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At least 775 records · Page 43
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Copper alloys for interconnectors and methods for making the same

Metallic alloy interconnects (which can comprise copper) with low electrical resistivity and methods for making the same are disclosed. The electrical resistivity of thin film copper alloys was reduced by 36% with niobium solute and by 51% with iron solute compared to pure copper counterpart in dilute solute regimes (0-1.5 atomic %). The fabrication method is operated at room temperature, and does not require a high temperature annealing step.

Gianola, Daniel S.↗
DOE OSTI2024

An Organic, Direct Bonded Copper, Multi-Layered, Ultra-Low Inductance Package for High-Power UWBG MOSFETs

The most common metalized substrates used in high-power switching packages consist of a ceramic layer such as Aluminum Nitride (AlN) sandwiched between two copper layers. Ceramic substrates are used because it has the key characteristic of having high dielectric strength while being thermally conductive. A large drawback to ceramic substrates is that they do not allow for a multi-layered circuit design. By replacing the traditional ceramic substrate with organic direct bonded copper (ODBC) we can open a wide range of possibilities when it comes to power module layout such as multi-layered circuits and double-sided cooling. Both benefits are critical while packaging high-performance Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) MOSFETs. Because of Ga2O3's relatively poor thermal conductivity, a double-sided cooled package becomes necessary. Therefore, the use of ODBC provides the flexibility to fabricate copper traces carrying much higher currents, and by creating a multi-layered package, we can drastically reduce the parasitic inductance inside the power module. Achieving lower parasitic inductance is critical for an ultra-fast Ga2O3 package to avoid excessive voltage overshoot and ringing. Using ODBC, we have designed novel packages capable of handling the challenges presented by fast Ga2O3 switching. Using multi-physics modeling software, we can validate our design before building the prototype. Due to the simple process parameters needed to work with ODBC, we can rapidly create prototypes without using external vendors. This flexibility allows us to quickly design, build, and validate highly complex switching power modules to accommodate next generation, Ga2O3 switching devices.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mechanism of Selenium Loss in Copper Slag

During smelting of copper sulfide concentrate, selenium is distributed between silica-saturated iron-silicate slag and copper-iron sulfide matte. The recovery coefficients of selenium between slag and matte were determined as a function of the initial concentration of selenium at 1523 K (1250 °C) under an inert atmosphere in a vertical tubular furnace. The initial concentration of selenium was varied by the addition of metallic selenium as well as selenium dioxide to the mixture of slag and matte. Analysis of the results indicated high affinity of selenium for matte. The apparent loss of selenium with the slag was attributed to the presence of selenium-enriched matte particles entrapped in the slag, rather than dissolved SeO{sub 2}. The mechanisms proposed by previous investigators were discussed and also compared with the results of the present investigation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Phase Equilibria in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO{sub 2} System in Reducing Atmosphere and in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO{sub 2}-“Cu{sub 2}O” System in Equilibrium with Liquid Copper Metal at 1250 °C (1523 K)

Recent experimental studies in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO{sub 2} system in reducing atmosphere demonstrated significant discrepancies with the current FactSage thermodynamic model developed using previous experimental data in this system in equilibrium with metallic iron and air. The present experimental study on phase equilibria in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO{sub 2}-“Cu{sub 2}O” system in equilibrium with liquid copper at 1250 °C (1523 K) at low copper oxide concentrations in slag was initiated and undertaken to resolve these discrepancies. A high-temperature equilibration–rapid quenching–electron-probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) technique using a primary phase substrate support and closed system approach with Cu metal introduced to determine effective equilibrium oxygen partial pressure from the Cu{sub metal}/Cu{sub 2}O{sub slag} equilibria was applied to provide accurate information on the liquidus and corresponding solid compositions in the spinel, willemite, and tridymite primary phase fields. The present results confirmed the accuracy of the FactSage model, resolved discrepancies, and demonstrated significant uncertainties in the recent studies by other authors on the system in the open reducing atmosphere. The present study shows how this closed system approach can be used to obtain key thermodynamic data on phase equilibria in systems containing volatile metal species, overcoming the limitations and uncertainties encountered in conventional open gas/condensed phase equilibration with these systems. The study highlights the importance of the focus on obtaining accurate experimental data and the risks of misleading information from inadequate experimental control and analysis. The study also demonstrates that continuing in-depth critical review and analysis of the elemental reactions taking place in complex systems is an essential step in phase equilibrium research.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

