumables - Options, Recent Studies, and Current State of the Art

In 1978, a ground breaking paper titled, "Feasibility of Rocket Propellant Production on Mars" by Ash, Dowler, and Varsi discussed how ascent propellants could be manufactured on the Mars surface from carbon dioxide collected from the atmosphere to reduce launch mass. Since then, the concept of making mission critical consumables such as propellants, fuel cell reactants, and life support consumables from local resources, commonly known as In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), for robotic and human missions to Mars has been studied many times. In the late 1990's, NASA initiated a series of Mars Human Design Reference Missions (DRMs), the first of which was released in 1997. These studies primarily focused on evaluating the impact of making propellants on Mars for crew ascent to Mars orbit, but creating large caches of life support consumables (water & oxygen) as a backup for regenerative life support systems for long-duration surface stays (>500 days) was also considered in Mars DRM 3.0. Until science data from the Mars Odyssey orbiter and subsequent robotic missions revealed that water may be widely accessable across the surface of Mars, prior Mars ISRU studies were limited to processing Mars atmospheric resources (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, and water vapor). In December 2007, NASA completed the Mars Human Design Reference Architecture (DRA) 5.0 study which considered water on Mars as a potential resource for the first time in a human mission architecture. While knowledge of both water resources on Mars and the hardware required to excavate and extract the water were very preliminary, the study concluded that a significant reduction in mass and significant enhancements to the mission architecture were possible if Mars water resources were utilized. Two subsequent Mars ISRU studies aimed at reexamining ISRU technologies, processing options, and advancements in the state-of-the-art since 2007 and to better understand the volume and packaging associated with Mars ISRU systems further substantiated the preliminary results from the Mars DRA 5.0 study. This paper will provide an overview of Mars ISRU consumable production options, the analyses, results, and conclusions from the Mars DRA 5.0 (2007), Mars Collaborative (2013), and Mars ISRU Payload for the Supersonic Retro Propulsion (2014) mission studies, and the current state-of-the-art of Mars ISRU technologies and systems. The paper will also briefly discuss the mission architectural implications associated with Mars resource and ISRU processing options.

Sanders, G. B.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Madidrop for Passive Silver Dosing

Madidrop is a rectangular ceramic tablet originally designed to dose a 10-20-liter volume of water with silver to act as a biocide for remote communities with unreliable water sources. Silver as a biocide is a proposed method to control bacteria on the International Space Station or future Artemis missions. This would replace iodine currently used due to issues with a dual biocide system in place between Russian and US segments and the extra cost of iodine removal required before consumption. NASA has been reviewing this Madidrop technology and its potential application with a water reclamation system on orbit to dose silver after purifying the water. While there are a couple alternative methods to dosing silver on station, this method is like the existing passive dosing method used currently to dose iodine. Tests conducted characterize the manufacturer’s original intent to leave the tablet in a tank for a specified amount of time before removing and testing alternative passive flow-through methods. Passive flow testing involved two options: keeping the tablet intact or crushing the tablet into smaller particle sizes to increase the surface area while varying particle sizes. The results of these tests revealed a large amount of silver output at first that quickly reduced to a constant lower output within a reasonable dosing concentration range. The initial high concentration peaks after a couple days of quiescence and could be useful for shocking the initial tank water contents. Madidrop used as a passive particle doser could act as a stand-in replacement for iodine in future spaceflight water reclamation systems.

