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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 775 records · Page 43
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Developing IEEE Std 2800-Compliant Algorithms for Transmission-Connected Inverter-Based Resources: Preprint

This study addresses the compliance of Inverter-based Resources (IBRs) with the IEEE Std 2800, a leading standard that defines interconnection and interoperability requirements for IBRs integrated into transmission systems. Focusing on abnormal grid scenarios, the research evaluates the specific demands on IBRs, proposing a comprehensive controller development framework. This framework caters to maintaining ride-trhough operation or implementing strategic disconnections in line with IEEE Std 2800, alongside managing currents during voltage ride-through scenarios. The effectiveness of this proposed controller framework is rigorously validated through case studies, employing a MATLAB/Simulink model of an IBR to test its performance under diverse grid fault conditions, ensuring the IBRs' alignment with standard requirements and their robust performance in enhancing grid reliability.

IEEE Std 2800↗
DOE OSTI2024

Developing IEEE Std 2800-Compliant Algorithms for Transmission-Connected Inverter-Based Resources

This study addresses the compliance of Inverter-based Resources (IBRs) with IEEE Standard 2800, a leading standard that defines interconnection and interoperability requirements for IBRs integrated into transmission systems. Focusing on abnormal grid scenarios, the research evaluates the specific demands on IBRs, proposing a controller development framework for abnormal grid conditions. This framework caters to maintaining ride-through operation in line with IEEE Std 2800, alongside managing currents during voltage ride-through scenarios. The effectiveness of this proposed controller framework is rigorously validated through case studies, employing a MATLAB/Simulink model of an IBR to test its performance under diverse grid fault conditions, ensuring the IBRs' alignment with standard requirements and their robust performance in enhancing grid reliability.

grid↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Renewable Energy Potential (reV) Model: A Geospatial Platform for Technical Potential and Supply Curve Modeling

The Renewable Energy Potential (reV) model is a platform for detailed assessment of renewable energy (RE) resources and their geospatial intersection with grid infrastructure and land use characteristics. The reV model currently supports photovoltaic (PV), concentrating solar power (CSP) and land-based wind turbine technologies. Modules in the reV framework function at different spatial and temporal resolutions, allowing for assessment of resource potential, technical potential and supply curves at varying levels of detail. The platform runs on NREL's High Performance Computing system, providing scalable and efficient performance from a single location all the way up to continental scales, for a single year or decades of time series resource data. Coupled with NREL's System Advisor Model (SAM), reV supports resource assessment from 5-minute to hourly temporal resolution and provides for analysis of long-term (i.e., year-on-year) variability of RE generation (e.g., interannual variability and exceedance probabilities). Technical potential is measured as a function of resource potential and limitations put on developable land area defined by the user. For example, the user can limit development by land ownership, terrain, land use/cover, and urban areas, as well as custom inputs. Technology, grid interconnection and operation costs, based on the latest market data and future projections, are also embedded in the model. The supply curve module is a spatial sorting algorithm based on plant siting, grid interconnection cost, and regional competition, which provides a geographically discrete estimate of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and supply (i.e., capacity) for specific renewable technologies. The reV model currently provides broad coverage across North America, South and Central Asia, South America and South Africa to inform national- and international-scale analyses as well as regional infrastructure and deployment planning.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

HPC4Mfg with Samsung: Making semiconductor devices cool through HPC ab initio simulations

For decades, the semiconductor technology has followed the Moore’s law, making newer devices more powerful and energy efficient. Recently, however, it has reached a point where the performance and the energy efficiency of the device do not improve with the shrinking device size. One of the fundamental reasons of this deviation from the past trend is the interconnect resistance, which becomes larger with the shrinking size. The devices size is so small that the quantum mechanical effects can no longer be ignored and the traditional continuum simulation tools such as TCAD become inadequate. In this project, Samsung Semiconductor Inc. and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has collaborated to perform first of kind device-scale ab initio simulations to optimize materials and interconnect morphology to minimize interconnect resistance. We have tested the use of LS3DF method and the PEtot_trans approach on top of the folded spectrum method (FSM) Escan code to calculate the scattering state, and to study various effects influence the interconnect conductivity. We found that, the LS3DF can be used to calculate such metallic system. On the other hand, the use of Escan code to solve the linear equation is not practical due to the slow convergence. We have implemented a Chebyshev filter technique to calculate a few hundred eigen states near the scattering state energy E, then use these eigen states as preconditioner to solve the linear equation. We have used this approach to study the different factors which affect the interconnect conductivity, including the shape, the point defect, the temperature, and the grain boundary.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Data Center Cybersecurity, Supply Chain Risk Management, and Emerging Regulation Cohort Summary: Takeaways and Action Plans

