Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Fisher”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Geothermal Heat Recovery Complex: Large-Scale, Deep Direct-Use System in a Low-Temperature Sedimentary Basin (Final Report)

A feasibility study of using deep direct-use (DDU) geothermal energy to heat agricultural research facilities (ARFs) was conducted at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (U of IL) and its similar application to military facilities in the Illinois Basin (ILB). The geothermal energy system (GES) investigated utilizes low-temperature (30–90°C; 90–190°F) geothermal fluid (i.e., brine) from an extraction well that is part of a deep, two-well (doublet) system that extends to the bottom of the ILB. The geothermal reservoir modeled, the Mt. Simon Sandstone (MSS), is about 1,280 m (4,200 feet) deep and 457 m thick (1,500 feet) beneath the U of IL. The DDU GES surface infrastructure includes heat exchangers connected in-parallel to pipelines carrying the geothermal fluid and fresh cold and hot water. Analysis of the GES indicated that the MSS can provide a baseload of 2 MMBtu/hr to heat the ARFs by extracting 954 m³/d (6,000 barrels/day [bbl/d]) of geothermal fluid that has a temperature of 44–46 °C (111–115 °F). In addition to analyzing the levelized cost of heat (LCOH) and life cycle costs, the environmental effects of the DDU GES were evaluated, including reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water consumption. Multiple system designs were evaluated and then ranked based on their maximum heating performance, energy efficiency, and cost recovery. This feasibility study identified the key components of the fully-integrated DDU technology that can be implemented, both technically and economically. The results and information from this study provides end-users and policy makers with guidance for additional research on the specific components of DDU technology such that its widespread use can provide an uninterruptible energy source, increase resilience from extreme weather conditions, reduce U.S. dependency on fossil fuels, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The site-specific part of this study gives U of IL administrators a realistic and pragmatic assessment of the financial resources necessary to add a DDU GES in the MSS to the campus’ energy portfolio.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Platform for Single-Cell Dual RNA Sequencing of Host-Pathogen Interactions

The aim of this project was to advance single-cell RNA-Seq methods toward the establishment of a platform that may be used to simultaneously interrogate the gene expression profiles of mammalian host cells and bacterial pathogens. Existing genetic sequencing methods that measure bulk groups of cells do not account for the heterogeneity of cell-microbe interactions that occur within a complex environment, have limited efficiency, and cannot simultaneously interrogate bacterial sequences. In order to overcome these challenges, separate biochemistry workflows were developed based on a No-So-Random hexamer priming strategy or libraries of targeted molecular probes. Computational tools were developed to facilitate these methods, and feasibility was demonstrated for single-cell RNA-Seq for both bacterial and mammalian transcriptomes. This work supports cross-agency national priorities on addressing the threat of biological pathogens and understanding the role of the microbiome in modulating immunity and susceptibility to infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

CB10412: Bulk CWA Destruction

The objective of this project was to eliminate and/or render bulk agent unusable by a threat entity via neutralization and/or polymerization of the bulk agent using minimal quantities of additives. We proposed the in situ neutralization and polymerization of bulk chemical agents (CAs) by performing reactions in the existing CA storage container via wet chemical approaches using minimal quantities of chemical based materials. This approach does not require sophisticated equipment, fuel to power generators, electricity to power equipment, or large quantities of decontaminating materials. By utilizing the CA storage container as the batch reactor, the amount of logistical resources can be significantly reduced. Fewer personnel are required since no sophisticated equipment needs to be set up, configured, or operated. Employing the CA storage container as the batch reactor enables the capability to add materials to multiple containers in a short period of time as opposed to processing one container at a time for typical batch reactor approaches. In scenarios where a quick response is required, the material can be added to all the CA containers and left to react on its own without intervention. Any attempt to filter the CA plus material solution will increase the rate of reaction due to increased agitation of the solution.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Processing of Ultrasonic Measurements for an Additive Manufacturing Application

Resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy is an effective methodology capable of measuring a change in modal resonant frequencies of material structures. It encompasses techniques based on ultrasonic frequencies employed to estimate elastic coefficients in solids. It is these frequencies that are uniquely characterized by the material shape, coefficients, symmetry and density that are used to improve and detect changes especially during the additive manufacturing (AM) process. In this report a variety of techniques to extract and validate material resonances are developed starting first with the background theory required to comprehend the approaches. Once the theory is established, various signal processing methodologies are applied to estimate the underlying resonances leading to the extraction of the critical elastic coefficients characterizing the specimen under test. A detailed case study based on wire arc additive manufacturing is discussed demonstrating the applicability of the various approaches.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Supply Chain Risk Mitigation for Scientific Facilities and Tools

In November 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (SC) convened a roundtable on “Supply Chain Risk Mitigation for Scientific Facilities and Tools” to gather information about current supply chain challenges in key technology areas unique to SC or critical to its mission. The roundtable brought together technical, project management, and procurement experts from DOE national laboratories, industry, academia, and other government agencies. Panelists explored opportunities, possible partnerships, and mechanisms to strengthen the domestic supply chain for critical SC technologies.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Economic Impact of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) on the State of Washington in Fiscal Year 2020

The FY 2020 Economic Impact Report details several of PNNL’s economic indicators, including PNNL’s total economic output, annual spending, jobs, number of employees, purchased goods and services, companies with roots in PNNL, STEM support and corporate charitable contributions. It also explains the economic impact of PNNL operations on the state of Washington—all within the context of PNNL’s response to the COVID pandemic and the effect of COVID-19 on PNNL’s economic impact within the state and local community during FY 2020. The results are impressive. Our response to COVID allowed for the majority of our staff to transition to telework, stay productive, avoid furloughs, and even hire new staff. COVID had minimal impact on our ability to positively effect economic impact in the state and community. Additionally, we directly and indirectly supported more than $1.59B through PNNL payroll and domestic purchased goods and services, and we generated 7,580 jobs in Washington State. PNNL’s annual spending was more than $1.1B. Battelle and PNNL contributions to philanthropic and civic organizations totaled $1.08M, many of which are outlined within the report. This information is intended to answer questions we often get from stakeholders who believe in the power of science and technology institutions to help sustain vibrant, educated communities in our state.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Combined Imaging and RNA-Seq on a Microfluidic Platform for Viral Infection Studies

The goal of this work was to pioneer a novel, low-overhead protocol for simultaneously assaying cell-surface markers and intracellular gene expression in a single mammalian cell. The purpose of developing such a method is to be able to understand the mechanisms by which pathogens engage with individual mammalian cells, depending on their cell surface proteins, and how both host and pathogen gene expression changes are reflective of these mechanisms. The knowledge gained from such analyses of single cells will ultimately lead to more robust pathogen detection and countermeasures. Our method was aimed at streamlining both the upstream cell sample preparation using microfluidic methods, as well as the actual library making protocol. Specifically, we wanted to implement a random hexamer-based reverse transcription of all RNA within a single cell (as opposed to oligo dT-based which would only capture polyadenylated transcripts), and then use a CRISPR-based method called scDash to deplete ribosomal DNAs (since ribosomal RNAs make up the majority of the RNA in a mammalian cell). After significant troubleshooting, we demonstrate that we are able to prepare cDNA from RNA using the random hexamer primer, and perform the rDNA depletion. We also show that we can visualize individually stained cells, setting up the pipeline for connecting surface markers to RNA-sequencing profiles. Finally, we test a number of devices for various parts of the pipeline, including bead generation, optical barcoding and cell dispensing, and demonstrate that while some of these have potential, more work is needed to optimize this part of the pipeline.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

