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At least 775 records · Page 43

Investigating two-dimensional adjoint QCD on the lattice

We present our investigations of SU(N) adjoint QCD in two dimensions with one Majorana fermion on the lattice. We determine the relevant parameter range for the simulations with Wilson fermions and present results for Polyakov loop, chiral condensate, and string tension. In the theory with massive fermions, all observables we checked show qualitative agreement between numerical lattice data and theory, while the massless limit is more subtle since chiral and non-invertible symmetry of the continuum theory are explicitly broken by lattice regularization. In thermal compactification, we observe N perturbative vacua for the holonomy potential at high-T with instanton events connecting them, and a unique vacuum at low-T. At finite-N, this is a cross-over and it turns to a phase transition at large-N thermodynamic limit. In circle compactification with periodic boundary conditions, we observe a unique center-symmetric minimum at any radius. In continuum, the instantons in the thermal case carry zero modes (for even N) and indeed, in the lattice simulations, we observe that chiral condensate is dominated by instanton centers, where zero modes are localized. We present lattice results on the issue of confinement vs. screening in the theory and comment on the roles of chiral symmetry and non-invertible symmetry.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

MgO(111) Nanocatalyst for Biomass Conversion: A Study of Carbon Coating Effects on Catalyst Faceting and Performance

Solid base metal oxide catalysts such as MgO offer utility in a wide variety of syntheses from pharmaceuticals to fuels. The (111) facet of MgO shows enhanced, unique properties relative to the other facets. Carbon coatings have emerged as a promising modification to impart metal oxide catalyst stability. Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties of commercial MgO, MgO(111), and carbon coated derivatives thereof for 2-pentanone condensation. The dimer and trimer products of this reaction can be used as precursors for biofuels upon oxygen removal and thus have relevance in environmental sustainability. Additionally, MgO(111) maintained impressive selectivity towards the dimer product after carbon coating, whereas the other catalysts experienced a decrease in conversion and selectivity as a consequence of the carbon coating. Our findings highlight the catalytic efficacy of MgO(111), provide insight into carbon coating for catalyst stability, and pave the way for continued mechanistic investigations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Multiple simultaneous faults’ impacts on air-conditioner behavior and performance of a charge diagnostic method

Although there have been several studies that have focused on the effects of faults on the performance and on the characteristic features that could be used to detect faults, almost none of the research has studied the effects of multiple simultaneous faults. Existing fault detection and diagnosis approaches that have been developed based on single faults may struggle with simultaneous faults. Here, this paper is part of a series that present a methodology and comprehensive measurement data from a battery of laboratory tests on an air-conditioner with combinations of common faults (refrigerant charge, evaporator airflow, non-condensable gas, and liquid line restrictions) imposed, to show how the indicator variables and overall performance are impacted. The system has a microtube condenser and a fixed-orifice (FXO) expansion device, which are found to affect the features’ fault sensitivity. This experiment is the first to test these combined faults in an FXO-equipped system, so comparisons are made to a previously studied thermostatic expansion valve-equipped system. Finally, a promising charge diagnostic technology is assessed, to see how it is impacted by other faults. The faults reduced capacity by up to 42%, and efficiency by up to 39%. The charge diagnostic performed well, even with multiple faults present.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Weyl, Dirac and high-fold chiral fermions in topological quantum matter

Quantum materials hosting Weyl fermions have opened a new era of research in condensed matter physics. First proposed in 1929 in the context of particle physics, Weyl fermions have yet to be observed as elementary particles. In 2015, Weyl fermions were detected as collective electronic excitations in the strong spin–orbit coupled material tantalum arsenide, TaAs. This discovery was followed by a flurry of experimental and theoretical explorations of Weyl phenomena in materials. Weyl materials naturally lend themselves to the exploration of the topological index associated with Weyl fermions and their divergent Berry curvature field, as well as the topological bulk–boundary correspondence, giving rise to protected conducting surface states. Here, we review the broader class of Weyl topological phenomena in materials, starting with the observation of emergent Weyl fermions in the bulk and Fermi arc states on the surface of the TaAs family of crystals by photoemission spectroscopy. We then discuss several exotic optical and magnetic responses observed in these materials, as well as progress in developing related chiral materials. We discuss the conceptual development of high-fold chiral fermions, which generalize Weyl fermions, and we review the observation of high-fold chiral fermion phases by taking the rhodium silicide, RhSi, family of crystals as a prime example. Lastly, we discuss recent advances in Weyl line phases in magnetic topological materials. With this Review, we aim to provide an introduction to the basic concepts underlying Weyl physics in condensed matter, and to representative materials and their electronic structures and topology as revealed by spectroscopic studies. Finally, we hope this work serves as a guide for future theoretical and experimental explorations of chiral fermions and related topological quantum systems with potentially enhanced functionalities.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Laser scattering by submicron droplets formed during the electrical explosion of thin metal wires