This report summarizes the outcomes of the Data Center Cohort under the Department of Energy’s Technical Assistance for Digital Assurance (TADA) initiative, aimed at enhancing grid resilience through cybersecurity, supply chain risk management (SCRM), and Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE). The cohort engaged 17 organizations across utilities, data center operators, vendors, and technology providers in three sessions combining presentations, discussions, and exercises. Key topics included AI-driven load behavior, cybersecurity vulnerabilities in UPS/BESS and cooling systems, governance gaps at utility–data center boundaries, and supply chain integrity. Five cross-cutting themes emerged: interconnection architecture vulnerabilities, fragmented governance, AI-driven stability risks, lack of regulatory frameworks, and long-term supply chain concerns. Actionable recommendations were developed, including implementing DMZ segmentation, formalizing vendor access agreements, designing AI workload limits, and advancing standards through NERC and state-level programs. These strategies aim to strengthen resilience, clarify responsibilities, and ensure secure integration of data centers into the grid.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Opportunities for Hybrid Wind and Solar PV Plants in India

The share of variable renewable energy (VRE) on India's grid has surpassed 100 GW, and the government has ambitious plans reach 450 GW by 2030. One strategy to increase wind and solar PV deployment is through the co-location of wind and solar PV plants to form a single hybrid power plant. Hybrid plants have the potential to reduce transmission infrastructure costs and variability in the output power profile compared to a standalone plant with a single technology, and this resource analysis aims to take a first step towards quantifying the potential savings from hybridizing wind and solar PV plants in India and the size of this opportunity. We utilize a brute-force optimization to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for standalone wind, standalone solar PV, and hybrid wind/solar PV plants across all of India. By comparing these LCOEs, we determine that locations where hybrid plants exhibit potential cost savings and grid benefits exhibit both; a high interconnection cost and; a wind capacity factor between roughly 34% and 38%. However, because our work does not capture the value of the electricity generated by looking at energy prices, nor does it quantify the potential of hybrids to provide other value streams such as firm capacity and reserves. Further, because the work does not compare solar PV and wind hybrids to alternative generation technologies or storage systems, it cannot be considered a holistic cost-benefit analysis.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1980

Satellite personal communications system

Voice channel communication between low power mobile stations dispersed over a large area is provided by a system which includes a geostationary satellite utilizing a large UHF antenna that can receive a transmission from a caller and retransmit it over any one beam of a matrix of narrow beams, so the chosen beam covers an area in which a designated called party is located. A single up-link control channel occupying a narrow frequency band, can be utilized to receive dial up signals from a caller, and another single down link control channel can be utilized to ring up the called party located anywhere within the continental United States. The satellite antenna includes a matrix of feed horns that not only direct the beams in a controlled matrix onto the area of the continental United States, but also permit detection of the region from which the caller's signal is transmitted and the region from which the called party's answer is received, to enable the interconnection of signals received from these two regions. The system is particularly useful for rural areas.

Reilly, N. B.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Circulating Current Reduction of Back-to-Back MMC with Advanced Grid-Support Functionalities for Medium-Voltage Applications

A Lyapunov energy function based circulating current reduction scheme for a back to back modular multilevel converter based system for a microgrid application has been proposed in this digest. In order to ensure no circulating or zero sequence currents within the modules, the dynamics from one leg of the converter to the other are evaluated. A Lyapunov energy function is then developed and utilizing the circulating current dynamics of the converter the overall control law is implemented. In this digest a decentralized hierarchical control architecture has been implemented for the main current control; where the outer loop or the central controller implements the higher level grid interconnection functions as per IEEE 1547-2018 standards and the inner loop based on synchronous reference frame implements the current control architecture. The inner loops' outputs are the commanded converter voltages either on either side which are augmented by the Lyapunov energy function based circulating current suppression architecture. To evaluate the efficacy of the overall system, the overall system is modeled around a 300kVA back to back SiC multilevel modular converter used as a direct-connected medium voltage (MV) grid intertie based on MATLAB/Simulink domain. Several important case studies are presented in this paper to prove the effectiveness of the proposed architecture. case study results are presented.

circulating current↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Doped-LaCrO3 ceramics for high temperature sensor applications

The main objective of this work was to investigate the applicability of the doped-LaCrO3 system for electrical interconnects and sensor applications at temperatures >800°C. Various A- and B-site doping strategies were investigated, and the effect on their electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal coefficient of expansion were characterized up to 1500ºC. Solid-state, co-precipitation and sol gel methods were used to synthesize the compositions, and the chemical/thermal stability, microstructural evolution, sintering and grain growth kinetics were investigated for these compositions by XRD, SEM and Rietveld methods. The materials showing the greatest promise were included within thick film thermistor and thermocouple sensor designs that were tested to 1500ºC in various gas environments (various pO2 concentrations).

