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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Envisioning the Future of International Earth Observations Collaboration: Area and Map Accuracy Estimation by Sampling

- Maps have errors, sometimes a lot of errors ⇒ obtaining information directly from map problematic; any use of the map will benefit from information about errors/uncertainty - IPCC: unbiasedness and uncertainty - By randomly drawing a sample from the study area, observing reference conditions at drawn locations, and constructing estimators – easily estimate areas and map accuracy ± uncertainty - Sampling design and analysis, relatively easy – collecting reference observations is not. Cloud-based solutions, e.g. AREA2, Collect Earth Online, facilitate the collection of reference observations - More research and guidance needed!

Pontus Olofsson↗
NASA NTRS2020

Overview and Status of EXCLAIM, the Experiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping

The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a balloon-borne far-infrared telescope that will survey star formation history over cosmological time scales to improve our un-derstanding of why the star formation rate declined at redshiftz <2, despite continued clustering of darkmatter. Specifically, EXCLAIM will map the emission of redshifted carbon monoxide and singly ionized carbon lines in windows over a redshift range0< z <3.5, following an innovative approach known asintensity mapping. Intensity mapping measures the statistics of brightness fluctuations of cumulative lineemissions, as opposed to detecting individual galaxies, thus enabling a blind, complete census of the emittinggas. To detect this emission unambiguously, EXCLAIM will cross-correlate with a rich spectroscopic galaxycatalog. The EXCLAIM mission will use a cryogenic design to cool the telescope optics to approximately1.7K. The telescope will feature a90-cm primary mirror to probe spatial scales on the sky from the linearregime up to shot-noise-dominated scales. The telescope optical elements will couple to six μ-Spec spectrom-eter modules, operating over a420–540-GHz frequency band with a spectral resolution of512and featuringMicrowave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs). In the baseline design, the detectors will be read out witha Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC). The cryogenic telescope and the sensitive detectors will allowEXCLAIM to reach high sensitivity in spectral windows of low emission in the upper atmosphere. Here, anoverview of the mission design and development status since the start of the EXCLAIM project in early 2019 is presented.

Giuseppe Cataldo↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

2024 IEEE GRSS Data Fusion Contest Flood Rapid Mapping

The Challenge Task As a result of climate change, extreme hydrometeorological events are becoming increasingly frequent. Flood rapid mapping products play an important role in informing flood emergency response and management. These maps are generated quickly from remote sensing data during or after an event to show the extent of flooding. They provide important information for emergency response, and damage assessment. The aim of this challenge is to develop data fusion algorithms that generate flood maps by processing spatial data from a variety of sources. The goal of this IEEE challenge (sponsored by NASA and CNES) is to design and develop an algorithm that will combine multi-source data to classify flood surface water extent–that is, water and non-water areas. Provided data sources include optical and SAR remote sensing images as well as a digital terrain model. The output is a gridded flood map where each grid cell is labeled water or non-water. The difficulty of detecting flooded areas can vary greatly depending on the conditions in the area of interest and the event. This data fusion challenge has two tracks representing this variance.

Jacqueline J Le Moigne-stewart↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Machine Learning Ready Dataset of Acoustic Power Maps for Detection of Active Region Emergence

The development of an accurate forecast for solar eruptive activity has become increasingly important in order to prevent any potential impact on activities in space and the Earth's environment. It is therefore crucial to detect active regions before they appear on the solar surface and create early warning capabilities for upcoming Space Weather disturbances. In this work, 9TB of solar data (SDO/HMI dopplergrams, magnetograms and continuum intensity maps) involving the emergence of 61 NOAA solar active regions since 2010 were processed using the NASA HECC capabilities. An acoustic power maps time-series dataset was created (for four different frequency ranges and processed to take into account the solar sphere geometric effect ) which can be used for understanding the dynamics of the solar surface and train a variety of ML models. The calculated acoustic power maps carry precursor information associated with the decrease in continuum intensity on the solar surface, verifying older helioseismology research. Our results show that a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTMs) model, with a modest layer depth and the right hyperparameters tuned, when trained on this solar acoustic power maps dataset can predict without false negatives a drop in intensity (associated with the emergence of the active region), up to 18 hours in advance.