Ryan Ogilvie↗

NASA NTRS2024

Madidrop for Passive Silver Dosing

Ryan Ogilvie↗

DOE OSTI2023

Wettability variation and its impact on CO 2 storage capacity at the Wyoming CarbonSAFE storage hub: An experimental approach

Meeting global and national net zero carbon emission targets will require geologic carbon disposal. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has accordingly funded significant research in this area, including the Wyoming CarbonSAFE project at Dry Fork Station (DFS) in Campbell County, Wyoming. This work studied wettability on micro- and macro-scales, CO 2 storage potential, and the correlation between the two to support the Wyoming CarbonSAFE project’s subsurface assessment. During the study, a target formation’s wettability was found to affect how much CO 2 can be stored in a given formation. Here, in this study, representative rock samples were selected from the target storage formations— Lakota, Hulett, and Minnelusa—based on the heterogeneity of the lithology, permeability, and porosity of the respective formations. The rock samples are all fine-grained sandstone with variable cementation and bedding structure, including different scales of laminated bedding. The porosity and permeability vary within the range of 9.0–14.3% and 0.1–28.9 mD, respectively. These rock samples were prepared for the micro-scale wettability (contact angle measurement), macro-scale wettability (wettability index derived from unsteady-state flow characterization for the core plugs), and CO 2 storage evaluation. The macro-scale experiments suggested that wettability appeared to dominate the CO 2 storage potential performance during the drainage process, where less water-wet behavior promoted higher CO 2 storage potential. The micro-scale wettability tests showed that the rock samples at the studied reservoir conditions behaved water-wet and became more water-wet as pressure increased. This kind of wettability change discourages further CO 2 storage potential yet benefits the CO 2 residual trapping as the CO 2 injection proceeds for the studied area. The results allow the recommendation of the best reservoir candidate for storage based on wettability that affects CO 2 storage. The work presented in this study provides valuable insights into wettability’s effect on the CO 2 storage capacity and wettability’s importance when identifying the optimal CO 2 storage formation to meet the project’s goals.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1992

A systems approach to water recovery testing for space life support - Initial biomedical results from the ECLSS Water Recovery Test and plans for testbed utilization

Among the challenges of designing and constructing Space Station Freedom is the development of the water system. A review of past efforts in reclaiming waste water in enclosed environments reveals that there are many gaps in the biomedical understanding of this process. Some of the key uncertainties of human interaction with a closed water system include determining potential contaminants and establishing safe levels of multiple compounds in the enclosed system of Space Station. Another uncertainty is the microbial constituency of such a system and what impact it could have on crew health and performance. The use of iodine as the passive biocide may have both an indirect and direct impact on the crew. In this paper the initial results of the Water Recovery Test are reviewed from a biomedical perspective, revealing areas where more information is needed to develop the ECLSS water system. By including the approach of 'man as a subsystem', consideration is given to how man interacts with the total water system. Taking this systems approach to providing the crew with a safe source of water gives useful insight into the most efficient design and utilization of closed system testbeds.

Aten, Laurie A.↗

DOE OSTI2026

In Situ Analysis of Manganese Antimonate Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts via Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Here, manganese antimonates are earth-abundant potential alternatives to precious metal catalysts for the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER). Herein, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the surface chemistry of a manganese antimonate catalyst for the OER under ultra-high vacuum, ambient pressure, and in situ reaction conditions. Ex situ and in situ analysis revealed the oxidation states of surficial species as a function of material stoichiometry, water content, and applied potential. In situ XPS measurements in 1.0 M KOH(aq) indicated that relative to the rest state, the surface Mn(III) partially oxidized while effecting the OER, with approximately 15% of the Mn signal attributable to Mn(IV) and the remainder attributable to Mn(III).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Data Integration and Visualization for Enhanced Resilience and Sustainability in Hydropower (DIVERS-H)

U.S. hydropower plants face potential threats from shrinking water supply, rising demands, and warmer stream temperatures from various causes. Power plant owners, operators, and regulators require new tools to take advantage of and interpret the diverse range of scientific data being produced by both observational methods (for example, satellite, radar, stream gauges) and computer modeling methods that evaluate and predict how earth's dynamic systems (atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and sea ice) are changing and interacting. Combining datasets such as these with AI-based analyses introduces a novel decision support system to help users anticipate and address potential impacts on power generation stations. This new technology has been named DIVERS-H for "Data Integration and Visualization for Enhanced Resilience and Sustainability in Hydropower." In Phase I, technical feasibility was established with the development and demonstration of all the new technologies that are required. Most notably, DIVERS-H will use new artificial intelligence (AI) methods to capture the complex dynamics of water availability, demand, and environmental changes. In addition, new data management software was developed, and a prototype user interface was implemented as the precursor to a full scale decision support system. With technical research complete, the project focus now shifts to development of a commercial software product to provide users with actionable insight into water availability and the risk/resilience of critical systems at their locations of interest. Although DIVER-H was originally conceived as a tool for hydroelectric power applications, the same underlying technology can be readily applied to other water-consuming systems including coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear power plants.

