Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “SINGULARITY”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43

On transition from Alfvén resonance to forced magnetic reconnection

We revisit the transition from Alfvén resonance to forced magnetic reconnection with a focus on the property of their singularities. As the driven frequency tends to zero, the logarithmic singularity of Alfvén resonance shifts to the power-law singularity of forced reconnection, due to merging of the two resonance layers. The transition criterion depends on either kinetic effects or dissipations that resolve the singularity. As an example, a small but finite resistivity η is introduced to investigate the transition process. The transition threshold is then obtained as the driven frequency reaches a level of ∼O((η/k){sup 1/3})

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Plasma current resonance in asymmetric toroidal systems

The well-known singularity in the magnetic differential equation for plasma current in an asymmetric toroidal confinement system is resolved by including in the pressure tensor corrections stemming from finite Larmor radius. The result provides an estimate of the amplitude of spikes in the parallel current that occur on rational magnetic surfaces. Further, resolution of the singularity is shown to depend on both the ambipolarity condition—the requirement of zero surface-averaged radial current—and the form of the magnetic differential equation near the rational surface.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Out of the white hole: a holographic origin for the Big Bang

While most of the singularities of General Relativity are expected to be safely hidden behind event horizons by the cosmic censorship conjecture, we happen to live in the causal future of the classical Big Bang singularity, whose resolution constitutes the active field of early universe cosmology. Could the Big Bang be also hidden behind a causal horizon, making us immune to the decadent impacts of a naked singularity? We describe a braneworld description of cosmology with both 4d induced and 5D bulk gravity (otherwise known as Dvali-Gabadadze-Porati, or DGP model), which exhibits this feature: the universe emerges as a spherical 3-brane out of the formation of a 5D Schwarzschild black hole. In particular, we show that a pressure singularity of the holographic fluid, discovered earlier, happens inside the white hole horizon, and thus need not be real or imply any pathology. Furthermore, we outline a novel mechanism through which any thermal atmosphere for the brane, with comoving temperature of ∼20% of the 5D Planck mass can induce scale-invariant primordial curvature perturbations on the brane, circumventing the need for a separate process (such as cosmic inflation) to explain current cosmological observations. Finally, we note that 5D space-time is asymptotically flat, and thus potentially allows an S-matrix or (after minor modifications) an AdS/CFT description of the cosmological Big Bang.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Spiner vs EOSPAC6: capabilities, performance, and accuracy considerations

The Cross-Cutting Capabilities Project (XCAP) has significant interest in collecting and implementing a common set of libraries to be used across the various production hydro-codes at LANL. A common set of libraries will help facilitate comparisons between codes. In addition to minimizing variables for comparisons and physics validation, efforts toward optimization and porting of packages for future architectures will be more efficient. As part of this push Singularity is being considered as an inclusive materials interface library. One crucial part of this library is the importing, inverting, and interpolation of equation of state (EOS) data. Currently the Lagrangian Applications Project (LAP) and Safety Applications Project (SAP) are using EOSPAC6 for delivery EOS data. The Eulerian Applications Project (EAP) has historically used TEOS and more recently an implementation of Singularly via a package called Spiner for EOS interpolation. Singularity currently has the option of using several analytical EOS models, directly employing SESAME via Spiner, or directly using SESAME via EOSPAC6 (not optimized yet). Assuming Singularity moves forward as a common platform for the implementation of materials models, a decision will need to be made on which EOS interpolation package XCAP should move forward with, given resources and people are finite. We will attempt to address pros and cons of Spiner and EOSPAC6 and the trade-offs that should be considered during the decision making process. This report is intended as an ASC-PEM-EOS perspective on what is needed in an EOS interpolation package. Performance and Accuracy sections will mostly address data from comparison studies in LA-UR-22-22699.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Constraints on sequential discontinuities from the geometry of on-shell spaces