Abstract This paper presents the results of studying dispersed media formation during the electrical explosion of thin metal wires in vacuum by using low-current generators (~1–10 kA). Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the composition and structure of the corresponding explosion products as well as to the problem of their visualization using simultaneous laser interferometry and shadow imaging at two wavelengths (1.064 µ m and 0.532 µ m). Our findings indicate the important role in the visualization of the explosion products that belongs to multiple scattering by submicron droplets of dense condensed matter, which are mixed with metal vapor. The hypothesis on the existence of submicron droplets in the products of exploding metal wires correlates with the results obtained by soft x-ray radiography combined with a laser probing technique. Taking into account the multiple scattering by submicron droplets, it is possible to significantly clarify the parameters of the explosion products visualized via laser probing techniques as well as to gain a deeper insight into the physics behind the electrical wire explosion.

Physics↗

Where is the Quantum Spin Nematic?

We provide strong evidence of the spin-nematic state in a paradigmatic ferro-antiferromagnetic J 1 –J 2 model using analytical and density-matrix renormalization group methods. In zero field, the attraction of spin-flip pairs leads to a first-order transition and no nematic state, while pair repulsion at larger J 2 stabilizes the nematic phase in a narrow region near the pair-condensation field. A devil’s staircase of multipair condensates is conjectured for weak pair attraction. A suppression of the spin-flip gap by many-body effects leads to an order-of-magnitude contraction of the nematic phase compared to naïve expectations. Here, the proposed phase diagram should be broadly valid.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

CCN Measurements at Urban Site during CoURAGE

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements were collected during CoURAGE from March - June 2025 at the BSEC urban atmospheric chemistry supersite (39.32057 N, 76.6246 W). CCN number concentrations (# cm-3) were obtained at a frequency of 1 second using a cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCN-100, Droplet Measurement Technologies). The CCN counter was operated in stepping mode, measuring CCN over a range of supersaturations from 0.2 to 1.0%. The settings of the instrument were set such that the supersaturation increased in increments of 0.2% up to the maximum supersaturation, and then decreased in increments of 0.2% down to the minimum supersaturation in a repeating cycle. The supersaturation of the instrument was calibrated weekly using ammonium sulfate. The weekly calibrated supersaturation values have been applied to the data. Data during transitions between supersaturation values were removed and replaced with a value of -999. Transitions are defined as the first 210 seconds after a new supersaturation value to ensure the instrument has stabilized following a change in supersaturation. Data were also flagged with a value of -999 if there were concerns with the function of the instrument, specifically the presence of alarm codes, fogging of the optical particle counter (1st stage monitor > 0.4 V), or a sheath to sample flow ratio outside the expected range (< 9 or > 11).

CCN number density↗

Donor End-Capped Alkyl Chain Length Dependent Non-Radiative Energy Loss in All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells

A critical bottleneck for further efficiency breakthroughs in organic solar cells (OSCs) is to minimize the non-radiative energy loss (eΔV nr ) while maximizing the charge generation. With the development of highly emissive low-bandgap non-fullerene acceptors, the design of high-performance donors becomes critical to enable the blend with the electroluminescence quantum efficiency to approach or surpass the pristine acceptor. Herein, by shortening the end-capped alkyl chains of the small-molecular donors from hexyl (MPhS-C6) to ethyl (MPhS-C2), the material obtained aggregation that was insensitive to thermal annealing (TA) along with condensed packing simultaneously. The former leads to small phase separation and suppressed upshifts of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level during TA, and the latter facilitates its efficient charge-transport at aggregation-less packing. Hence, the ΔV nr decreases from 0.242 to 0.182 V, from MPhS-C6 to MPhS-C2 based OSCs. An excellent PCE of 17.11% is obtained by 1,8-diiodoctane addition due to almost unchanged high J sc (26.6 mA cm –2 ) and V oc (0.888 V) with improved fill factor, which is the record efficiency with the smallest energy loss (0.497 eV) and ΔV nr (0.192 V) in all-small-molecule OSCs. Finally, these results emphasize the potential material design direction of obtaining concurrent TA-insensitive aggregation and condensed packing to maximize the device performances with a super low ΔV nr .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Isolation, Characterization, and Depolymerization of L -Cysteine Substituted Eucalyptus Lignin

Lignin condensation reactions are hard to avoid or control during separation, which is a deterrent to lignin isolation and post-conversation, especially for the full utilization of lignocelluloses. Selective protection of β-aryl ether linkages in the isolation process is crucial to lignin valorization. Herein, a two-step acid/alkali separation method assisted with l-cysteine for eucalyptus lignin separation is developed, and the isolated L -cysteine lignins (LCLs) are comprehensively characterized by 2D NMR, 31 P NMR, thioacidolysis, etc. Compared to the two-step control treatment, a much higher β-O-4 content is preserved without reducing the separation efficiency assisted by L -cysteine, which is also significantly higher than alkali lignin and kraft lignin. The results of hydrogenolysis show that LCLs generate a much higher monomer yield than that of control sample. Structural analysis of LCLs suggests that lignin condensation reaction, to some extent, is suppressed by adding L -cysteine during the two-step acid/alkali separation. Further, mechanistic studies using dimeric model compound reveals that L -cysteine may be the α-carbon protective agent in the two-step separation. The role of L -cysteine in the two-step lignin isolation method provides novel insights to the selective fractionation of lignin from biomass, especially for the full valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Synthesis of Free-Standing Pd-Ni-P Metallic Glass Nanoparticles with Durable Medium-Range Ordered Structure for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Properties

Topologically disordered metallic glass nanoparticles (MGNPs) with highly active and tailorable surface chemistries have immense potential for functional uses. The synthesis of free-standing MGNPs is crucial and intensively pursued because their activity strongly depends on their exposed surfaces. Herein, a novel laser-evaporated inert-gas condensation method is designed and successfully developed for synthesizing free-standing MGNPs without substrates or capping agents, which is implemented via pulse laser-induced atomic vapor deposition under an inert helium atmosphere. In this way, the metallic atoms vaporized from the targets collide with helium atoms and then condense into short-range-order (SRO) clusters, which mutually assemble to form the MGNPs. Using this method, free-standing Pd 40 Ni 40 P 20 MGNPs with a spherical morphology are synthesized, which demonstrates satisfactory electrocatalytic activity and durability in oxygen reduction reactions. Moreover, local structure investigations using synchrotron pair distribution function techniques reveal the transformation of SRO cluster connection motifs of the MGNPs from face-sharing to edge-sharing modes during cyclic voltammetry cycles, which enhances the electrochemical stability by blocking crystallization. Further, this approach provides a general strategy for preparing free-standing MGNPs with high surface activities, which may have widespread functional applications

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Thermo-hydraulic steam pipe models for district heating simulations: Simplifications to balance accuracy and simulation speed