A new copper borophosphate with novel polymeric chains and its structural correlation with raw materials in molten hydrated flux synthesis

A novel copper borophosphate, Cu{sub 3}[B{sub 2}P{sub 3}O{sub 12}(OH){sub 3}] has been prepared by the molten hydrated flux method. Its crystal structure was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction (monoclinic, Cc, a=6.1895 Å, b=13.6209 Å, c=11.9373 Å, β=97.62°, V=997.5 Å{sup 3}, Z=4). The three-dimensional framework of the titled compound, is composed by two kinds of polymeric chains and isolated PO{sub 4} tetrahedral. One novel 4-membered tetrahedral rings has been observed in borophosphates. Magnetic measurements indicate that the title compound exits antiferromagnetic interactions. Due to the special reaction medium created by the molten hydrated flux method, a possible structural correlation between the final solids and the raw materials has been noted. - Graphical abstract: The 3D structure consists of a framework composed of CuO{sub x} polyhedra, BO{sub 4} and PO{sub 4} tetrahedra. A intersection angle between the metal chains and borophosphate chains can be noted. Display Omitted - Highlights: • A novel copper borophosphate has been prepared by the molten hydrated flux method. • One novel 4-membered tetrahedral ring has been observed firstly in borophosphates. • A possible structural correlation between the final solids and the raw materials has been noted.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

A cesium copper vanadyl-diphosphate: Synthesis, crystal structure and physical properties

A non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic diphosphate, Cs{sub 2}Cu{sub 1+x}(VO){sub 2−x}(P{sub 2}O{sub 7}){sub 2} (x=0.1) with a=13.7364(2) Å, b=9.2666(2) Å, c=11.5678(2) Å, Z=4, has been isolated. Its 3D framework is built from Cu atoms in square pyramidal and square planar coordination, VO{sub 5} tetragonal pyramids and P{sub 2}O{sub 7} diphosphate groups, sharing vertices. Large channels are fulfilled by cesium atoms. The ESR study reveals a similarity in behaviour of two paramagnetic (Cu and V) subsystems. The temperature dependences of the ESR linewidth and static magnetic susceptibility data present evidences for a cluster type magnetic ordering in the title compound at T⁎=22 K. The weakness of the relevant anomalies reflects presumably obvious Cu{sup 2+} ions and (VO){sup 2+} units disorder in the system. It is supposed that the charge and geometry of the framework are controlled by the Cu{sup 2+}/(VO){sup 2+} ratio; its variation may lead to a design of new materials. - Graphical abstract: A microporous 3D anionic framework of the first copper vanadium-diphosphate Cs{sub 2}Cu{sub 1.1}(VO){sub 1.9}(P{sub 2}O{sub 7}){sub 2}. The similarity in behaviour of Cu and V paramagnetic subsystems revealed by ESR study. - Highlights: • The first copper vanadium-diphosphate Cs{sub 2}Cu{sub 1.1}(VO){sub 1.9}(P{sub 2}O{sub 7}){sub 2} is reported. • A 3D anionic framework is characterized by disorder in distribution of Cu and V atoms. • Structural relations with topologically similar compounds are discussed. • The similarity in behaviour of Cu and V paramagnetic subsystems has been revealed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Syntheses, characterization and properties of silver, copper and palladium complexes from bis(oxazoline)-containing ligands