SMD↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Metabolic Vessel for Impedance Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry (MVISE): The Ground Mapping Unit for the Lunar Explorer Instrument for Space Biology Applications (LEIA)​

The BioSensor payload on the upcoming LEIA platform aboard a CLPS lander will carry yeast to the moon to study response to radiation and lunar gravity. The LEIA BioSensor is designed to monitor metabolic activity using absorbance in conjunction with alamarBlue for measuring colorimetric changes as proxy measurement for redox potential. The science data returned from small spacecraft mission modules like LEIA is limited as it relies solely on optical measurements, necessitating a corresponding ground mapping unit that is equipped with multiple electrochemical sensors for accurate mapping of the optical data and operates fully automatically. This technology development work discusses the extensive design and optimization efforts put into the ground mapping unit, MVISE. MVISE is a custom designed, 3D-printed vessel with an agitation system, with six different electrochemical sensor probes, and ports for sample collection and a pressure release valve. The sensors provide real-time data, with dry absorbance measurements aligning with LEIA flight hardware and wet measurements demonstrating invasive sensor design enabling a comparison between the two setups. The 3D printer resin was tested for mechanical robustness, biocompatibility, and resistance to autoclave sterilization. The inner walls were coated with food-grade epoxy, ensuring a smooth finish to prevent microbial lodging and dye staining. The MVISE has successfully passed a week-long leak test and is now undergoing active biology tests. The MVISE prototype will be prepared for radiation tests, with three identical units being tested for varying radiation levels and culture compositions at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory in November 2024. The integrated sensor approach proposed in this work will enable the accurate mapping of the BioSentinel/LEIA optical flight data to six sensor parameters on the ground unit for better science data return and will enable the first effort to evaluate classical biochemical sensor measurements by comparing and contrasting their responses.

Chinmayee Govinda Raj↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Environmental Barrier Coating Surface Temperature Mapping Using a Compatible Er-Doped Sc 2 SiO 5 Temperature-Sensing Layer

Accurate surface temperature-mapping capabilities in the 1300 to 1500 °C range are needed for SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites protected by environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) under testing in turbine engine environment facilities. The strong background thermal radiation at these higher temperatures is a challenging issue. Er-doped Y 2 SiO 5 was previously shown to be capable of achieving luminescence lifetime-based temperature mapping up to 1560 °C as a standalone material. However, compatibility issues between an Er-doped Y 2 SiO 5 surface temperature sensing layer and an underlying Sc 2 Si 2 O 7 -based EBC topcoat limited temperature mapping of the EBC surface to a maximum of 1380 °C. Therefore, an Er-doped Sc 2 SiO 5 temperature sensing layer has been subsequently developed with better compatibility with the Sc2Si2O7-based EBC topcoat. Localized spot temperature measurements as well as luminescence lifetime imaging-based temperature mapping were demonstrated up to 1535 °C from a 15 µm thick Er-doped Sc 2 SiO 5 layer at the surface of a Sc2Si2O7-based EBC topcoat, a significant improvement over the Er-doped Y2SiO5 layer 1380 °C temperature sensing limit. No degradation of the Er-doped Sc 2 SiO 5 temperature sensing surface layer was observed.

temperature measurement↗
NASA NTRS2025

Mission-Maps For Outbound Cislunar Transfer Trajectories

This study quantifies the robustness and sensitivity of an outbound cislunar trajectory for a lunar lander in the form of mission-maps, or topological maps that allows either a computer program or mission designer to intuitively optimize the placement of critical outbound correction burns from the derived sensitivity data. The non-linear multi-body dynamics are applied to generate an outbound cislunar reference profile used by a linear covariance analysis (LinCov) tool to compute the expected Δv and trajectory dispersions due to the initial state uncertainty, sensor errors, maneuver execution errors, and disturbance accelerations along the outbound cislunar profile. The rapid performance analysis capabilities of LinCov are complimented with parallel processing techniques to evaluate hundreds and thousands of different translational burn locations, placements, and targeting constraints to identify the combination that minimizes the total Δv usage (nominal plus 3σ Δv) and trajectory dispersions at lunar orbit insertion. This study utilizes a generalized reference targeting algorithm to quickly assess the integrated closed-loop GN&C system performance due to different targeting configurations and constraints. The resulting mission maps provide an intuitive insight to ascertain each trajectory correction maneuver’s (TCM) sensitivity to different burn times along an outbound cislunar trajectory and quickly identify desirable engineering tradeoffs when performing analysis on the number and placement of these burns that nominally zero. Multiple mission maps are generated for a variety of different performance parameters that allow engineers to visually identify optimal solutions for trajectory correction maneuver placements, the number of correction burns, and the targeting constraints for each burn.

