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At least 775 records · Page 43

Transition in ICF Capsule Implosions

Longstanding design and reproducibility challenges in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosion experiments involve recognizing the need for appropriately characterized and modeled three-dimensional initial conditions and high-fidelity simulation capabilities to predict transitional flow approaching turbulence, material mixing characteristics, and late-time quantities of interest—e.g., fusion yield. We build on previous coarse graining simulations of the indirect-drive national ignition facility (NIF) cryogenic capsule N170601 experiment-a precursor of N221205 which resulted in net energy gain. We apply effectively combined initialization aspects and multiphysics coupling in conjunction with newly available hydrodynamics simulation methods, including directional unsplit algorithms and low Mach-number correction-key advances enabling high fidelity coarse grained simulations of radiation-hydrodynamics driven transition. Our presentation includes discussion of the capsule initialization and implosion dynamics, analysis of the vorticity production budget, transition signatures, quantities of interest—late-time ion temperature and fusion-neutron yield, numerical uncertainty quantification, and comparisons with NIF data.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Molten Halide Salt Surface Tension: Methods and Correlations

Here, this paper reviews various methods for studying surface tension and their applicability to fluoride and chloride molten salt systems, including a comparison of benefits and drawbacks. Such a comparison aids in experiment design based on desired factors such as scale, accuracy, and repeatability. A detailed review is presented for existing literature data regarding the surface tension of molten fluoride and chloride salts. These reference data were compiled and analyzed to determine cross-validated correlation equations for several alkali and alkaline earth fluoride and chloride salts as functions of temperature. These correlations are necessary for reliable multiphysics modeling approaches as well as accurate design and analysis of multiphase molten salt phenomena such as gas sparging and bubble formation/transport. This analysis supports the development of the thermophysical arm of the Molten Salt Thermal Properties Database (MSTDB-TP) managed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Chloride↗

Electromagnetic Simulations of Newly Designed Semiconductor Bolometers for Submillimeter Observations

In the frame of the SPICA mission, new semiconductor bolometers have been designed for the POL instrument which is directly part of the HERSCHEL/PACS legacy. These detectors are cooled down to 50 mK and are sensitive to polarization for the 100, 200 and 350 μm wavelength bands. In this paper, 3D simulations have been carried out with the COMSOL Multiphysics software to design the two suspended interlaced silicon spirals which support the orthogonal absorbers (sensitive to the two polarizations) of the POL detectors. These simulations allow to optimize the design of the absorbers and to quantify the cross-polarization. In the last part of this paper, we explain how it is possible to reach the 200 and 350 μm bands from the layout of the 100-μm detector.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Air-Coupled Nondestructive Evaluation Dissected

This work develops a two-dimensional theoretical model to simulate the behavior of a fully non-contact air-coupled nondestructive evaluation system for a thin isotropic plate. The model is divided into transmission, guided wave propagation and reception phase. The validation of the complete model was carried out by modeling the same system by means of finite element method using a Multiphysics software. In addition, the dependency of the generated Lamb waves on different transmitter’s parameters and incidence angle is thoroughly investigated. The results of the acoustic pressure excited by the transducer, the out-of-plane velocity amplitudes for the generated first antisymmetric Lamb wave mode, and the radiated pressure from the plate caused by the leaky Lamb wavefield were all compared between the two models and a reasonable degree of similarity was found.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Magnetic Properties of Electroformed Ni and Ni-Fe for Micromagnetic MEMS Applications

This paper reports a new technique which is based on electroforming process for high permeability Ni and Ni-Fe alloy. The magnetic properties of Ni and Ni-Fe alloy are investigated as a function of plating current density via scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Concentration-dependent kinetics is used to formulate the deposition rate and also the same is verified by using finite element analysis tool COMSOL Multiphysics. Several experiments are performed to derive the relation between electroplating parameters and magnetic properties. The process conditions are optimized to develop high permeability (∼16000) Ni-Fe alloy (85.71–14.29 %). The higher current density shows a monotonically increasing behavior of relative permeability (μ{sub r}). In addition, the B-H curves indicate that the saturation magnetization (B{sub sat}) increases and coercivity decreases with increasing plating current density. Our experimental data confirms that the higher current density increase the softness of Ni. The observed properties of Ni and Ni-Fe based on experimental results can be used to study the magnetic behavior of micromagnetic sensors and large force actuators.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Effect Laws of Different Factors on Levitation Characteristics of High-T{sub c} Superconducting Maglev System with Numerical Solutions