The reactions of 2,6-di(2-oxazolyl)pyridine (L{sup 1}) and 2,6-bis[(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolyl]pyridine (L{sup 2}) with silver, copper and palladium salts to yield six new complexes: ([Ag{sub 5}(L{sup 1}){sub 5}](BF{sub 4}){sub 5}){sub n} (1), ([Ag(L{sup 1})](SbF{sub 6})){sub n} (2), [Cu{sub 4}I{sub 4}(L{sup 1}){sub 2}] (3), [Cu{sub 6}I{sub 6}(L{sup 1}){sub 2}] (4), [Pd(L′{sup 1})(OAc)] (5), [Pd(L′{sup 2})Cl] (6), which were fully characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. 1 and 2 are a pair of Ag-oxazoline helical chain structure complexes. The spiral directions of chains are opposite in 1, while identical in 2; the measurement of CD spectra can further confirm their meso and chiral structures. Complexes 3 and 4 show eight-nuclear and twelve-nuclear iodine–cuprous cluster structure. Their structural diversity is induced by different molar ratios of CuI:L{sup 1}. Complexes 5 and 6 are discrete mononuclear palladium complexes. In situ oxazolyl-ring-opening reactions take place in the syntheses of them and the L{sup 1} and the L{sup 2} were transformed to their oxazolyl-ring opened derivatives L′{sup 1} and L′{sup 2}. Moreover, fluorescence, non-linear optical properties, and ferroelectric properties have been investigated. - Graphical abstract: 2,6-di(2-oxazolyl)pyridine (L{sup 1}) reacts with silver and copper salts to yield helical and cluster structure complexes. - Highlights: • Helical and cluster structure complexes. • In situ oxazolyl-ring-opening reactions. • Fluorescence, non-linear optical properties, and ferroelectric properties.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

(Pt{sub 1–x}Cu{sub x}){sub 3}Cu{sub 2}B and Pt{sub 9}Cu{sub 3}B{sub 5}, the first examples of copper platinum borides. Observation of superconductivity in a novel boron filled β-Mn-type compound

New ternary copper platinum borides have been synthesized by arc melting of pure elements followed by annealing at 600 °C. The structures have been studied by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction. (Pt{sub 1−x}Cu{sub x}){sub 3}Cu{sub 2}B (x=0.33) forms a B-filled β-Mn-type structure (space group P4{sub 1}32; a=0.6671(1) nm). Cu atoms are distributed preferentially on the 8c atom sites, whereas the 12d site is randomly occupied by Pt and Cu atoms (0.670(4) Pt±0.330(4) Cu). Boron is located in octahedral voids of the parent β-Mn-type structure. Pt{sub 9}Cu{sub 3}B{sub 5} (space group P-62m; a=0.9048(3) nm, c=0.2908(1) nm) adopts the Pt{sub 9}Zn{sub 3}B{sub 5–δ}-type structure. It has a columnar architecture along the short translation vector exhibiting three kinds of [Pt{sub 6}] trigonal prism columns (boron filled, boron semi-filled and empty) and Pt channels with a pentagonal cross section filled with Cu atoms. The striking structural feature is a [Pt{sub 6}] cluster in form of an empty trigonal prism at the origin of the unit cell, which is surrounded by coupled [BPt{sub 6}] and [Pt{sub 6}] trigonal prisms, rotated perpendicularly to the central one. There is no B–B contact as well as Cu–B contact in the structure. The relationships of Pt{sub 9}Cu{sub 3}B{sub 5} structure with the structure of Ti{sub 1+x}Os{sub 2−x}RuB{sub 2} as well as with the structure families of metal sulfides and aluminides have been elucidated. (Pt{sub 1–x}Cu{sub x}){sub 3}Cu{sub 2}B (x=0.3) (B-filled β-Mn-type structure) is a bulk superconductor with a transition temperature of about 2.06 K and an upper critical field μ{sub 0}H{sub C2}(0){sup WHH} of 1.2 T, whereas no superconducting transition has been observed up to 0.3 K in Pt{sub 9}Cu{sub 3}B{sub 5} (Pt{sub 9}Zn{sub 3}B{sub 5–δ}-type structure) from electrical resistivity measurements. - Highlights: • First two copper platinum borides, (Pt{sub 0.67}Cu{sub 0.33}){sub 3}Cu{sub 2}B and Pt{sub 9}Cu{sub 3}B{sub 5} were obtained. • (Pt{sub 0.67}Cu{sub 0.33}){sub 3}Cu{sub 2}B forms a B-filled β-Mn-type structure. • Pt{sub 9}Cu{sub 3}B{sub 5} adopts a Pt{sub 9}Zn{sub 3}B{sub 5–δ}-type structure. • Boron atoms exhibit octahedral and trigonal prismatic coordination. • (Pt{sub 1–x}Cu{sub x})3Cu{sub 2}B (x=0.3) is a bulk superconductor with T{sub c} 2.06 K.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