GN&C↗
NASA NTRS2026

The Thermal and Kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich Effect in Galaxy Clusters and Filaments Using Multifrequency Temperature Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background A399–A401 Cluster Pair Case Study

We present a multifrequency and multi-instrument methodology to study the physical properties of galaxy clusters and cosmic filaments using cosmic microwave background observations. Our approach enables simultaneous measurement of both the thermal (tSZ) and kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich (kSZ) effects, incorporates relativistic corrections, and models astrophysical foregrounds such as thermal dust emission. We do this by jointly fitting a single physical model across multiple maps from multiple instruments at different frequencies, rather than fitting a model to a single Compton-y map. We demonstrate the success of this method by fitting the A399–A401 galaxy cluster pair and filament system using archival data from the Planck satellite and new, targeted deep data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, covering 11 different frequencies over 14 maps from 30 GHz to 545 GHz. Our tSZ results are consistent with previous work using Compton-y maps. We measure the line-of-sight peculiar velocities of the cluster–filament system using the kSZ effect and find statistical uncertainties on individual cluster peculiar velocities of ≲600 km s −1 , which are competitive with current state-of-the-art measurements. Additionally, we measure the optical depth of the filament component with a signal-to-noise of 8.5σ and reveal hints of its morphology. This modular approach is well-suited for application to future instruments across a wide range of millimeter and submillimeter wavebands.

Ajay S Gill↗
DOE OSTI2021

Report on Mowry Shale Thermal Maturity Mapping in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming

The Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute (EORI) has completed a map of thermal maturity of the Mowry Shale in the Powder River Basin (PRB). Thermal maturity, the degree to which the total organic carbon in a formation has been transformed from kerogen to producible hydrocarbons due to heat and pressure, is an important measure for not just the quality of a source rock, but also helps for delineating areas more favorable for unconventional drilling. There is a dearth of published Mowry maturity maps available for the PRB and this publication endeavors to provide a detailed map based on a large, public data set covering the Wyoming portion of the PRB. Additional data, currently held confidential by operators in the basin, would be of benefit to future iterations of this map.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterization of Losses in Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavities by Combined Temperature and Magnetic Field Mapping

Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities are one of the fundamental building blocks of modern particle accelerators. To achieve the highest quality factors (10 10 -10 11 ), SRF cavities are operated at liquid helium temperatures. Magnetic flux trapped on the surface of SRF cavities during cool-down below the critical temperature is one of the leading sources of residual RF losses. Instruments capable of detecting the distribution of trapped flux on the cavity surface are in high demand in order to better understand its relation to the cavity material, surface treatments and environmental conditions. We have designed, developed, and commissioned two novel diagnostic tools to measure the distribution of trapped flux at the surface of SRF cavities. One is a magnetic field scanning system (MFSS) which uses cryogenic Hall probes and anisotropic magnetoresistance sensors that fit the contour of a 1.3 GHz cavity. The second setup is a stationary, combined magnetic and temperature mapping system which uses AMR sensors and carbon resistor temperature sensors, covering the surface of a 3 GHz SRF cavity. The MFSS system revealed a non-uniform distribution of trapped flux on the cavities' surface, dependent on the magnitude of the applied magnetic field during field-cooling below the critical temperature. The MFSS shows that magnetic field scanning as a function of the RF field indicates redistribution of trapped flux at some locations. About ~ 33% of hot-spots observed by temperature mapping during high power RF tests overlapped with the high B-field spots. Almost all high B-field spots observed after field-cool were found to be overlapped on grain boundaries. A clear correlation between the hot- spot formed after quench and local trapped flux was found, providing insight on the RF dissipation of trap vortices. The combined B&T map system showed that the T-map system is capable of detecting hot-spots and quench location on the surface of the 3 GHz SRF cavity. Different distribution of trapped flux was measured after different cool-down and residual B-field, but, no variation in magnetic field distribution was observed during quench, possibly due to magnetic sensors being far from the quench location.