Chaudhary, Aashish [Kitware, Inc., Clifton Park, N↗

DOE OSTI2023

Assessment of Nuclear Energy to Support Negative Emission Technologies

The feasibility and performance of nuclear energy coupled with Negative Emission Technology (NET) processes were investigated in this report. Three overarching questions from nuclear NET systems guided this research: which NET would be able to use heat and/or electricity from nuclear power plants (NPPs); what is the performance and cost of a nuclear NET system; and what would be the market outlook for this system? Among the various NETs that are actively being developed, several were found to potentially benefit from coupling with an NPP via (1) large amounts of decarbonized and constant-output electricity; (2) free waste heat or cheap low-temperature heat; or (3) high-temperature heat. NPPs were found to be compatible with Direct Air Capture (DAC) systems, and a detailed techno-economic analysis of coupled NPP&DAC systems was performed. Preliminary analysis also indicated that biomass and water-based NETs are potentially compatible with NPPs, but further work is needed to quantify the performance of these nuclear NET systems. Design and performance analyses were completed for both liquid solvent DAC (L-DAC) and solid sorbent DAC (S-DAC) technologies. A 1.0-GWth NPP coupled with L-DAC and S-DAC was found to be able to capture 12–15 Mt CO 2 /yr and 1.0–1.5 Mt CO 2 /yr, respectively. While the L-DAC process enables much greater CO 2 capture than the S-DAC process when both are sized with a 1 GWth NPP, the NPP&L-DAC system considered also requires >2 GWth natural gas oxy-combustion to reach adequate temperature in the calciner. CO 2 generated from natural gas combustion is also captured as part of the calcination process, in addition to the CO 2 captured from air, resulting in overall CO 2 sequestration of close to 30% more than what is captured from air. The cost of carbon capture calculated with the levelized cost of DAC (LCOD) had a range of $\$170–260$/tCO 2 for NPP&L-DAC systems and a range of $\$650–680$/tCO 2 for NPP&S-DAC systems. For both DAC systems, the NPP provides economic benefit when compared to previous National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) studies of non-nuclear DAC systems, leading to reduction of LCOD by 5–7% for L-DAC, and 8–13% for S-DAC. For the NPP&DAC systems, a preliminary market analysis reviewed potential CO 2 market prices and eligibility for incentives. The estimated potential revenues for CO 2 capture (coming from federal incentive, CO 2 commodity markets, or offset market) is in the range of $\$170–979$ tCO 2 , and the results show that because of lower LCOD, the NPP&L-DAC process would be more attractive to a market than the NPP&S-DAC process. The large investment needed for NPP&DAC processes would require long-term certainty of sufficient market size, CO 2 prices, and incentives. Enabling NPPs to ramp DAC operation up or down based on electricity market price is not expected to significantly increase revenues of the NPP&DAC system. This is because the revenues from CO 2 sequestration are required to be very high to justify the deployment and continuous operation of the very expensive DAC technologies. In this analysis, several new research questions were uncovered, and follow-up analyses are recommended for further investigation, including a detailed feasibility study of NPP coupled with other NET systems such as biomass pyrolysis and gasification with carbon capture and storage, and seawater carbon capture.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

NASA NTRS2005

Physical and hydraulic properties of baked ceramic aggregates used for plant growth medium