SBA-15 mesoporous silica free-standing thin films containing copper ions bounded via propyl phosphonate units - preparation and characterization

The SBA-15 silica thin films containing copper ions anchored inside channels via propyl phosphonate groups are investigated. Such materials were prepared in the form of thin films, with hexagonally arranged pores, laying rectilinear to the substrate surface. However, in the case of our thin films, their free standing form allowed for additional research possibilities, that are not obtainable for typical thin films on a substrate. The structural properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray reflectometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The molecular structure was examined by Raman spectroscopy supported by numerical simulations. Magnetic measurements (SQUID magnetometry and EPR spectroscopy) showed weak antiferromagnetic interactions between active units inside silica channels. Consequently, the pores arrangement was determined and the process of copper ions anchoring by propyl phosphonate groups was verified in unambiguous way. Moreover, the type of interactions between magnetic atoms was determined. - Highlights: • Functionalized free-standing SBA-15 thin films were synthesized for a first time. • Thin films synthesis procedure was described in details. • Structural properties of the films were thoroughly investigated and presented. • Magnetic properties of the novel material was investigated and presented.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Interfacial characterization of SLM parts in multi-material processing: Metallurgical diffusion between 316L stainless steel and C18400 copper alloy

Multi-material processing in selective laser melting using a novel approach, by the separation of two different materials within a single dispensing coating system was investigated. 316L stainless steel and UNS C18400 Cu alloy multi-material samples were produced using selective laser melting and their interfacial characteristics were analyzed using focused ion beam, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron back scattered diffraction techniques. A substantial amount of Fe and Cu element diffusion was observed at the bond interface suggesting good metallurgical bonding. Quantitative evidence of good bonding at the interface was also obtained from the tensile tests where the fracture was initiated at the copper region. Nevertheless, the tensile strength of steel/Cu SLM parts was evaluated to be 310 ± 18 MPa and the variation in microhardness values was found to be gradual along the bonding interface from the steel region (256 ± 7 HV{sub 0.1}) to the copper region (72 ± 3 HV{sub 0.1}). - Highlights: • Multi-material processing was successfully implemented and demonstrated in SLM. • Bi-metallic laminates of steel/Cu were successfully produced with the SLM process. • A substantial amount of Fe and Cu diffusion was observed at the bond interface. • Good metallurgical bonding was obtained at the interface of the steel/Cu laminates. • Highly refined microstructure was obtained due to rapid solidification in SLM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Elucidating microstructure of spinodal copper alloy through annealing

Improvement in the characteristics of a polycrystalline material is done through engineering of microstructures. Spinodal decomposed copper alloy has been annealed at high temperature with systematic variation in time on multiple specimens. Extensive electron backscatter diffraction experiment was carried out to understand the grain boundary characteristics and morphologies of the alloy as a function of annealing time. The logical variation of annealing time strongly influences diffusion induced grain characteristics such as, shape, size, geometry, inclination, density, types, distribution, misorientations and the nature of subsequently induced twinning morphologies. - Highlights: •Spinodal copper alloy is annealed at high temperature by systematic time variation. •EBSD measurements are performed to quantify grain geometries and morphologies. •Annealing time has a strong influence on grain morphologies, twins and misorientations. •Grain morphologies and geometries are correlated with hardness data. •Elucidating microstructure development through grain boundary engineering.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Relationship of antioxidant and oxidative stress markers in different organs following copper toxicity in a rat model