Steam piping networks are essential for optimizing performance in industrial processes and district heating systems. However, dynamic models that balance thermo-hydraulic accuracy with computational efficiency remain limited. In response, this paper presents a new discretized steam pipe model based on the plug flow approach, capturing key thermo-hydraulic behaviors while simplifying steam phase change processes. Implemented in Modelica, the model accurately calculates temperature and pressure distributions along steam pipelines. To improve computational efficiency for district-scale simulations, five model simplifications are introduced: lumped thermo-hydraulic functions, empirical correlations, fluid state approximations, steady-state dynamics and inclusion of flow derivatives. These simplified models achieve 85%-98% accuracy in predicting pressure drop and condensation losses, including dynamic condensate behavior during pipe warm-up—a factor often overlooked in existing models. The models support diverse network configurations, scaling effectively to systems with multiple distribution pipes and connected building loads. Discrete models provide detailed insights but exhibit a cubic increase in simulation time as the network scales by N connected building O(N 2.42 ). In contrast, lumped models simulate 10–28 times faster than discrete, offering quadratic scaling of simulation time O(N 1.73 ). However, they still require 6 times more computation time than a lossless network, highlighting the inherent computational challenges of modeling compressible fluid flow. In conclusion, the steady-state lumped variant, with its near-linear scalability in computational time O(N 1.01 ), emerges as an efficient solution for preliminary design evaluations and extensive parametric studies.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Matter-wave stripe solitons induced by helicoidal spin–orbit coupling

Highlights: • Four kinds of exact stripe soliton solutions in Bose–Einstein condensates with helicoidal spin–orbit coupling (SOC) are represented. • The influence of helicoidal SOC on the structure of stripe solitons are described in detail. • The corresponding spin polarization is expressed on the Bloch sphere. • The formation mechanism of stripe solitons and the interaction properties of moving stripe solitons are discussed. We present the exact analytical solution of stripe solitons on different backgrounds in Bose–Einstein condensates with helicoidal spin–orbit coupling (SOC). They are divided into two categories, one is stationary stripe soliton on zero background or period-wave background, the other is moving stripe soliton on zero background or plane-wave background. The period of stripe is determined by both strength and frequency of helicoidal SOC, and the oscillation amplitude of stripe is adjustable in the case of fixed total density. The corresponding spin polarization is expressed on Bloch sphere. For stationary soliton, the spin density vector take values in three directions, which is different from the Rashba–Dresslhaus coupling scheme. The spin density vectors display more complicated spatial distribution for moving stripe solitons. Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of stripe soliton and the interaction properties of moving stripe solitons are discussed. Our work enhances the understanding of stripe solitons, and is helpful for the observation of stripe phase.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Synthesis of aviation biofuel precursors from biomass-derived ketones: Substrate adsorption configuration-catalytic activity

The production of aviation biofuel precursors from biomass-derived ketones by heterogeneous catalysis has been hindered by the low catalytic activity. Herein, a series of Cu-doped metal oxide catalysts were prepared for the conversion of biomass-derived ketones to aviation biofuel precursors. Solvent-free cyclopentanone conversion via aldol condensation reached 91.1 % over Cu/Al 2 O 3 with 100 % selectivity toward dimer and trimer oxygenated species, all of which are aviation biofuel precursors. This catalyst primarily contains Cu 2 O and Cu nanoparticles which are uniformly dispersed across the Al 2 O 3 surface. From in situ DRIFTS and DFT results, the incorporation of Cu species onto Al 2 O 3 not only increased the diversity of Lewis acidic sites, but also changed the adsorption of C = O groups, which lead to the increased aldol condensation activity of Cu/Al 2 O 3 . In conclusion, this study provides insight on the design of heterogeneous catalysts suitable for the solvent-free synthesis of aviation biofuel precursors from biomass-derived ketones.

Adsorption configuration↗

Advances in understanding vacuum break dynamics in liquid helium-cooled tubes for accelerator beamline applications

Understanding air propagation and condensation following a catastrophic vacuum break in particle accelerator beamlines cooled by liquid helium is essential for ensuring operational safety. This review summarizes experimental and theoretical work conducted in our cryogenics lab to address this issue. Systematic measurements were performed to study nitrogen gas propagation in uniform copper tubes cooled by both normal liquid helium (He I) and superfluid helium (He II). These experiments revealed a nearly exponential deceleration of the gas front, with stronger deceleration observed in He II-cooled tubes. To interpret these results, a one-dimensional (1D) theoretical model was developed, incorporating gas dynamics, heat transfer, and condensation mechanisms. The model successfully reproduced key experimental observations in the uniform tube system. However, recent experiments involving a bulky copper cavity designed to mimic the geometry of a superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavity revealed strong anisotropic flow patterns of nitrogen gas within the cavity, highlighting limitations in extrapolating results from simplified tube geometries to real accelerator beamlines. To address these complexities, we outline plans for systematic studies using tubes with multiple bulky cavities and the development of a two-dimensional (2D) model to simulate gas dynamics in these more intricate configurations. As a result, these efforts aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of vacuum breaks in particle accelerators and improve predictive capabilities for their operational safety.