Baked ceramic aggregates (fritted clay, arcillite) have been used for plant research both on the ground and in microgravity. Optimal control of water and air within the root zone in any gravity environment depends on physical and hydraulic properties of the aggregate, which were evaluated for 0.25-1-mm and 1-2-mm particle size distributions. The maximum bulk densities obtained by any packing technique were 0.68 and 0.64 g cm-3 for 0.25-1-mm and 1-2-mm particles, respectively. Wettable porosity obtained by infiltration with water was approximately 65%, substantially lower than total porosity of approximately 74%. Aggregate of both particle sizes exhibited a bimodal pore size distribution consisting of inter-aggregate macropores and intra-aggregate micropores, with the transition from macro- to microporosity beginning at volumetric water content of approximately 36% to 39%. For inter-aggregate water contents that support optimal plant growth there is 45% change in water content that occurs over a relatively small matric suction range of 0-20 cm H2O for 0.25-1-mm and 0 to -10 cm H2O for 1-2-mm aggregate. Hysteresis is substantial between draining and wetting aggregate, which results in as much as a approximately 10% to 20% difference in volumetric water content for a given matric potential. Hydraulic conductivity was approximately an order of magnitude higher for 1-2-mm than for 0.25-1-mm aggregate until significant drainage of the inter-aggregate pore space occurred. The large change in water content for a relatively small change in matric potential suggests that significant differences in water retention may be observed in microgravity as compared to earth.

NASA Center JSC↗

DOE OSTI2021

Understanding the microstructural evolution of hypersaline cemented paste backfill with low-field NMR relaxation

Highlights: • Microstructural evolution of CPB, prepared with tap and hypersaline water, is monitored using low-field NMR relaxometry. • T{sub 1} and T{sub 2} NMR relaxation measurements compared with mechanical strength via UCS tests • Hypersaline mixing water results in slower structural evolution and lower mechanical strength. Cemented paste backfill (CPB) comprising mineral tailings, binders and mixing water is an important potential support material in the mining industry. As the mechanical properties of CPB are significantly influenced by its microstructural characteristics the development of measurement tools to better understand its pore structure evolution is important for its increased utilisation. This study reports the application of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements to characterise the microstructural evolution of CPB materials over 56 days of hydration, contrasting common tap water and hypersaline water (~22 wt% salt) as mixing water. Distinct NMR relaxation time populations were evidenced within each CPB sample, revealing the presence of both capillary (T{sub 1,2} ≈ 10 ms) and gel pore water (T{sub 1,2} ≈ 300–500 μs), with time-dependent relaxation measurements facilitating characterisation of capillary pore structure evolution over the hydration period assessed. Hypersaline samples demonstrated a time-lag in this measured capillary pore evolution, relative to those hydrated with tap water, while pore structure evolution rates were observed to increase with increased CPB binder content. Further, both T{sub 1} and T{sub 2} NMR relaxation times were found to correlate with the uniaxial compressive strength of the CPB materials investigated, facilitating the formulation of a predictive correlation function between NMR relaxation characteristics and mechanical properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Field‐scale analysis of miscanthus production indicates climate change may increase the opportunity for water quality improvement in a key Iowa watershed

Abstract The Raccoon River Basin is the primary source for drinking water in Iowa's largest city and plays a major role in the Mississippi River Basin's high nutrient exports. Future climate change may have major impacts on the biological, physiological, and agronomic processes imposing a threat to ecosystem services. Efforts to reduce nitrogen (N) loads within this basin have included local litigation and the implementation of the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy, which suggest incorporating bioenergy crops (i.e., miscanthus) within the current corn–soybean landscape to reach a 41% reduction in nitrate loads. This study focuses on simulating N export for historical and future land use scenarios by using an agroecosystem model (Agro‐IBIS) and a hydrology model (THMB) at the 500‐m resolution, similar to the scale of agricultural fields. Model simulations are driven by CMIP5 climate data for historical, mid‐century, and late‐century under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 warming projections. Using recent crop profit analyses for the state of Iowa, profitability maps were generated and nitrogen leaching thresholds were used to determine where miscanthus should replace corn–soybean area to maximize reductions in N pollution. Our results show that miscanthus inclusion on low profit and high N leaching areas can result in a 4% reduction of N loss under current climate conditions and may reduce N loss by 21%–26% under future climate conditions, implying that water quality has the potential continue to improve under future climate conditions when strategically implemented conservation practices are included in future farm management plans.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Relative-Humidity Dependence of Electrochemically Active Surface Area in Porous Carbon Catalyst Layers

Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) utilize porous catalyst layers (CLs) formed of carbon supports on which Pt particles are deposited and ionomer films are distributed. Carbon supports themselves have varying degrees of porosity, where high-surface-area carbon (HSC) supports possess nanometer-sized interior pores that are suitable for Pt nanoparticle deposition but prevent deleterious ionomer penetration. However, this requires protons to transport through water pathways inside the pores. To understand the generation of such pathways, we examine the various mechanisms of water uptake by PEFC CLs, and the subsequent impact of water uptake on Pt utilization through developing a multiphysics model of the water wetting phenomena as a function of relative humidity. The model details water uptake via ionomer absorption, capillary condensation in the hydrophilic pores, and surface adsorption using molecular potential that account for various water and surface dipole interactions. The results quantify how mesoporous carbons with highly hydrophilic pores increase Pt utilization through the development of wetted layers, which at the same time enable optimized gas-transport pathways. It also demonstrates the impact of pore-size distribution (PSD) and physical and chemical parameters on the water uptake phenomena, allowing for future CL particle and structure optimization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Petrogenesis, alteration, and shock history of intermediate shergottite Northwest Africa 7042: Evidence for hydrous magmatism on Mars?

We report Northwest Africa (NWA) 7042 is an intermediate, permafic shergottite consisting of two generations of zoned olivine (early olivine Fo 41-76 , and late-stage olivine Fo 46-56 ), complexly zoned pyroxene (En 35-64 Fs 22-46 Wo 5-34 ), maskelynitized feldspar and shock melt (An 5-30 Ab 16-61 Or 1-47 ), and accessory merrillite, apatite, ilmenite, titanomagnetite, Fe-Cr-Ti spinels, pyrrhotite, and baddeleyite. The olivine grains have been pervasively altered resulting in orange-brown stained cores with dark-brown margins, surrounded by significantly less altered overgrowth rims. This textural relationship suggests that the alteration of the cores took place at magmatic temperatures prior to crystallization of the rims on Mars. While this type of olivine alteration is rare in shergottites, it is similar to deuterically altered olivine in basalts and gabbros on Earth, caused by residual water-rich magmatic fluids. Launch-generated shock veins in NWA 7042 crosscut and displace several of the altered olivine grains indicating that the alteration occurred before ejection of the meteorite from Mars. However, NWA 7042 has also been subjected to extensive terrestrial weathering, with terrestrial calcite/barite veins occurring throughout the sample. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the olivine alteration also reveals an absence of high-temperature phases typically associated with hydrous deuteric alteration on Earth, complicating our interpretation. The potential presence of deuterically altered olivine in NWA 7042 has significant implications, as it is the third martian meteorite where deuteric alteration of olivine has been observed (the others being NWA 10416, ALH 77005). The different mantle sources for the parental melts of these three meteorites would suggest many, if not all martian mantle reservoirs have the potential to produce water-rich magmas.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Low Field NMR Relaxometry Characterization of Water Adsorption in Corn Stover Anatomical Fractions

Low magnetic field 2 MHz NMR relaxometry is applied to measure water adsorption processes of intact corn stover anatomical fractions. Comparison with high magnetic field 250 MHz relaxometry of milled corn stover fractions as a function of water activity, i.e., relative humidity, provides insight into the microstructural changes of the biomass and varying water molecular dynamics during adsorption. As a result, the data presented establish a basis for low field portable NMR of biomass in situ in field and processing environments.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