Copper (Cu) at a higher level becomes toxic and it can catalyze the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radical. We report the vulnerability of liver, kidney and brain to different dose of copper sulfate (CuSO{sub 4}) induced oxidative stress at different time duration. Fifty-four male Wistar rats (weight range = 205 ± 10 g) were equally divided into three groups. CuSO{sub 4} was administered orally to the experimental groups (Group-II and III) up to 90 days in a dose of 100 and 200 mg/Kg body weight per day. Saline water was given to the control group (Group-I). At the end of 30, 60 and 90 days of administration, neurobehavioral studies were done and six rats from each group were sacrificed. Their liver, kidney and brain tissues were subjected for Cu, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, bilirubin and transaminases were measured. GSH, TAC and MDA levels were correlated with the markers of respective organ dysfunction. Administration of CuSO{sub 4} resulted in increased free Cu and MDA level, and decrease GSH and TAC levels in group-II and III compared with group-I. In experimental groups, the reduction in TAC and GSH levels was maximum in liver tissue followed by brain and kidney; whereas increase in MDA level was highest in liver followed by brain and kidney at 30, 60 and 90 days. TAC and GSH levels in the liver inversely correlated with serum transaminases and bilirubin, and tissue free Cu, and positively correlated with MDA levels. Free Cu level in kidney tissue and BUN inversely correlated with TAC and GSH, and positively with MDA level. Grip-strength, rotarod and Y-maze findings were inversely correlated with brain free Cu and MDA levels and positively with GSH and TAC levels. The oxidative stress was highest in liver followed by brain and kidney after oral CuSO{sub 4} exposure in a rat model. These levels correlated with the respective organ dysfunction and tissue free Cu concentration. - Highlights: • Oral dosing of CuSO{sub 4} leads to oxidative stress in liver, brain and kidney. • Liver has maximum oxidative stress followed by brain and kidney. • Oxidative stress correlated with the respective organ dysfunction and tissue Cu concentration.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Site-Selective Doping and Oxidation State Control of Copper in Gold Nanorods

We report the synthesis of plasmonic gold–copper nanostructures with tunable copper spatial distribution and oxidation state. Au–Cu alloy shells were deposited in aqueous solution onto colloidal gold nanorods that functioned as seeds, and the resulting shell morphology was found to depend strongly on the nanorod aspect ratio. For relatively fat gold nanorods (16 x 31 nm), Au–Cu growth was preferentially localized near the rod midsections, forming belt-like structures, whereas for skinnier nanorods (9 x 32 nm), Au–Cu growth produced patchy surface coverage around the entire rod. The shell thickness was tuned from 1 to 4 nm; upon air exposure, thicker shells exhibited a higher Cu(I) fraction compared to the initial shell. Incorporation of the Au–Cu shell led to pronounced shifts in the plasmonic features of the gold nanorods. These tunable plasmonic Au–Cu nanorods provide a materials basis for Cu-based plasmonic materials in the context of electrochemical CO₂ reduction.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Water-Soluble Copper(I) Hydroxide Catalyst and Its Formation in Ligand-Free Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions

Copper has emerged as an alternative metal for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions due to its low cost, readily availability, and low toxicity. Here this article reports a water-soluble active molecular catalyst and its formation in the ligand-free Suzuki–Miyaura (SM) cross-coupling reactions with copper iodide as the precatalyst in aqueous solutions. The SM coupling is homogeneous in nature, and the molecular catalyst is Cu(OH) in its singlet electronic state as identified by experimental and computational UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The Cu(OH) catalyst is generated through the leaching of oval-shaped Cu 2 O nanoparticles, which are characterized with X-ray Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The soluble Cu(OH) species is stable for at least 4 weeks under ambient conditions.

cross-coupling↗
DOE OSTI2022

Influence of Copper Composition on Cu 2 BaSn(S,Se) 4 Solution-Deposited Films and Photovoltaic Devices with Over 5% Efficiency

