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At least 775 records · Page 43
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

On the use of colour reflectivity plots to monitor the structure of the troposphere and stratosphere

The radar reflectivity, defined as the range squared corrected power of VHF radar echoes, can be used to monitor and study the temporal development of inversion layer, frontal boundaries and convective turbulence. From typical featurs of upward or downward motion of reflectivity structures, the advection/convection of cold and warm air can be predicted. High resolution color plots appear to be useful to trace and to study the life history of these structures, particularly their persistency, descent and ascent. These displays allow an immediate determination of the tropopause height as well as the determination of the tropopause structure. The life history of warm fronts, cold fronts, and occlusions can be traced, and these reflectivity plots allow detection of even very weak events which cannot be seen in the traditional meteorological data sets. The life history of convective turbulence, particular evolving from the planetary boundary layer, can be tracked quite easily. Its development into strong convection reaching the middle troposphere can be followed and predicted.

Rottger, J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Canopy reflectance modeling in a tropical wooded grassland

Geometric/optical canopy reflectance modeling and spatial/spectral pattern recognition are used to study the form and structure of savanna in West Africa. An invertible plant canopy reflectance model is tested for its ability to estimate the amount of woody vegetation cover in areas of sparsely wooded grassland from remotely sensed data. Dry woodlands and wooded grasslands, commonly referred to as savannas, are important ecologically and economically in Africa, and cover approximately forty percent of the continent by some estimates. The Sahelian and Sudanian savanna make up the important and sensitive transition zone between the tropical forests and the arid Saharan region. The depletion of woody cover, used for fodder and fuel in these regions, has become a very severe problem for the people living there. LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) data is used to stratify woodland and wooded grassland into areas of relatively homogeneous canopy cover, and then by applying an invertible forest canopy reflectance model to estimate directly the height and spacing of the trees in the stands. Since height and spacing are proportional to biomass in some cases, a successful application of the segmentation/modeling techniques will allow direct estimation of woody biomass, as well as cover density, over significant areas of these valuable and sensitive ecosystems. Sahelian savanna sites in the Gourma area of Mali being used by the NASA/GIMMS project (Global Inventory Modeling and Monitoring System, at Goddard Space Flight Center), in conjunction with CIPEA/Mali (Centre International pour l'Elevage en Afrique) will be used for testing the canopy model. The model will also be tested in a Sudanian zone crop/woodland area in the Region of Segou, Mali.

Simonett, D.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The 3.1 micrometer ice band in infrared reflection nebulae

Recent observations show that infrared reflection nebulae are common phenomena in star forming regions. Extensive observations were made of two nearby infrared reflection nebulae, Orin Molecular Cloud 2 IRS1 (OMC-2/IRS1) and Cepheus A IRS6a (Cep-A/IRS6a). Mie scattering models of ice coated grains were used to study the constraints on the properties and locations of grains that could produce a feature similar to that observed in OMC-2 and Cep-A. It was concluded that scattering by ice particles alone could not be responsible for the 3.1 micron feature observed in infrared reflection nebulae.

Pendleton, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Canopy reflectance modeling in a tropical wooded grassland

Geometric/optical canopy reflectance modeling and spatial/spectral pattern recognition is used to study the form and structure of savanna in West Africa. An invertible plant canopy reflectance model is tested for its ability to estimate the amount of woody vegetation from remotely sensed data in areas of sparsely wooded grassland. Dry woodlands and wooded grasslands, commonly referred to as savannas, are important ecologically and economically in Africa, and cover approximately forty percent of the continent by some estimates. The Sahel and Sudan savannas make up the important and sensitive transition zone between the tropical forests and the arid Sahara region. The depletion of woody cover, used for fodder and fuel in these regions, has become a very severe problem for the people living there. LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) data is used to stratify woodland and wooded grassland into areas of relatively homogeneous canopy cover, and then an invertible forest canopy reflectance model is applied to estimate directly the height and spacing of the trees in the stands. Because height and spacing are proportional to biomass in some cases, a successful application of the segmentation/modeling techniques will allow direct estimation of tree biomass, as well as cover density, over significant areas of these valuable and sensitive ecosystems. The model being tested in sites in two different bioclimatic zones in Mali, West Africa, will be used for testing the canopy model. Sudanian zone crop/woodland test sites were located in the Region of Segou, Mali.

Simonett, David↗
NASA NTRS1987

On the spectral reflectance properties of materials exposed at the Viking landing sites

Reflectance data derived from Viking Lander multispectral data were used to characterize the types of soils and blocks exposed at the landing sites and to search for evidence of relatively unaltered igneous rocks. A comprehensive effort was mounted to examine multispectral data that combines testing of camera radiometric calibrations, explicitly removing the effects of atmospheric attenuation and skylight, and quantitatively comparing the corrected data to reflectance data from laboratory materials. Bi-directional reflectances for blue, green and red channels were determined for 31 block and soil exposures at Viking landing sites.

