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At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Graphene reinforced UHMWPE fibers

Thermoplastic polymers are increasingly used in electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and other decarbonization applications due to their lightweight and formability. Higher-strength polymers are needed to supplant metals in the vehicle structure, thereby reducing mass and improving efficiency. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers possess one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios of technical polymers, and further improvement via reinforcement by nanofillers, such as graphene, will expand their performance envelope. Here, in this work, UHMWPE/graphene nanocomposite fibers were gel spun and characterized for their morphological, microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties. The addition of a low fraction of graphene improved the tensile strength of the fibers by 25% and tensile modulus by 32%. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an increase in melting temperature and degree of crystallinity, which indicates improved coordination of the molecular chains induced by the addition of graphene. The reinforcement also affected the cross-sectional shape of the fibers; the aspect ratio of the fibers’ elliptical shape declined with increasing graphene content showing the skeletal effect of the graphene nanofillers in the polymer matrix. The reinforcing effect of graphene declined above a threshold concentration, and theoretical modeling was applied to demonstrate that increased agglomerates led to reduced properties. This work demonstrates a simple, effective method to produce graphene-reinforced UHMWPE fibers and lays a foundation for understanding the potential for leveraging graphene to form ultra-high-performance nanocomposite fibers for myriad engineering applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

1,4-cineole: a bio-derived solvent for highly stable graphene nanoplatelet suspensions and well-dispersed UHMWPE nanocomposite fibers

The exceptional properties of carbon nanoparticles, such as graphene, promise to expand the performance and functionality of many materials. The reinforcement of polymers is of keen interest due to their low density and flexible manufacturing methods. However, dispersing graphene in them has proven to be an enduring challenge due to the particles’ propensity to form performance degrading agglomerations. Furthermore, effective solvents for nanoparticle dispersion are commonly harmful, non-renewable, petrochemicals. In this work, a bio-derived solvent, 1,4-cineole, is demonstrated as a renewable alternative to these solvents that can be used to form highly stable graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) suspensions and used to gel spin well-dispersed UHMWPE/GnP nanocomposite fibers. The GnP concentration in the fibers was varied across three orders of magnitude, 0.01 wt% to 1 wt%, to examine its effect on fiber microstructure and properties. At low concentrations the particles act as point defects without affecting the fiber microstructure, and poor particle/matrix interfacial adhesion results in significantly reduced mechanical properties. At 1 wt% GnPs, a network effect takes hold thereby reinforcing the fibers, but the particles also impede the growth and orientation of crucial load-carrying crystalline structures in the fiber. Furthermore, unveiling the microstructural effects of GnPs on highly oriented and crystalline polymers in this study provides crucial insights for future work developing high-performance polymer nanocomposite fibers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Toward local core outlet temperature monitoring in gas-cooled nuclear reactors using distributed fiber-optic temperature sensors

Gas-cooled nuclear reactors operate at temperatures up to 950 °C with significant spatial variations in power generation and coolant flow through hundreds of parallel flow channels, resulting in complex mixing at the core outlet. The high temperatures and complex mixing can damage downstream components, challenge reactor calorimetry for power determination, and result in significant conservatism in calculated peak fuel temperatures, which ultimately limits the total power output. Directly measuring each gas stream individually is unrealistic using single point thermocouples, requiring more robust sensing techniques. Fiber-optic sensors are resilient to high temperatures (up to 1,000 °C) and radiation damage. Moreover, distributed measurements can be made along the length of one fiber, making them potential candidates for monitoring local core outlet temperatures to improve core calorimetry and identify hot channels. Here, to the authors’ knowledge, this manuscript is the first to report spatially distributed fiber optic temperature measurements to quantify mixing at the outlet of a relevant orifice plate under prototypic temperature and flow regimes to assess the feasibility of using fiber-optic sensors for distributed measurements of coolant temperature in gas-cooled reactors. A single optical fiber captured dynamic changes in local temperatures, whereas the mixed outlet temperature exhibited a muted response and could not identify which channels were responsible for the change in the mixed outlet temperature. The discussion focuses on potential challenges for deploying distributed optical fibers in gas-cooled reactors, including the effects of vibrations, radiation-induced signal attenuation and drift, and routing of the fiber while minimizing flow obstructions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Atomistic modeling of tensile deformation and fracture of carbon fibers: Nanoscale stress redistribution, effect of local structural characteristics and nanovoids