Cu 2 BaSn(S,Se) 4 is currently in the spotlight for prospective environmentally friendly, stable, thin-film solar cell application, with demonstrated device power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 5% for vacuum-deposited absorbers. As suggested by first-principles calculations, experimental studies involving related Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 and Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 absorbers prove that the detailed chemical composition typically plays a sensitive role in altering defects and electronic properties of these complicated compound semiconductors. Herein, the copper composition of Cu 2 BaSn(S,Se) 4 has been systematically modified, employing a solution-based deposition approach, to provide a more complete picture of the phase stability and optoelectronic property sensitivity for this material. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that phase purity is preserved over a film Cu content range of nominally 0.94 ≤ [Cu]/[Ba + Sn] ≤ 1.01. Terahertz spectroscopy and Hall effect measurements reveal that the majority carrier hole density of ~10 13 cm –3 and mobility (~5 cm 2 /V s), as well as the minority carrier lifetime (a bulk lifetime of 180 ps and a surface recombination velocity >106 cm/s), are nominally independent of Cu content. The champion PCEs exceed 4.7% for all copper compositions in the phase-pure region, with a record value of 5.1%, similar to the reported values for record vacuum-deposited devices. Furthermore, these results suggest that Cu 2 BaSn(S,Se) 4 films and solar cells (at the current performance level) may be less sensitive to Cu stoichiometry compared to kesterite materials and therefore may provide a more stable material platform to prepare thin-film solar cells.

(CBTSSe)↗
DOE OSTI2011

Charge resolved electrostatic diagnostic of colliding copper laser plasma plumes

The collision of two laser generated plasma plumes can result, under appropriate conditions, in the formation of a ''stagnation layer.'' The processes underlying this phenomenon are complex and time dependent. The majority of experiments over the last few decades have focused upon spectroscopic diagnostic of colliding plasmas. We have performed electrostatic diagnosis of multiply charged copper ions (Cu{sup +} to Cu{sup 5+}) generated via Q-switched pulsed laser ({lambda} = 1.06 {mu}m, {tau} = 6 ns, and E{sub L} = 52-525 mJ) generation of copper plasma plumes from a planar target. Time dependent current traces, charge yields, and kinetic energy (K{sub e}) distributions are obtained for single plasma plumes (S{sub p}) and colliding plasma plumes (C{sub p}). The charge yield from a C{sub p} relative to twice that from a S{sub p} is characterized by a charge yield ratio (CYR) parameter. Superior ion yields for all charge states occur for a discrete range of fluences (F) from colliding plasma plumes leading to a CYR parameter exceeding unity. The kinetic energy distributions from colliding plasma plumes display well defined energy compression via narrowing of the distributions for all fluences and charge states. The extent of this energy compression is charge dependent. Space charge forces within the stagnation layer and the resulting charge dependent acceleration of ions are proposed to account for the transfer of ion kinetic energy in favour of collisional ionization mechanisms.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Patterning graphene nanoribbons using copper oxide nanowires

We present a fabrication technique for graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) that employs copper oxide nanowires as the etch masks. We demonstrate that these etch masks have numerous advantages: they can be synthesized simply by heating a copper foil in air, deposited on graphene from a solution, they are inert to oxygen plasma, and can be removed from the substrate by dissolution in mild acids. We fabricated GNRs in the device configuration and tested their electrical properties. Depending on the duration of the plasma etching, GNR devices exhibiting either standard ambipolar electric field effects or p-type transistor behaviors with ON-OFF ratios > 50 can be fabricated. The resulting devices based on narrow GNRs are demonstrated to exhibit promising electronic properties, which can be exploited in studies where GNR devices are required.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Copper oxide assisted cysteine hierarchical structures for immunosensor application

The present work describes the promising electrochemical immunosensing strategy based on copper (II) assisted hierarchical cysteine structures (CuCys) varying from star to flower like morphology. The CuCys having average size of 10 μm have been synthesised using L-Cysteine as initial precursor in presence of copper oxide under environmentally friendly conditions in aqueous medium. To delineate the synthesis mechanism, detailed structural investigations have been carried out using characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviour of self-assembled CuCys on gold electrode shows surface controlled electrode reaction with an apparent electron transfer rate constant of 3.38 × 10{sup −4 }cm s{sup −1}. This innovative platform has been utilized to fabricate an immunosensor by covalently immobilizing monoclonal antibodies specific for Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli). Under the optimal conditions, the fabricated immunosensor is found to be sensitive and specific for the detection of E. coli with a detection limit of 10 cfu/ml.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