Guinness, E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Atlas of reflectance spectra of terrestrial, lunar and meteoritic powders and frosts from 92 to 1800 nm

The reflectance spectra of powdered samples of selected minerals, meteorites, lunar materials and frosts are presented as an aid in the interpretation of present and future remote sensing data of solar system objects. Spectra obtained in separate wavelength regions have been combined and normalized, yielding coverage from 92 to 1800 nm. Spectral features include reflectance maxima in the far UV region produced by valence-conduction interband transitions, and reflectance minima in the near UV, visible and near IR regions, produced by charge transfer and crystal field transitions. Specific maxima and minima are diagnostic of mineral type and composition; additionally, the minerals present in mixtures such as meteorites and lunar samples can be determined.

Wagner, Jeffrey↗
NASA NTRS1987

Solid sulfur in vacuum: Sublimation effects on surface microtexture, color and spectral reflectance, and applications to planetary surfaces

A form of sulfur that is white at room temperature and very fluffy in texture has been found in laboratory experiments on the effects of vacuum sublimation (evaporation) on solid sulfur. This work is an outgrowth of proton sputtering experiments on sulfur directed toward understanding Jovian magnetospheric effects on the surface of Io. Fluffy white sulfur is formed on the surface of solid yellow, tan, or brown sulfur melt freezes in vacuum by differential (fractional) evaporation of two or more sulfur molecular species present in the original sulfur; S(8) ring sulfur is thought to be the dominant sublimination phase lost to the vacuum sink, and polymeric chain sulfur S(u) the dominant residual phase that remains in place, forming the residual fluffy surface layer. The reflectance spectrum of the original sulfur surface is greaty modified by formation of the fluffy layer: the blue absorption band-edge and shoulder move 0.05 to 0.06 microns toward shorter wavelengths resulting in a permanent increase in reflectivity near 0.42 to 0.46 microns; the UV reflectivity below 0.40 microns is reduced. This form of sulfur should exist in large quantity on the surface of Io, especially in hotspot regions if there is solid free sulfur there that has solidified from a melt. Its color and spectra will indicate relative crystallization age on a scale of days to months and/or surface temperature distribution history.

Nash, D. B.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effects of aerosols and surface shadowing on bidirectional reflectance measurements of deserts

Desert surfaces are probably one of the most stable of the Earth's natural targets for remote sensing. The bidirectional reflectance properties of the Saudi Arabian desert was investigated during the Summer Monsoon Experiment (Summer Monex). A comparison of high-altitude with near-surface measurements of the White Sands desert showed significant differences. These discrepancies have been attributed to forward scattering of the dust-laden atmosphere prevalent during Summer Monex. This paper is concerned in general with modeling the effects of atmospheric aerosols and surface shadowing on the remote sensing of bidirectional reflectance factors of desert targets, and in particular with comparing the results of these models with flight results. Although it is possible to approximate the latter, it is felt that a surface reflectance model with a smaller specular component would have permitted using a more realistic set of atmospheric conditions in the simulations.

Bowker, David E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Geometric-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of a conifer forest canopy

A geometric-optical forest canopy model that treats conifers as cones casting shadows on a contrasting background explains the major anisotropies in bidirectional reflectance measurements of a conifer forest canopy. The model uses parallel-ray geometry to describe the illumination and viewing of conifers as three-dimensional cones. Both computer simulation and analytical closed-form expressions are implemented. The results show a good qualitative agreement with the directional reflectance measurements of the conifer stand, indicating that the three-dimensional nature of the canopy is a key factor in determining its directional reflectance.

Li, X.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Reflectivity of silicon carbide in the extreme ultraviolet

Reflectivity and scattering measurements on samples of SiC manufactured by a variety of processes. Measurements were made from near-normal to grazing incidence at wavelengths in the range of 114 to 1216 A. CVD SiC displays the highest reflectivity at EUV wavelengths and normal incidence. At grazing incidence, Si-rich samples show reflectivity cutoff identical to polycrystalline Si. From the limited data available for single-crystal material, it is concluded that CVD material has comparable performance.

Mrowka, Stanley↗
NASA NTRS1987

Quantitative abundance estimates from bidirectional reflectance measurements

A simplified approach for estimating mineral abundances in mineral mixtures from bidirectional reflectance measurements is presented. Fundamental to this approach is a priori information concerning reflectance spectra of the individual minerals and an estimate of the particle sizes of the components. Simplified equations for bidirectional reflectance are used to linearize the systematics of spectral mixing. The method was used to determine the relative proportions of olivine, magnetite, enstatite, and anorthite in a mixture; the mass fractions of mixture components were calculated on the basis of known particle diameters. The results indicate that for materials without strongly adsorbing components, the accuracy of abundance determinations is better than 5 percent.

Mustard, John F.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Regional and seasonal variations of surface reflectance from satellite observations at 0.6 micron

A global series of seasonal visible surface reflectance maps derived from NOAA-5 Scanning Radiometer observations is presented. Methods for isolating clear-sky observations from satellite data are evaluated and the magnitude of atmospheric effects (Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption) are presented. A preliminary analysis of digital vegetation and soils data bases, which were analyzed in conjunction with the satellite observations, is discussed. Regional and global reflectance homogeneity of land-cover types, and snow brightening for types, are presented. Results demonstrate that the statistical approach for isolating clear-sky radiances used in this study obtains accurate enough values for each location to allow meaningful measurements of seasonal, spatial and ecosystem variations in surface reflectance.