The interaction between the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bulk and permanent magnet guideway (PMG) has been a topic among the existing HTS magnetic levitation systems. Up to now, the theories about the electromagnetic and force characteristics have been relatively consummated. Here, using the finite element model by COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a, we investigated the impact of the intrinsic and external factors on the levitation characteristics of HTS maglev systems, the application laws are concluded. Factors including the critical current density and geometric dimensions of the bulk superconductor, as well as the moving velocity, are discussed. The effects of the multiple back and forth movements are also analyzed. By comparing calculation results of the distributions of the induced current and the levitation force of the bulk superconductor, we can clearly confirm the effect laws of various factors on the electromagnetic characteristics and levitation force. These observations support the physical parameters that are difficult to be tested by experiments. And they also have a significant contribution to the experimental condition selections and optimization of the high-temperature superconducting magnetic levitation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Twin-core sunflower-type photonic quasicrystal fibers incorporated gold, silver, and copper microwire: an ultrashort and broad bandwidth polarization splitter

Polarization splitters are beneficial in the field of passive optical devices which are principally used in the coherent optical communication systems. An ideal polarization splitter must possess an efficient coupling with significant optical bandwidth. Hence, we proposed a novel metal-filled polarization splitter based on twin-core sunflower-type photonic quasicrystal fiber (PQF). The characteristics of the proposed splitter such as coupling length, extinction ratio, and available optical bandwidth were investigated by using the commercially available software, COMSOL Multiphysics. These aforementioned characteristics were determined by optimizing the geometrical parameters of proposed PQF—first by using gold-filled PQF (AuPQF). With optimized geometrical parameters, the splitter achieved an ultra-short coupling length of 132 µm and an ultra-broad bandwidth of 301 nm (wavelength range 1.36–1.68 µm) with an extinction ratio below than − 20 dB which comprised E + S+C + L+U band. Secondly, a comparative study to use silver- and copper-filled PQF (AgPQF and CuPQF) was explored. Both AgPQF and CuPQF retained a short length with adequate bandwidth and a significant extinction ratio below than − 20 dB. The AgPQF has a coupling length of 137 µm with a bandwidth of 136 nm which operated at 1.44 µm wavelength, while CuPQF with 134 µm lengths with a bandwidth of 149 nm and operated at 1.50 µm wavelengths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Design of Circular, Square, Single, and Multi-layer Induction Coils for Electromagnetic Priming Using Inductance Estimates

Special induction coils used for electro magnetic priming of ceramic foam filters in liquid metal filtration have been designed using a combination of analytical and finite element modeling. Relatively simple empirical equations published by Wheeler in 1928 and 1982 have been used during the design process. The equations were found to accurately predict the z-component of the magnetic flux densities of both single- and multi-layer coils as verified both experimentally and by using COMSOL{sup ®} 5.1 multiphysics simulations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Experimental and Mathematical Simulation Study on the Granulation of a Modified Basic Oxygen Furnace Steel Slag

Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag is a major waste of the steelmaking industry. Utilization of BOF slag contributes to the sustainability of the steel industry by alleviating its environmental impact. Vitrification during cooling is an effective method to promote the cementitious activity of slags with the aim to apply slags in high value-added applications. In the present study, an Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}- and SiO{sub 2}-modified BOF slag was water granulated at a pilot scale. The amorphous and mineral fractions were measured quantitatively. The critical cooling rate to vitrify the modified slag was calculated through the Time-Temperature-Transformation diagrams constructed using in situ confocal scanning laser microscopy. To provide an insight into the crystallization behavior during the granulation process, a mathematical model was developed. The model was validated by comparing the amorphous fraction obtained from experiments with that from simulation. Temperature profiles of the slag particles with varied sizes were calculated with the aid of COMSOL Multiphysics software. The effect of particle size on the vitrified fraction was discussed in detail and the temperature gradient from surface to center of the particle was identified. The results provide novel fundamental understanding of the vitrification process regarding to the slag valorization, which will help the industrial implementation of granulation for pollution remediation and other engineered environmental systems such as chemical industry and pharmaceutical industry.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Modeling of Powder Bed Manufacturing Defects

Powder bed additive manufacturing offers unmatched capabilities. The deposition resolution achieved is extremely high enabling the production of innovative functional products and materials. Achieving the desired final quality is, however, hampered by many potential defects that have to be managed in due course of the manufacturing process. Defects observed in products manufactured via powder bed fusion have been studied experimentally. In this effort we have relied on experiments reported in the literature and—when experimental data were not sufficient—we have performed additional experiments providing an extended foundation for defect analysis. There is large interest in reducing the effort and cost of additive manufacturing process qualification and certification using integrated computational material engineering. A prerequisite is, however, that numerical methods can indeed capture defects. A multiscale multiphysics platform is developed and applied to predict and explain the origin of several defects that have been observed experimentally during laser-based powder bed fusion processes. The models utilized are briefly introduced. The ability of the models to capture the observed defects is verified. The root cause of the defects is explained by analyzing the numerical results thus confirming the ability of numerical methods to provide a foundation for rapid process qualification.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Research on the Corrosion Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel Under Coupling Effect of AC + DC and Stress