We present several classes of constraints on the discontinuities of Feynman integrals that go beyond the Steinmann relations. These constraints follow from a geometric formulation of the Landau equations that was advocated by Pham, in which the singularities of Feynman integrals correspond to critical points of maps between on-shell spaces. To establish our results, we review elements of Picard-Lefschetz theory, which connect the homotopy properties of the space of complexified external momenta to the homology of the combined space of on-shell internal and external momenta. An important concept that emerges from this analysis is the question of whether or not a pair of Landau singularities is compatible — namely, whether or not the Landau equations for the two singularities can be satisfied simultaneously. Under conditions we describe, sequential discontinuities with respect to non-compatible Landau singularities must vanish. Although we only rigorously prove results for Feynman integrals with generic masses in this paper, we expect the geometric and algebraic insights that we gain will also assist in the analysis of more general Feynman integrals.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

General U(1)×U(1) F-theory compactifications and beyond: geometry of unHiggsings and novel matter structure

We construct the general form of an F-theory compactification with two U(1) factors based on a general elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau manifold with Mordell-Weil group of rank two. This construction produces broad classes of models with diverse matter spectra, including many that are not realized in earlier F-theory constructions with U(1)×U(1) gauge symmetry. Generic U(1)×U(1) models can be related to a Higgsed non-Abelian model with gauge group SU(2)×SU(2)×SU(3), SU(2) 3 ×SU(3), or a subgroup thereof. The nonlocal horizontal divisors of the Mordell-Weil group are replaced with local vertical divisors associated with the Cartan generators of non-Abelian gauge groups from Kodaira singularities. We give a global resolution of codimension two singularities of the Abelian model; we identify the full anomaly free matter content, and match it to the unHiggsed non-Abelian model. The non-Abelian Weierstrass model exhibits a new algebraic description of the singularities in the fibration that results in the first explicit construction of matter in the symmetric representation of SU(3). This matter is realized on double point singularities of the discriminant locus. In conclusion, the construction suggests a generalization to U(1) k factors with k > 2, which can be studied by Higgsing theories with larger non-Abelian gauge groups.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Factorization of generalized γ-generating matrices

The class of γ-generating matrices and its subclasses of regular and singular γ-generating matrices were introduced by D. Z. Arov in [8], where it was shown that every γ-generating matrix admits an essentially unique regular–singular factorization. The class of generalized γ-generating matrices was introduced in [14, 20]. In the present paper, subclasses of singular and regular generalized –generating matrices are introduced and studied. As the main result, a theorem of existence of the regular–singular factorization for a rational generalized γ-generating matrix is proved.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Computation of resistive instabilities by matched asymptotic expansions

Here, we present a method for determining the linear resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability of an axisymmetric toroidal plasma, based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The plasma is partitioned into a set of ideal MHD outer regions, connected through resistive MHD inner regions about singular layers where q = m/n, with m and n toroidal mode numbers, respectively, and q the safety factor. The outer regions satisfy the ideal MHD equations with zero-frequency, which are identical to the Euler-Lagrange equations for minimizing the potential energy delta W. The solutions to these equations go to infinity at the singular surfaces. The inner regions satisfy the equations of motion of resistive MHD with a finite eigenvalue, resolving the singularity. Both outer and inner regions are solved numerically by newly developed singular Galerkin methods, using specialized basis functions. These solutions are matched asymptotically, providing a complex dispersion relation which is solved for global eigenvalues and eigenfunctions in full toroidal geometry. The dispersion relation may have multiple complex unstable roots, which are found by advanced root-finding methods. These methods are much faster and more robust than the previous numerical methods. The new methods are applicable to more challenging high-pressure and strongly shaped plasma equilibria and generalizable to more realistic inner region dynamics. In the thermonuclear regime, where the outer and inner regions overlap, they are also much faster and more accurate than the straight-through methods, which treat the resistive MHD equations in the whole plasma volume.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Numerical study of $\delta$-function current sheets arising from resonant magnetic perturbations