High Temperature Optocoupler for 3D High Density Power Modules

The goal of this proposed research is to develop a reliable high-temperature optocouplers, which can operate at 250°C with at least ten-year lifetime, and replace isolation transforms as the galvanic isolation solution for the 3D integration of high density power modules. The electrification of future transportations (i.e., electric vehicles) will continuously drive the demand for high density power modules. Optocouplers (i.e., packaged light emitter and detector) as a promising candidate to replace bulky isolation transformers are highly desirable to facilitate the continuous scale-down of gate driver circuitry that will lead to 3D high density power modules and achieve disruptive performance in terms of thermal management, power density, power efficiency, reliability and operating environments. However, regular semiconductor optoelectronic materials and devices have significant difficulty functioning in the harsh environments designated for high density power module usage (such as operation at high temperatures). Ultimately, it is not the intrinsic properties of power devices that prevent their use at higher temperatures, but rather the low voltage electronics needed to drive them and the packaging that surrounds them. The typical operating temperature for optocouplers is only up to 100°C, due to the limitations of light emitting diode (LED) devices inside and packaging materials. A systematic characterization methodology will be developed to analyze the performance, lifetime and reliability of LED devices and distinguish multiple failure mechanisms at high temperatures. An original methodology of “design for reliability” will be developed to design the optoelectronic devices with high reliability and long lifetime at high temperatures. A new architecture of high temperature high reliable optocouplers will be developed, fabricated and demonstrated with continuous operating at 250°C. The development of efficient, reliable high density 3D power modules is the foundation for energy efficiency and energy reliability. Enabled with advanced 3D integration and packaging technologies, high density power module solutions can achieve much more superior performance over the conventional discrete solutions in terms of efficiency, thermal management and power density. The proposed concept of high temperature optocouplers as the galvanic isolation solution for high density power modules will bring together interdisciplinary research involving the wide bandgap materials, optoelectronics, high reliable device design, electronics packaging and power modules. A streamline of skilled personnel would be trained including graduate and undergraduate students, local engineers and scientists which are in great demand to both academia and optoelectronics industry. The proposed research topics, such as, solid state lighting and high temperature device reliability, are currently of major interest at the Department of Energy, in particular, Sandia National Laboratories. This project can enhance collaborations between the University of Arkansas (UA) and Sandia National Laboratories. The findings of the proposed research are expected to be integrated into high density 3-D power modules at the Engineering Research Center for Power Optimization for Electro-Thermal Systems (POETS).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Magnetically Coupled Broadband Dual Magnetic Mass/Spring Vibrational Energy Harvesting Design

Self-powering sensors and networks are a reality. The ability to extract ambient energy from the surroundings to power electronic devices has a profound impact on the realization of smart adaptable sensor networks. In this study, a magnetically coupled dual spring and magnet design has been investigated to improve the efficiency and performance bandwidth of vibration energy harvesting (VEH) sensors. Using numerical models based on traditional systems of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODE), an optimized design was developed and compared to experimental measurements. Numerical and empirical results show good agreement. Results show improvement in the bandwidth over an equivalent linear system and corresponding improvement in output power conversion efficiency. The increased bandwidth allows improved conversion sensitivity and enhanced power harvesting capabilities. This operational bandwidth coincides with the expected input spectrum for in situ applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Interconnection Cost Analysis in the PJM Territory

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require new large generators seeking to connect to the grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. Berkeley Lab has collected interconnection cost data from interconnection studies for the PJM Territory, representing nearly 86% of all new unique generators requesting interconnection from 2000 to 2022. Project-level cost summary data are available for download on this page. We find: -Average interconnection costs have grown as the number of interconnection requests have escalated -Projects that have completed all required interconnection studies have the lowest cost compared to applicants still actively working through the interconnection process or those that have withdrawn. -Broader network upgrade costs are the primary driver of recent cost increase. -Potential interconnection costs for wind, storage, and solar are larger than for natural gas -Larger generators have greater interconnection costs in absolute terms, but economies of scale exist on a per kW basis. -Interconnection costs vary by location Berkeley Lab will publish a series of short analytical papers of generator interconnection costs to the transmission system for MISO, PJM, SPP, ISO-NE and NYISO, which you can find at https://emp.lbl.gov/interconnection_costs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Enhanced Geothermal Shot Analysis for the Geothermal Technologies Office