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Technoeconomic Analysis Round Robin of a Retrofit of the Ivanpah Concentrating Solar Plant with a Molten-Salt System with Thermal Energy Storage

While the fidelity of technoeconomic analysis (TEA) models for concentrating solar thermal systems has improved in recent years, there is a lack of consensus on the specific inputs used to forecast performance of a newly built tower system due to a lack of validations and post-mortems available to the public. This effort is a joint initiative between multiple international organizations to validate and compare their TEA models. The specific case study is a proposed retrofit of one unit of the Ivanpah Solar Energy Generating System to include molten-salt storage, replacing the steam generation system with a molten-salt receiver, salt-to-steam heat exchanger train, and new balance of plant while keeping the existing steam turbine, solar field, and interconnection in place, using plant data for calibration. This manuscript discusses several of the agreed-upon assumptions for this study as well as a preliminary analysis from prior work that motivates the study.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Western Interconnection Baseline Study

The purpose of the baseline study is to evaluate the degree to which current industry planning processes meet the national 2035 decarbonization goals for the Western Interconnection. This analysis serves as a comparative baseline for the scenario analysis conducted in the NTP Study using a Western Interconnection dataset that is readily available to industry. This baseline analysis differs from the production cost modeling analysis and power flow analysis in the main NTP Study report (forthcoming). In particular, the analysis presented in this report reflects a business-as-usual future with an optimistic build out of specific planned transmission projects and foreseeable generation. In contrast, the NTP Study models a future generation and transmission expansion based on optimization from a capacity expansion model. The analysis presented herein also reflects a 2030 timeframe, whereas the main NTP Study production cost modeling analysis and power flow analysis reflect a 2035 time frame. This baseline analysis utilizes industry’s most reliable data to account for future transmission projects across various stages of development, with a particular focus on those in the permitting stage. Additionally, it incorporates projections for changes in generation capacity (both additions and retirements). This baseline analysis outlines a probable trajectory, given current process and practice, for the future of the bulk power system with a horizon extending to 2030.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS2020

An Embedded Planar-Foil Capacitor Material, FPGA Based Interposer, Aimed at Improving System Performance and Reduced Board Size for Space Based Electronics

This paper presents our work to date in developing, and testing an embedded planar-foil capacitor based interposer intended to be integrated together with high-density components such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) applications. FPGA devices typically have a large number of I/O and power pins. The high speed enabled by these devices requires a large number of discrete bypass capacitors as close as possible to the power pins. These capacitors take up a considerable amount of the board area on the application circuit board. Our interposer replaces these components freeing up space of traditional bypass capacitors for other circuitry. Our Interposer focuses on the needs of Micro Semi’s RTG4 FPGA. We developed the interposer using COTS embedded foil capacitors. The Interposer is customized to the capacitance requirements for each of the FPGA banks. We evaluated three foil manufactures Oak Mitsui, 3M and TDK. The three different designs were evaluated, but we will focus on the Oak-Mitsui based Interposer that we constructed and tested. Through simulations, we validate the horizontal and vertical interconnect inductances, that FPGA decoupling requirements are met. The use of the interposer results in an overall reduction in our Printed Wiring Board (PWB) area.

Hunter, Don J↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying Impacts of Renewable Electricity Deployment on Air Quality and Human Health in Southeast Asia Based on Aims III Scenarios