We report general three-dimensional toroidal ideal magnetohydrodynamic equilibria with a continuum of nested flux surfaces are susceptible to forming singular current sheets when resonant perturbations are applied. The presence of singular current sheets indicates that, in the presence of non-zero resistivity, magnetic reconnection will ensue, leading to the formation of magnetic islands and potentially regions of stochastic field lines when islands overlap. Numerically resolving singular current sheets in the ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) limit has been a significant challenge. This work presents numerical solutions of the Hahm–Kulsrud–Taylor (HKT) problem, which is a prototype for resonant singular current sheet formation. The HKT problem is solved by two codes: a Grad–Shafranov (GS) solver and the Stepped Pressure Equilibrium Code (SPEC) code. The GS solver has built-in nested flux surfaces with prescribed magnetic fluxes. The SPEC code implements multi-region relaxed magnetohydrodynamics (MRxMHD), whereby the solution relaxes to a Taylor state in each region while maintaining force balance across the interfaces between regions. As the number of regions increases, the MRxMHD solution appears to approach the ideal MHD solution assuming a continuum of nested flux surfaces. We demonstrate agreement between the numerical solutions obtained from the two codes through a convergence study.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Beyond universal behavior in the one-dimensional chain with random nearest-neighbor hopping

Here, we study the one-dimensional nearest-neighbor tight-binding model of electrons with independently distributed random hopping and no on-site potential (i.e., off-diagonal disorder with particle-hole symmetry, leading to sublattice symmetry, for each realization). For nonsingular distributions of the hopping, it is known that the model exhibits a universal, singular behavior of the density of states $ρ(E) ~ 1/|E\: \text{ln}^3 |E||$ and of the localization length $ξ(E) ~ |\text{ln}|E||$, near the band center $\textit{E}$ = 0 . (This singular behavior is also applicable to random $\textit{XY}$ and Heisenberg spin chains; it was first obtained by Dyson for a specific random harmonic oscillator chain.) Simultaneously, the state at$\textit{E}$ = 0 shows a universal, subexponential decay at large distances $\sim \text{exp}[–\sqrt{r/r_0}]$. In this study, we consider singular, but normalizable, distributions of hopping, whose behavior at small $\textit{t}$ is of the form $\sim 1/[t \text{ln}^{λ+1}(1/t)]$, characterized by a single, continuously tunable parameter λ > 0. We find, using a combination of analytic and numerical methods, that while the universal result applies for λ > 2, it no longer holds in the interval 0 < λ < 2. In particular, we find that the form of the density of states singularity is enhanced (relative to the Dyson result) in a continuous manner depending on the nonuniversal parameter λ; simultaneously, the localization length shows a less divergent form at low energies and ceases to diverge below λ = 1. For λ < 2, the fall-off of the $\textit{E}$ = 0 state at large distances also deviates from the universal result and is of the form $\sim\text{exp}[–(r/r_0)^{1/λ}]$ , which decays faster than an exponential for λ < 1.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Origin of anomalous magnetotransport in kagome superconductors 𝐴⁢V 3 ⁢Sb 5 (𝐴 = K,Rb,Cs)

Multiple anomalous features in electronic spectra of metals with a kagome lattice structure—van Hove singularities, Dirac points, and flat bands—imply that materials containing this structural motif may lie at a nexus of topological and correlated electron physics. Due to the prospects of such exceptional electronic behavior, the recent discovery of superconductivity coexisting with charge-density wave (CDW) order in the layered kagome metals 𝐴⁢V 3 ⁢Sb 5 (𝐴 = K,Rb,Cs) has attracted considerable attention. Notably, these archetypal kagome metals express unconventional magnetotransport behavior, including an unexpected linear-in-𝐻 diagonal resistivity at low fields, and an even more peculiar, nonmonotonic sign-changing behavior of the Hall resistivity, which has been speculated to arise from a chiral CDW. We argue here that this unusual magnetotransport derives not from such unconventional phenomena, but rather from the unique fermiology of the 𝐴⁢V 3 ⁢Sb 5 materials. Specifically, it is caused by a large, concave hexagonal Fermi surface sheet formed in the close proximity to the van Hove singularities, which is backfolded into a small hexagonal sheet and two large triangular sheets in the CDW state. We introduce and analyze a model of the electronic structure of these Fermi surface sheets that allows for a full analytical treatment within Boltzmann kinetic theory and that enables semi-quantitative fits of our transport data. Specifically, we find that the anomalous magnetotransport behavior is caused by the confluence of strong reduction of the Fermi velocity near the van Hove singularities located near the vertices of the hexagonal sheet and sharp corners in Fermi surface generated by the CDW reconstruction. In conclusion, our analytical approach not only explains the anomalous magnetotransport in the kagome superconductors but also can be extended to a variety of metallic systems hosting singular features in their Fermi surfaces.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Frozen generalized symmetries