In 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) began the Energy Earthshots initiatives to accelerate breakthroughs of reliable clean energy solutions within the next 10 years. In 2022, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was asked by the DOE Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) to provide analysis for developing Energy Earthshot targets for Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), human-made underground reservoirs that extract thermal energy from the earth for electricity generation and/or heating applications. The Enhanced Geothermal Shot analysis is based on the technology assumptions in the 2019 GTO report GeoVision: Harnessing the Heat Beneath Our Feet. For Earthshot, we updated some of the technology cost and performance assumptions based on recent technology advances and updated the EGS resource potential to include more detailed analysis. We used the updated EGS supply cost curves to forecast the amount of geothermal electricity generation that could be deployed in the US by 2050 using a capacity expansion model. The results were used to develop a cost target for EGS. On September 8th, 2022, the Enhanced Geothermal Shot was announced. Its target - reduce the cost of EGS by 90%, to $45 per megawatt hour by 2035. This paper summarizes the cost and resource assumptions used in the Enhanced Geothermal Shot. It describes the assumptions used in the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) capacity expansion model to forecast geothermal deployment and discusses the results.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Guidelines for Determining the Load Resistance of Thin-Glass Triple-Pane Insulating Glass Unit Configurations

This guideline is intended to provide information relevant to the specification of triple- pane insulating glass (IG) units where the thickness of lite number 2 (center lite) is less than or equal to the thickness of lite numbers 1 and 3. Procedures and charts are presented to determine the load resistance (LR) of common soda-lime glass thicknesses from 0.7 mm (3/128 in.) to 1.8 mm (9/128 in.) exposed to a uniform lateral load of short or long duration, for a 0.008 probability of breakage. Deflection under load, horizontal self-weight deflection, and natural frequency procedures and charts are also included to aide in the selection of glass thickness to meet manufacturing and/or loading criteria determined by the user.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Overcoming the Technical Challenges of Coordinating Distributed Load Resources at Scale (Final Report)

Significant recent research has investigated the potential for loads to provide balancing services to the grid. However, this research has not addressed key issues that may arise when such schemes are applied at scale including: 1. Distribution Network Issues. Coordination of large numbers of loads could result in power flows that violate distribution network constraints; 2. Stability Issues. Certain strategies to control loads can exhibit nonlinearity in the form of period-adding bifurcations and chaos. Other control strategies can potentially synchronize the behavior of large numbers of loads. In both cases, the outcome can be power oscillations and instability; 3. Communication Network Issues. Bidirectional low-latency communication channels between a central controller (or several distributed controllers) and each resource are expensive and likely not necessary for effective coordination. Our research questions were: What network, stability, and communication issues might arise in practice when we coordinate large aggregations of loads? How can we coordinate loads to achieve performance objectives in a cost effective manner while avoiding these issues? The ultimate technical goal of the project was the development of network-aware, communication-constrained, non-disruptive load control strategies with stability guarantees that achieve the performance requirements of typical balancing services at a sufficiently low cost to enable the load aggregator and customer to profit. The overall goal was to establish credibility for load control at scale and contribute to U.S. energy security and environmental goals. The team succeeded in answering these research questions and developing these control strategies. The overall approach was based on the development of three testing environments: a simulation testbed, an experimental testbed (20 physical model houses with window-box air conditioners) coupled with the simulation testbed, and a field testbed (100 actual homes in Austin, TX) coupled with the simulation testbed, which enabled controller testing, identification of issues, controller development, and controller validation. The resulting controller was used to demonstrate fast timescale grid balancing (frequency regulation) by aggregations of physical and virtual air conditioners, with sufficient quality to participate in the electricity market. Cost benefit analysis showed overall benefits to the participating households, load aggregators, and the grid, especially if the control technology was integrated directly into existing programmable communicating thermostats. The project provides a variety of wider benefits. Our technology transfer and outreach activities lead us to choose an open-source licensing commercialization pathway, enabling the project results to be available to researchers, industry, and the public. Furthermore, new grid balancing technologies will increase grid flexibility and will enable higher penetrations of intermittent renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar, to be connected to the grid, reducing its environmental impact, and mitigating climate change to the benefit of society.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