Parajuli, Ishwari↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: High-resolution component-separated maps across one-third of the sky

Observations of the millimeter sky contain valuable information on a number of signals, including the blackbody cosmic microwave background (CMB), Galactic emissions, and the Compton-$y$ distortion due to the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect. Extracting new insight into cosmological and astrophysical questions often requires combining multi-wavelength observations to spectrally isolate one component. In this work, we present a new arcminute-resolution Compton-$y$ map, which traces out the line-of-sight-integrated electron pressure, as well as maps of the CMB in intensity and E-mode polarization, across a third of the sky (around 13,000 sq.~deg.). We produce these through a joint analysis of data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 4 and 6 at frequencies of roughly 93, 148, and 225 GHz, together with data from the \textit{Planck} satellite at frequencies between 30 GHz and 545 GHz. We present detailed verification of an internal linear combination pipeline implemented in a needlet frame that allows us to efficiently suppress Galactic contamination and account for spatial variations in the ACT instrument noise. These maps provide a significant advance, in noise levels and resolution, over the existing \textit{Planck} component-separated maps and will enable a host of science goals including studies of cluster and galaxy astrophysics, inferences of the cosmic velocity field, primordial non-Gaussianity searches, and gravitational lensing reconstruction of the CMB.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Volumetric Density-Equalizing Reference Map with Applications

The density-equalizing map, a technique developed for cartogram creation, has been widely applied to data visualization but only for 2D applications. Here, we propose a novel method called the volumetric density-equalizing reference map (VDERM) for computing density-equalizing map for volumetric domains. Given a prescribed density distribution in a volumetric domain in $\mathbb{R}^3$, the proposed method continuously deforms the domain, with different volume elements enlarged or shrunk according to the density distribution. With the aid of the proposed method, medical and sociological data can be visualized via deformations of 3D objects. The method can also be applied to adaptive remeshing and shape modeling. Furthermore, by exploiting the time-dependent nature of the proposed method, applications to shape morphing can be easily achieved. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enabling Scalable and Extensible Memory-mapped Datastores in Userspace

Exascale workloads are expected to incorporate data-intensive processing in close coordination with traditional physics simulations. These emerging scientific, data-analytics and machine learning applications need to access a wide variety of datastores in flat files and structured databases. Programmer productivity is greatly enhanced by mapping datastores into the application process's virtual memory space to provide a unified “in-memory” interface. Currently, memory mapping is provided by system software primarily designed for generality and reliability. However, scalability at high concurrency is a formidable challenge on exascale systems. Also, there is a need for extensibility to support new datastores potentially requiring HPC data transfer services. In this article, we present UMap , a scalable and extensible userspace service for memory-mapping datastores. Furthermore, through decoupled queue management, concurrency aware adaptation, and dynamic load balancing, UMap enables application performance to scale even at high concurrency. We evaluate UMap in data-intensive applications, including sorting, graph traversal, database operations, and metagenomic analytics. Our results show that UMap as a userspace service outperforms an optimized kernel-based service across a wide range of intra-node concurrency by 1.22-1.9 × . We performed two case studies to demonstrate UMap 's extensibility. First, a new datastore residing in remote memory is incorporated into UMap as an application-specific plugin. Second, we present a persistent memory allocator Metall built atop UMap for unified storage/memory.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mapping crown rust resistance in the oat diploid accession PI 258731 ( Avena strigosa )

Oat crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenae Eriks. (Pca), is a major biotic impediment to global oat production. Crown rust resistance has been described in oat diploid species A. strigosa accession PI 258731 and resistance from this accession has been successfully introgressed into hexaploid A. sativa germplasm. The current study focuses on 1) mapping the location of QTL containing resistance and evaluating the number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) conditioning resistance in PI 258731; 2) understanding the relationship between the original genomic location in A. strigosa and the location of the introgression in the A. sativa genome; 3) identifying molecular markers tightly linked with PI 258731 resistance loci that could be used for marker assisted selection and detection of this resistance in diverse A. strigosa accessions. To achieve this, A. strigosa accessions, PI 258731 and PI 573582 were crossed to produce 168 F5:6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) through single seed descent. Parents and RILs were genotyped with the 6K Illumina SNP array which generated 168 segregating SNPs. Seedling reactions to two isolates of Pca (races TTTG, QTRG) were conditioned by two genes (0.6 cM apart) in this population. Linkage mapping placed these two resistant loci to 7.7 (QTRG) to 8 (TTTG) cM region on LG7. Field reaction data was used for QTL analysis and the results of interval mapping (MIM) revealed a major QTL (QPc.FD-AS-AA4) for field resistance. SNP marker assays were developed and tested in 125 diverse A. strigosa accessions that were rated for crown rust resistance in Baton Rouge, LA and Gainesville, FL and as seedlings against races TTTG and QTRG. Our data proposed SNP marker GMI_ES17_c6425_188 as a candidate for use in marker-assisted selection, in addition to the marker GMI_ES02_c37788_255 suggested by Rine’s group, which provides an additional tool in facilitating the utilization of this gene in oat breeding programs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