M-theory frozen singularities are (locally) D - or E -type orbifold singularities with a background fractional C 3 -monodromy surrounding them. In this paper, we revisit such backgrounds and address several puzzling features of their physics. We first give a top-down derivation of how the D - or E -type 7D N = 1 gauge theory directly “freezes” to a lower-rank gauge theory due to the C 3 background. This relies on a Hanany-Witten effect of fractional M5 branes and the presence of a gauge anomaly of fractional D p probes in the circle reduction. Additionally, we compute defect groups and 8D symmetry topological field theories of the 7D frozen theories in several duality frames. We apply our results to understanding the evenness condition of strings ending on O 7 + planes, and calculating the global forms of supergravity gauge groups of M-theory compactified on T 4 / Γ with frozen singularities. We also revisit IIA A D E singularities with a C 1 -monodromy along a 1-cycle in the boundary lens space and show that this freezes the gauge degrees of freedom via confinement. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Cvetič, Mirjam↗

Charge-Lattice Coupling in Hole-Doped LuFe 2 O 4 + δ : The Origin of Second-Order Modulation

Understanding singularities in ordered structures, such as dislocations in lattice modulation and solitons in charge ordering, offers great opportunities to disentangle the interactions between the electronic degrees of freedom and the lattice. Specifically, a modulated structure has traditionally been expressed in the form of a discrete Fourier series with a constant phase and amplitude for each component. We report atomic scale observation and analysis of a new modulation wave in hole-doped ${\mathrm{LuFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4+{\delta}}$ that requires significant modifications to the conventional modeling of ordered structures. This new modulation with an unusual quasiperiodic singularity can be accurately described only by introducing a well-defined secondary modulation vector in both the phase and amplitude parameter spaces. Correlated with density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations, our results reveal that those singularities originate from the discontinuity of lattice displacement induced by interstitial oxygen in the system. The approach of our work is applicable to a wide range of ordered systems, advancing our understanding of the nature of singularity and modulation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Multicritical Fermi Surface Topological Transitions

A wide variety of complex phases in quantum materials are driven by electron-electron interactions, which are enhanced through density of states peaks. A well-known example occurs at van Hove singularities where the Fermi surface undergoes a topological transition. Here we show that higher order singularities, where multiple disconnected leaves of Fermi surface touch all at once, naturally occur at points of high symmetry in the Brillouin zone. Such multicritical singularities can lead to stronger divergences in the density of states than canonical van Hove singularities, and critically boost the formation of complex quantum phases via interactions. Further, as a concrete example of the power of these Fermi surface topological transitions, we demonstrate how they can be used in the analysis of experimental data on Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 . Understanding the related mechanisms opens up new avenues in material design of complex quantum phases.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

“Candidatus Paraporphyromonas polyenzymogenes” encodes multi-modular cellulases linked to the type IX secretion system