The coupling effect of stray AC (alternating current) + DC (direct current) and tensile stress-induced X70 pipeline corrosion is complicated with its mechanism uncovered. In this work, the corrosion behavior of X70 pipeline steel under three different corrosion (including an individual AC corrosion, mixed AC + 150 MPa tensile stress corrosion, coupling effect of AC + a 30 A/m{sup 2} DC interference and 150 MPa tensile stress corrosion) conditions in Dagang soil simulated solution was investigated by COMSOL Multiphysics software simulation, electrochemical tests, scanning electron microscope and other techniques. The results indicated that with the increase in AC density, the open-circuit potential of the X70 steel samples was negatively shifted and corrosion rate increased in three different corrosion conditions. The corrosion rates of X70 steel samples under individual AC interference were almost unchanged when 150.9 MPa tensile stress was applied. When applying 30 A/m{sup 2} DC interference, the corrosion rate of X70 steel increases significantly. Therefore, the factors affecting corrosion performance of X70 pipeline steel were DC > AC > stress. Under individual AC interference, uniform corrosion occurred on the X70 steel at an AC current density of less than 30 A/m{sup 2}, while the pitting corrosion occurred at an AC current density of greater than 100 A/m{sup 2}. The application of tensile stress and DC had a certain inhibitory effect on pitting corrosion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Multi-Dimensional Simulation of LWR Fuel Behavior in the BISON Fuel Performance Code

Nuclear fuel operates in an extreme environment that induces complex multiphysics phenomena occurring over distances ranging from inter-atomic spacing to meters, and times scales ranging from microseconds to years. To simulate this behavior requires a wide variety of material models that are often complex and nonlinear. The recently developed BISON code represents a powerful fuel performance simulation tool based on its material and physical behavior capabilities, finite-element versatility of spatial representation, and use of parallel computing. The code can operate in full three dimensional (3D) mode, as well as in reduced two dimensional (2D) modes, e.g., axisymmetric radial-axial (R-Z) or plane radial-circumferential (R-θ), to suit the application and to allow treatment of global and local effects. A BISON case study was used in this paper to illustrate analysis of Pellet Clad Mechanical Interaction failures from manufacturing defects using combined 2D and 3D analyses. The analysis involved commercial fuel rods and demonstrated successful computation of metrics of interest to fuel failures, including cladding peak hoop stress and strain energy density. Finally, in comparison with a failure threshold derived from power ramp tests, results corroborate industry analyses of the root cause of the pellet-clad interaction failures and illustrate the importance of modeling 3D local effects around fuel pellet defects, which can produce complex effects including cold spots in the cladding, stress concentrations, and hot spots in the fuel that can lead to enhanced cladding degradation such as hydriding, oxidation, CRUD formation, and stress corrosion cracking.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Integrated Simulation Framework for Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: Melt Pool Dynamics, Microstructure, Solid-State Phase Transformation, and Microelastic Response

In this work, to accelerate the establishment of fundamental understanding of the additive manufacturing (AM) process and its influence on microstructural evolution and related properties, we develop a multiphysics and multiscale modeling framework that integrates: (1) a high-fidelity powder-scale three-dimensional simulation of transient heat transfer and melt flow dynamics, (2) cellular automaton simulation of solidification grain structure and texture, (3) phase-field modeling of precipitation and dissolution of second-phase precipitate during repeated thermal cycles, and (4) microstructure-based micro- and mesoscopic elastic response calculation. Using Ti-6Al-4V as a model system, we demonstrate the application of the integrated framework to simulate complex microstructure evolution during a single-track laser powder bed fusion process and the associated mechanical response. Our modeling framework successfully captures the solidification β grain structure as a function of laser power and scanning speed, α precipitation upon subsequent cooling with different rates, and elastic response of the resulting (α + β) two-phase microstructure. The key features of solidification and second-phase precipitate microstructures, and their dependence on processing parameters, agree well with existing experimental observations. Finally, the established modeling framework is generally applicable to other metallic materials fabricated by AM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Solving macroscopic and microscopic pin-fin heat sink problems by adapted spectral method

In this paper, simulation of heat transfer in a heat sink with macroscopic and microscopic scales when one pin-fin is added to the system is investigated by the proposed spectral method. In the microscopic problems, heat transfer model uses dual-phase lag formulas in contrast with macroscopic problems when Fourier law is used to formulate the governing equation. In macroscopic problem, the results are compared with COMSOL multiphysics software results and a good agreement between the results are shown. In microscopic problems, 3D Gaussian heat source is used and boundary conditions obey the Newton law. Comparisons show the efficiency of the current method, while the results are compared with existed literature. It is shown that: by adding one pin fin to the heat sink problem, temperature of the system will decrease. Numerical results are given and graphs of the temperature for various kinds of pin-fin heat sink problems are depicted.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Additive Manufacturing in the Nuclear Reactor Industry