Exposure to outdoor air pollution is the largest environmental risk factor for death and disease worldwide, associated with millions of cases of excess deaths (mortality) each year. Although there are many pollutants in the air that affect our health, the most important class of pollutants is fine particulate matter, PM 2.5 , which are airborne particles of diameter ≤2.5 micrometers (µm). These particles are small enough to deposit deep in the respiratory system where they can then enter the bloodstream, traveling and causing damage to other bodily systems. Exposure to outdoor (ambient) PM 2.5 has been found to be the most important environmental risk factor for mortality in Southeast Asia, associated with 130,000 - 320,000 excess deaths in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries in 2019. Southeast Asia, especially its mega-cities, but also other areas, has some of the worst air quality in the world. Almost all human activity emits air pollutants. Fine particulate matter is both directly emitted and formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions, the latter of which requires modeling to predict. Power generation is one of the major sources of air pollutants that lead to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter, including in Southeast Asia. Fossil fuel combustion for power generation, especially coal but also diesel, is the main source of air pollutant emissions from power generation. While natural gas burns cleaner than coal or diesel, in the quantities combusted for power generation in Southeast Asia, it is also a significant emitter. This study augments the ASEAN Interconnection Masterplan Study III (AIMS III) by quantifying changes to air quality and human health that result from its renewable integration and transmission interconnection scenarios. Performing this analysis requires translation of the changes in projected generation from different power sector fuel sources in the AIMS III scenarios to changes in air pollutant emissions, developing what's known as an emissions inventory for each scenario and year evaluated. We then use for the first time a new global, reduced-complexity air quality model to transform the changes in emissions to changes in air pollutant concentration of the deadliest air pollutant for human health, fine particulate matter (or PM 2.5 ). The air quality model, Global InMAP, then utilizes the location of human population in ASEAN countries to calculate exposure to PM 2.5 concentration changes and translates that to estimates of excess mortality attributable to the AIMS III scenarios.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effects of Encapsulant Properties on the Thermo-Mechanical Reliability of Double-Side Cooled Power Modules for Traction Inverters

Double-side cooled power modules are being developed for next-generation traction inverters due to their better heat extraction, lower profile, and lower parasitic inductances. However, due to their rigid structure, they cause reliability concerns arising from high thermo-mechanical stresses at the interconnection joints in the module. In this work, a materials-based approach using rigid encapsulants is presented for reducing thermo-mechanical fatigue. Finite-element thermo- mechanical simulations were performed to examine the effects of the elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of epoxy- based encapsulants on the bond deformation inside a double-side cooled power module. It was found that a rigid encapsulant with a high modulus of 6.0 GPa or above and a coefficient of thermal expansion around 20 ppm/oC would improve the thermo- mechanical reliability of double-side cooled power modules by decreasing the permanent bond deformation inside the modules by 50-60%.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Waiting in Queue: A Historical Evaluation of Interconnection Policy

Both states and Independent System Operators (ISO)/Regional Transmission Organizations (RTO) have struggled with long wait times in interconnection queues. As a result, numerous reforms have been proposed to expedite the connection of new resources to the grid. This paper conducts a quantitative analysis of two of these policies: one providing detail hosting capacity information in Massachusetts, the other experimenting with cost allocation in New York. We find that both policies led to a statistically significant decrease in the times projects spend pending in interconnection queues, with New York seeing a small drop in days pending, and Massachusetts seeing a much larger one. We also include an analysis of how energy storage is impacts queue time in these states. These results can help inform regulators who are weighing reforms to interconnection policies, with the goal of reducing wait times.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2011

CoNNeCT Baseband Processor Module

A document describes the CoNNeCT Baseband Processor Module (BPM) based on an updated processor, memory technology, and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The BPM was developed from a requirement to provide sufficient computing power and memory storage to conduct experiments for a Software Defined Radio (SDR) to be implemented. The flight SDR uses the AT697 SPARC processor with on-chip data and instruction cache. The non-volatile memory has been increased from a 20-Mbit EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory) to a 4-Gbit Flash, managed by the RTAX2000 Housekeeper, allowing more programs and FPGA bit-files to be stored. The volatile memory has been increased from a 20-Mbit SRAM (static random access memory) to a 1.25-Gbit SDRAM (synchronous dynamic random access memory), providing additional memory space for more complex operating systems and programs to be executed on the SPARC. All memory is EDAC (error detection and correction) protected, while the SPARC processor implements fault protection via TMR (triple modular redundancy) architecture. Further capability over prior BPM designs includes the addition of a second FPGA to implement features beyond the resources of a single FPGA. Both FPGAs are implemented with Xilinx Virtex-II and are interconnected by a 96-bit bus to facilitate data exchange. Dedicated 1.25- Gbit SDRAMs are wired to each Xilinx FPGA to accommodate high rate data buffering for SDR applications as well as independent SpaceWire interfaces. The RTAX2000 manages scrub and configuration of each Xilinx.

Yamamoto, Clifford K↗