TEAMER: Performance mapping of Re Vision's Persistance PTO

Contains datasets from experimental measurements that were used to validate Re Vision's Persistence PTO's efficiency and performance. These measurements were obtained using a dynamometer test bench setup. The data includes open-circuit voltage and loss measurements to validate machine characteristics, efficiency mapping tests to determine the generator's performance mapping, and efficiency mapping tests to determine the converter's efficiency over the feasible operating range. This data was collected between June 2023 and September 2023. The data was collected at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Flatirons Campus, Colorado, United States. The data was collected using NREL's 5-kW dynamometer test bench, equipped with a torque sensor and various voltage and current sensors fed to a dedicated data acquisition system. Units for the data are included in the data file headers for each data series. A text editor or spreadsheet software such as Excel is required to view the *.csv data. The data are also provided in *.mat files. To view data plots, a Matlab script with *.mat files are provided.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2021

Accuracy, Bias, and Improvements in Mapping Crops and Cropland across the United States Using the USDA Cropland Data Layer

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Cropland Data Layer (CDL) is a 30 m resolution crop-specific land cover map produced annually to assess crops and cropland area across the conterminous United States. Despite its prominent use and value for monitoring agricultural land use/land cover (LULC), there remains substantial uncertainty surrounding the CDLs’ performance, particularly in applications measuring LULC at national scales, within aggregated classes, or changes across years. To fill this gap, we used state- and land cover class-specific accuracy statistics from the USDA from 2008 to 2016 to comprehensively characterize the performance of the CDL across space and time. We estimated nationwide area-weighted accuracies for the CDL for specific crops as well as for the aggregated classes of cropland and non-cropland. We also derived and reported new metrics of superclass accuracy and within-domain error rates, which help to quantify and differentiate the efficacy of mapping aggregated land use classes (e.g., cropland) among constituent subclasses (i.e., specific crops). We show that aggregate classes embody drastically higher accuracies, such that the CDL correctly identifies cropland from the user’s perspective 97% of the time or greater for all years since nationwide coverage began in 2008. We also quantified the mapping biases of specific crops throughout time and used these data to generate independent bias-adjusted crop area estimates, which may complement other USDA survey- and census-based crop statistics. Our overall findings demonstrate that the CDLs provide highly accurate annual measures of crops and cropland areas, and when used appropriately, are an indispensable tool for monitoring changes to agricultural landscapes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Geologic Maps for Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Planning

The Artemis Program mandate for sustainable, long-term presence on the Moon requires learning to "Live Off the Land". Geologic maps enable a paradigm shift to model the development and scaling of infrastructure for robotic and human exploration inside a bounded system on the lunar surface. Relying on geologic maps produced from orbital data and robotic precursor missions, in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) will be required to produce infrastructure, building materials and consumables. The ISRU value chain must be mapped to identify linkages of resources, producers, processes and equipment capabilities for transforming excavated regolith into usable feedstocks. Coordination will be required to balance supply and demand across the whole system of lunar infrastructure and operations, at each stage of development.

Geologic Mapping↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hyperspectral X-ray Imaging with TES Detectors for Nanoscale Chemical Speciation Mapping

We are developing an imaging capability (“Hyperspectral X-ray Imaging”) for mapping chemical information (molecular formula, phase, oxidation state, hydration) that is based on ultra-high-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy with large transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter arrays in the scanning electron microscope. By combining microcalorimeter arrays with hundreds of pixels, high-bandwidth microwave frequency-division multiplexing, and fast digital electronics for near real-time data processing, our goal is to enable measurements using laboratory-scale instrumentation rather than synchrotron beamlines. Our application focus here is on mapping the chemical form of uranium compounds on the nanoscale. Furthermore, we will present our approach to developing the Hyperspectral X-ray Imaging capability, progress toward a 128-pixel microwave multiplexed X-ray fluorescence instrument at LANL, and the path to high-throughput nanoscale chemical mapping.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