Defect Kinetics and Control for Module Reliability
Potential induced degradation is currently one of the most important module degradation mechanisms. It has been suggested that stacking faults decorated with sodium from the module glass are responsible for this effect and authors have also shown the reversibility of this effect upon reverse biasing of the module. The importance of sodium in the failure mechanism is clear, however, little is known regarding the factors that control its diffusion into the wafer, making it nearly impossible to predict the performance of a given module and engineer it to be better. Sodium migration from module glass into silicon cells and the resulting module degradation is a clear example of how defect kinetics can determine overall module performance and long-term reliability. To the detriment of the industry and its bankability, no quantitative models yet exist to predict defect-assisted module degradation, limiting the progress in improving reliability. In particular, the understanding of defect behavior under high electric fields, under stresses imparted by encapsulation or temperature, and under real operating conditions over long periods of time is a crucial gap in the current state-of-the-art. In this work we developed a Defect-Device-Degradation model to predict defect behavior and its impact on device performance over the module operational lifetime using experimentally-determined defect parameterizations. The validated model will provide a platform for manufacturing process optimization across input materials and architectures to avoid deleterious defects upstream and enable enhanced module robustness.