Background In Nature, obligate herbivorous ruminants have a close symbiotic relationship with their gastrointestinal microbiome, which proficiently deconstructs plant biomass. Despite decades of research, lignocellulose degradation in the rumen has thus far been attributed to a limited number of culturable microorganisms. Here, we combine metaomics and enzymology to identify and describe a novel Bacteroidetes family (UMH11) composed entirely of uncultivated strains that are predominant in ruminants and only distantly related to previously characterized taxa. Results The first metabolic reconstruction of UMH11-affiliated genome bins, with a particular focus on the provisionally named UParaporphyromonas polyenzymogenes, illustrated their capacity to degrade various lignocellulosic substrates via comprehensive inventories of singular and multi-modular carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes). Closer examination revealed an absence of archetypical polysaccharide utilization loci found in human-gut microbiota. Instead, we identified many multi-modular CAZymes putatively secreted via the Bacteroidetes-specific Type 9 secretion system (T9SS). This included cellulases with two or more catalytic domains, which are modular arrangements that are unique to Bacteroidetes species studied to date. Core metabolic proteins from UP. polyenzymogenes were detected in metaproteomic data and were enriched in rumen-incubated plant biomass, indicating that active saccharification and fermentation of complex carbohydrates could be assigned to members of this novel family. Biochemical analysis of selected UP. polyenzymogenes CAZymes further iterated the cellulolytic activity of this hitherto uncultured bacterium towards linear polymers, such as amorphous and crystalline cellulose as well as mixed linkage β-glucans. Conclusion We propose that UP. olyenzymogenes genotypes and other UMH11 members actively degrade plant biomass in the rumen of cows, sheep, and most likely other ruminants, utilizing singular and multi-domain catalytic CAZymes secreted through the T9SS. The discovery of a prominent role of multi-modular cellulases in the Gramnegative Bacteroidetes, together with similar findings for Gram-positive cellulosomal bacteria (Ruminococcus flavefaciens) and anaerobic fungi (Orpinomyces sp.), suggests that complex enzymes are essential and have evolved within all major cellulolytic dominions inherent to the rumen.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗

Derivation of an integral equation for transonic flows

It is noted that the nonlinear partial differential equation for the perturbation velocity potential and boundary conditions describing steady inviscid compressible transonic flow past a thin two-dimensional airfoil can be transformed into a singular integrodifferential equation and that differentiation of the latter yields an integral equation. Two forms of this integral equation currently exist: one for the singularity that is enclosed in an infinitely long strip of vanishing thickness and the other for the singularity that is enclosed in a vanishing circle. In the present article, a more general integral equation is derived by enclosing the singularity in a vanishing rectangular cavity of arbitrary aspect ratio. The two existing forms of this equation are deduced as special cases distinguished by the respective values for the aspect ratio (infinity for the first form and unity for the second).

Ogana, W.↗

A new look at numerical analyses of free-edge stresses in composite laminates

The edge stress problem for a + or - 45 deg graphite/epoxy laminate was examined. The reliability of the displacement formulated finite element method in analyzing the edge stress problem was investigated. Analyses of two well known elasticity problems, one involving a stress discontinuity and one a singularity, showed that the finite element analysis yields accurate stress distributions everywhere except in two elements closest to the stress discontinuity of singularity. Stress distributions for a + or - 45 deg laminate showed the same behavior near the singularity found in the well known problems with exact solutions. The displacement formulated finite element method appears to be a highly accurate technique for calculating interlaminar stress in composite laminates. The disagreement among the numerical methods was attributed to the unsymmetric stress tensor at the singularity.

Raju, I. S.↗

Reliability of the finite element method for calculating free edge stresses in composite laminates

The interlaminar normal stress distributions along the interface between the +45 deg and -45 deg plies of a graphite/epoxy laminate, obtained by various investigators, were found to disagree in both magnitude and sign. The reliability of the displacement-formulated finite element method in analyzing the edge-stress problem of a composite laminate is investigated. The history of the edge-stress problem is reviewed, and two well-known elasticity problems, one involving a stress discontinuity and one a singularity, are analyzed. The finite element analysis in these problems yields accurate stress distributions everywhere except in two elements closest to the stress discontinuity or singularity. Stress distributions for a + or -45 deg ply laminate near the singularity were similar to those of the two elasticity problems, demonstrating the methods, accuracy for calculating interlaminar stresses in composite laminates. The disagreement between the numerical methods was attributed to the unsymmetric stress tensor at singularity.

Whitcomb, J. D.↗