Beamline tube↗

Performance study of the cross-flow Maisotsenko cycle in humid climate conditions

This paper presents a first numerical analysis of the cross-flow Maisotsenko cycle (M-Cycle) below dew-point evaporative cooler for humid climates with model including the water vapor condensation phenomenon. Proposed solution allows to cool ambient air below its dew-point temperature, by utilizing cooling energy in air extracted from the building, due to that it can be used as effective pre-cooling solution for traditional systems. Proposed unit has significant advantage over traditional counter and cross-flow units operating in heat recovery mode, hence it is almost insensitive on temperature of exhaust air. This is caused by effective pre-cooling of the exhaust air in its initial part. Operation in humid climates using cold extracted air results in condensation occurrence in the primary air channels, and hence partial dehumidification of the primary airflow (which allows to cool the air before its dew- point temperature). The Maisotsenko cycle exchanger used to recover heat in the air-conditioning system is compared with Maisotsenko exchanger that operates only on the ambient airflow and does not allow to recover heat from the exhaust airflow from a conditioned space. Achieved results showed that M-Cycle below dew-point air cooler can operate more effectively in humid climates than traditional cross-flow Maisotsenko cycle exchanger.

Condensation↗

A multiphase flow model of water droplets dielectrophoretic-induced air dehumidification phenomena

Air humidity in indoor spaces plays a critical role in human comfort and health. Dehumidification systems are used for building humidity controls, but they can take significant energy consumption, especially in geographic locations with high outdoor humidity and warm climates. Consequently, there is a growing demand for innovative dehumidification processes that consume minimal energy. Dielectrophoretic air dehumidification represents one such promising approach. However, it has not garnered significant attention due to the absence of engineering models and simulation tools capable of evaluating its performance and limitations at large-scale airflows. A new numerical multiphase CFD model, which is also experimentally validated, is developed in a customized Reacting Foam solver based on OpenFOAM® version 9. The newly developed model seeks to decrease substantial energy consumption and lower costs by leveraging the dielectrophoretic phenomenon to regulate moisture levels in the air. The solver integrates a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian framework to track the droplet's trajectory and growth rate while solving the continuum equations for the moist air. An electrospray produces electrically charged droplets, which grow during their in-flight trajectories as water vapor condenses onto their surfaces. The role of electrostatic forces in promoting vapor condensation within a high-gradient electrical field is investigated, and the dielectrophoretic vapor nucleation process on charged water droplets is discussed. The CFD model was validated against results from the literature and from proof-of-concept experiments conducted by the authors, which showed a 2 % air dehumidification with a single electrospray and airflow rate of 5 cubic feet per minute. The simulation results indicated that augmenting the number of electrically charged spray droplets increased the dehumidification of the air to 25 %. The initial mean droplet diameter, the orientation of the injector and relative humidity significantly influence the assessment of dehumidification. As a result, scaling up this approach to larger airflow volumes is identified as a potential future research direction.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Drastically different restructuring of airborne and surface-anchored soot aggregates

Combustion soot particles are fractal aggregates of hydrophobic spherules. Mixing of soot particles with other chemicals during atmospheric processing may partially offset their hydrophobicity, promoting water uptake and structural compaction. Here, we investigated morphological changes in fractal soot particles coated by sulfuric acid and then humidified, both in airborne and surface-bound states. Airborne soot was probed by tandem differential mobility analysis. Surface-bound soot was studied in a controlled microenvironment of a closed cell, using environmental transmission electron microscopy. After humidification, the airborne particles became fully compact, but the deposited particles showed only minor morphological changes despite significant water uptake. Although minor, those changes were detected during both water condensation and evaporation, indicating that condensation-evaporation cycles play an important role in atmospheric soot compaction. Lesser restructuring of deposited aggregates was caused by surface anchoring and coating loss, making anchoring an indispensable tool for preserving morphology of aggregates against changing experimental environment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