This article discusses the application of additive manufacturing in the nuclear reactor industry.Additive manufacturing for nuclear applications increased significantly in the late 2010s due to rapid progress in technology, particularly with methods using metals and ceramics.Because these manufacturing technologies are uniquely data-rich, they allow for an advanced understanding of materials, and they offer the potential to predict part performance based on build data. The inherent characteristics of additive manufacturing technologies allow for rapid prototyping and geometric freedom, making it possible to implement an accelerated agile design process for advanced nuclear reactor applications. Predictive high-fidelity multiphysics simulations are crucial to fully leverage this geometric flexibility. Qualification and regulator acceptance ultimately determine the breadth and scope of applications for these technologies. The US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Transformational Challenge Reactor program integrates many of these elements to accelerate the deployment of additive manufacturing technologies to industry.

Betzler, Benjamin↗

High fidelity model of directed energy deposition: Laser-powder-melt pool interaction and effect of laser beam profile on solidification microstructure

Metal additive manufacturing technologies keep receiving a great deal of interest as well as strong requests to develop methods to link the process science to printed parts performance and understand how to overcome inherent limitations. Here, a high-fidelity model based on the multiphysics ALE3D code was developed to reproduce the directed energy deposition process down to the powder scale. This includes resolving the laser-powder-melt pool interactions (powder impingement and incorporation into melt pool, hydrodynamics flow condition and laser absorption inefficiencies) as well as the resulting solidification microstructure. This micrometer scale digital twin captured the effect of powder incorporation process and powder flow rate on porosity. Furthermore, it was used to explore how a ring laser beam profile instead of the standard Gaussian laser profile could decrease the thermal gradient along the solidification front in the melt pool, which in turn can increase propensity for more desirable equiaxed grains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Non-intrusive reduced order modeling of natural convection in porous media using convolutional autoencoders: Comparison with linear subspace techniques

Natural convection in porous media is a highly nonlinear multiphysical problem relevant to many engineering applications (e.g., the process of CO 2 sequestration). Here, we extend and present a non-intrusive reduced order model of natural convection in porous media employing deep convolutional autoencoders for the compression and reconstruction and either radial basis function (RBF) interpolation or artificial neural networks (ANNs) for mapping parameters of partial differential equations (PDEs) on the corresponding nonlinear manifolds. To benchmark our approach, we also describe linear compression and reconstruction processes relying on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and ANNs. Further, we present comprehensive comparisons among different models through three benchmark problems. The reduced order models, linear and nonlinear approaches, are much faster than the finite element model, obtaining a maximum speed-up of 7 × 10 6 because our framework is not bound by the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition; hence, it could deliver quantities of interest at any given time contrary to the finite element model. Our model’s accuracy still lies within a relative error of 7% in the worst-case scenario. We illustrate that, in specific settings, the nonlinear approach outperforms its linear counterpart and vice versa. We hypothesize that a visual comparison between principal component analysis (PCA) and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) could indicate which method will perform better prior to employing any specific compression strategy.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Measurement of acoustic properties of microalgae and implications for the performance of ultrasonic harvesting systems

Microalgae are a promising feedstock for biofuel production, but difficulties associated with harvesting suspended cultures contribute to the high costs of algal feedstock production. Ultrasonic harvesting has been identified as a potential low-cost technique, but limited data are available on the response of microalgae cells in the presence of an acoustic field. The acoustic radiation force acting on a cell depends upon cell size and the acoustic contrast factor (ACF) of the cell in the media. The ACF depends upon the density and compressibility of the cell and the media. Cell size and ACF were measured for Microchloropsis gaditana, Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The average ACFs, which were determined by measuring the densities and sound velocities of suspensions containing varying concentrations of cells in growth media, were 0.04 (range = 0.03–0.05) for M. gaditana, 0.02 (range = 0.01–0.04) for N. oculata, 0.05 (range = 0.04–0.07) for P. tricornutum, and 0.05 (range = 0.049–0.053) for C. reinhardtii. The ratio of the acoustic radiation force to the drag force would be highest for C. reinhardtii cells due to their larger effective radius (5.6 μm compared to 1.9–2.7 μm for the other species). The effective ACF of C. reinhardtii was also evaluated by recording the motion of cells in the presence of an acoustic field, using particle tracking velocimetry, and then modeling the recorded motion using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The result (ACF = 0.04) demonstrated agreement with the density/sound velocity meter method. Experiments with starch null sta6 mutant C. reinhardtii cells demonstrated that the effective ACF can transition from positive to zero and eventually become negative as microalgae cells accumulate lipids. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of the ACF represents an opportunity and a challenge for acoustic harvesting of algal cells.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