Matthews, Elaine↗
NASA NTRS1987

Reflectance- and radiance-based methods for the in-flight absolute calibration of multispectral sensors

Variations reported in the in-flight absolute radiometric calibration of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM) on Landsat 4 are reviewed. At short wavelengths these sensors exhibited a gradual reduction in response, while in the midinfrared the TM showed oscillatory variations, according to the results of TM internal calibration. The methodology and results are presented for five reflectance-based calibrations of the Landsat 5 TM at White Sands, NM, in the period July 1984 to November 1985. These show a + or - 2.8 percent standard deviation for the six solar-reflective bands. Analysis and preliminary results of a second, independent calibration method, based on radiance measurements from a helicopter at White Sands, indicate that this is potentially an accurate method for corroborating the results from the reflectance-based method.

Slater, P. N.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Reflectance spectroscopy in planetary science: Review and strategy for the future

Reflectance spectroscopy is a remote sensing technique used to study the surfaces and atmospheres of solar system bodies. It provides first-order information on the presence and amounts of certain ions, molecules, and minerals on a surface or in an atmosphere. Reflectance spectroscopy has become one of the most important investigations conducted on most current and planned NASA Solar System Exploration Program space missions. This book reviews the field of reflectance spectroscopy, including information on the scientific technique, contributions, present conditions, and future directions and needs.

Mccord, Thomas B.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Canopy reflectance modeling in a tropical wooded grassland

The Li-Strahler canopy reflectance model, driven by LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) data, provided regional estimates of tree size and density in two bioclimatic zones in Africa. This model exploits tree geometry in an inversion technique to predict average tree size and density from reflectance data using a few simple patameters measured in the field and in the imagery. Reflectance properties of the trees were measured in the study sites using a pole-mounted radiometer. The measurements showed that the assumptions of the simple Li-Strahler model are reasonable for these woodlands. The field radiometer measurements were used to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the integrated NDVI over the canopy was related to crown volume. Predictions of tree size and density from the canopy model were used with allometric equations from the literature to estimate woody biomass and potential foliar biomass for the sites and for the regions. Estimates were compared with independent measurements made in the Sahelian sites, and to typical values from the literature for these regions and for similar woodlands. In order to apply the inversion procedure regionally, an area must first be stratified into woodland cover classes, and dry-season TM data were used to generate a stratum map of the study areas with reasonable accuracy. The method used was unsupervised classification of multi-data principal components images.

Simonett, David↗
NASA NTRS1988

Comparison of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of various surfaces

Described is the development and use of a system to measure the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of various surfaces. The BRDF measurements are used in the analysis and design of optical measurement systems, such as laser anemometers. An argon ion laser (514 nm) is the light source. Preliminary results are presented for eight samples: two glossy black paints, two flat black paints, black glass, sand blasted aluminum, unworked aluminum, and a white paint. A BaSO4 white reflectance standard was used as the reference sample throughout the tests. The reflectance characteristics of these surfaces are compared.

Fernandez, Rene↗
NASA NTRS1987

Spectral reflectance of SNC meteorites: Relationships to Martian surface composition

The spectral signatures of each of the Shergottite-Nakhlite-Chassignite (SNC) meteorite types measured to date are unique among extraterrestrial materials. Reflectance spectra of dark regions of Mars show evidence of basaltic composition. Analytic analysis of absorption band positions and widths in reflectance spectra of SNC meteorites will permit comparisons with spectra from approximately 600 km sized regions for which high-quality, near-IR spectra are available. Multi-spectral mapping data from orbital spacecraft is expected to provide the necessary spectra to determine basaltic compositions of smaller regions on Mars provided fresh, unaltered basalts can be observed or the effects of Martian weathering can be understood and removed from the spectra. With modeling of spectral weathering and mixing of SNC meteoritic assemblages it should be possible with the Mars Observer data to test for the presence of SNC analogs on the Martian surface. Before the relationship between the basaltic composition of units on Mars and the SNC meteorites can be addressed, it is necessary to analyze the absorption band parameters of the SNC reflectance spectra and to acquire high resolution spectral data on smaller regions of the Martian surface.

Mcfadden, L. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Normal incidence reflection multilayer optics for solar soft X-ray/extreme ultraviolet (XUV) observations

In preparation for a solar X-ray/XUV sounding-rocket observation in late 1986 utilizing normal-incidence reflection X-ray optics, several multilayer coatings were deposited on concave and convex spherical surfaces. The coatings are tungsten-carbon and molybdenum-silicon mutilayers and are designed for normal-incidence reflection at wavelengths ranging from 44 to 304 A. The multilayers have been characterized in the laboratory in normal and glancing incidence modes using 1.54-114-A radiation. In addition to measuring spectral resolution and absolute reflectivities, multilayer-coated optics have been successfully tested in the imaging mode. This paper reviews the measured characteristics of the multilayer coatings and optics and describes the optical configurations for the solar observation.

Lindblom, Joakim F.↗