The mechanisms of tensile deformation and fracture of carbon fibers are investigated in large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations performed for computational samples with different structural characteristics enable analysis of the structural sensitivity of the mechanical properties. It is found that the carbon fiber nanostructure can be represented by a fine (nanoscale) mixture of stiff and soft regions. Despite the nanoscale structural heterogeneity of the computational fibers, their fracture strain and tensile strength exceed the experimental values by almost an order of magnitude. Here, this observation is explained by the ability of the carbon fiber nanostructure, largely consisting of curved and folded layers of turbostratic carbon, to exhibit continuous nanoscale load redistribution during the deformation. The transient, fluid nature of a percolating cluster of stress-holding structural elements prevents stress localization at the early stage of the deformation and enables the fiber nanostructure to adapt to the increasing load. Overall, the results of the simulations suggest that the design of advanced carbon fiber manufacturing and post-processing methods focused on the elimination of critical mesoscopic structural defects (internal voids, foreign inclusions, and surface flaws) can yield a substantial increase in the strength and fracture strain of carbon fibers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Influence of flowability, casting time and formwork geometry on fiber orientation and mechanical properties of UHPFRC

In this study, fiber orientation in ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced-concrete (UHPFRC) with different formwork geometry was evaluated using visualization model concrete and via analysis involving 3D visualization based on X-ray computed tomography (CT). Differences in fiber orientation in the height direction were first reviewed. Furthermore, the influence of flowability and casting time on the fiber orientation and mechanical properties of UHPFRC were examined. The results indicated that flowability dictates eventual fiber orientation in parts close to the surfaces of formwork. The use of UHPFRC with superior flowability results in more fibers being oriented parallel to the longitudinal direction of slabs in comparison to UHPFRC with inferior flowability. It was also found that flowability and casting time can have strong influences on the mechanical properties of UHPFRC. Residual flexural strength after initial cracking exhibited perfect linear dependence on the effective number of fibers at fracture planes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Continuous stabilization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) - carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers by Joule heating

We report stabilization is one of the important processes used to convert polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers into carbon fiber and is usually driven by energy-intensive and time-consuming convective heating. A continuous and energy-efficient alternative is desirable. Here, a continuous Joule heating process has been used for the first time to stabilize PAN fibers containing carbon nanotubes (CNT). Single-component PAN/CNT fibers and bi-component fibers with core-sheath geometry were fabricated through the gel spinning method. Joule heating was conducted continuously on a 200 filament bundle for single-component fibers and on bundles with up to 6000 filaments for the bi-component fibers. A model of heat transfer and thermodynamics occurring during Joule heating is developed and utilized to understand the reductions in stabilization time and energy consumed when compared to convective heating. The minimum energy needed for stabilization through Joule heating is estimated to be less than 1% of the energy used through convective heating.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Low cost textile-grade carbon-fiber epoxy composites for automotive and wind energy applications

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are highly desirable for automotive and wind energy applications due to advantages associated with weight reduction, high stiffness and strength, durability, and recyclability. The high cost of carbon fiber has been a limiting factor in its widespread adoption in non-aerospace applications. A low cost (estimated < $11 per kg) wide tow (450-600k) carbon fiber derived from textile grade polyacrylonitirile precursor, and hence called Textile Grade Carbon Fiber (TCF) is introduced in this paper. Fundamental aspects of the TCF are discussed along with a detailed characterization of its mechanical properties. Two manufacturing processes relevant to automotive and wind energy applications are considered, namely-compression molding and resin infusion. Furthermore, at various stages the TCF has been compared to commercial non-aerospace 50k carbon fiber composite. Detailed physical and mechanical properties including tensile, flexural, compression, and interlaminar shear properties are reported and compared to non-aerospace carbon fiber composite. The results provide a means for designers and end-users in the automotive and wind energy sector to consider different forms of economical non-aerospace carbon fibers.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Characterization of thermally heat-treated polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers

This study investigates the graphitization process of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon fibers by subjecting commercial fibers to thermal heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1400 to 2100 °C in 100 °C increments, using either argon or nitrogen gas atmospheres. Changes in crystallinity, surface morphology, and lattice parameters were analyzed for two commercial carbon fibers using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Results indicated minimal changes in surface morphology with increasing heat-treatment temperature; however, crystallinity significantly increased. Crystallinity changes were more strongly dependent on temperature rather than gas atmosphere or fiber type. At intermediate heat-treatment temperatures (1600–1800 °C), fibers treated in argon showed a slight preference for graphitization. The highest level of graphitization was measured at 2100 °C. Crystallite size increased as the intensity ratio of the D1 to G Raman peaks increased, reaching a peak around ~1800 °C, after which the ratio started to decrease. This behavior aligns with Ferrari's three-stage model of carbon crystallization and is consistent with both the Marie-Mering degree of graphitization and Brubaker's Integrated Absolute Differential models, all of which describe the transformation from an amorphous to a more graphitic structure. At the higher heat-treatment temperatures, the changes between atmospheres and fiber types were measured to converge to similar levels of graphitization. In conclusion, this study evaluates the progressive change in commercial grade carbon fibers when heat-treated.

Characterization↗
DOE OSTI2016

Natural carcinogenic fiber and pleural plaques assessment in a general population: A cross-sectional study

Natural carcinogenic fibers are asbestos and asbestiform fibers present as a natural component of soils or rocks. These fibers are released into the environment resulting in exposure of the general population. Environmental contamination by fibers are those cases occurred in: rural regions of Turkey, in Mediterranean countries and in other sites of the world, including northern Europe, USA and China. Fluoro-edenite(FE) is a natural mineral species first isolated in Biancavilla, Sicily. The fibers are similar in size and morphology to some amphibolic asbestos fibers, whose inhalation can cause chronic inflammation and cancer. The aim of the current study is to assess the presence and features of pleural plaques (PPs) in Biancavilla's general population exposed to FE through a retrospective cross-sectional study. All High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) chest scans carried out between June 2009 and June 2015 in Biancavilla municipality hospital site (exposed subjects) were reviewed. The exposed groups were 1:1 subjects, matched according to age and sex distributions, with unexposed subjects (n.1.240) randomly selected among HRCT chest scans carried out in a Hospital 30 km away from Biancavilla. Subjects from Biancavilla with PPs were significantly more numerous than the control group ones (218 vs 38). Average age of either group was >60 years; the age of exposed subjects was significantly (p=0.0312) lesser than the unexposed group. In exposed subjects, in most PPs thickness ranged between 2 and 4.9 cm(38%, n=83); while in unexposed ones PPs thickness was less than 2 cm (55%, n=21). As to the size of PPs in exposed subjects, in most cases it ranged between 1 cm and 24% of chest wall (53%, n=116); while in unexposed ones the size of PPs was lesser than 1 cm (23%, n=58). Among exposed subjects, 36 cases (17%) PPs were detected with calcification, whereas in unexposed ones only three (8%) presented calcification. 137 lung parenchymal abnormalities were observed in exposed group; whereas, 12 lung parenchymal involvement were registered in unexposed subjects. The RR for PPs is 6,74 CI 95% (4,47–9,58) p<0,0001 in the exposed population. These findings, suggested the urge to extend the screening on the possible involvement of the respiratory tract to all Biancavilla's population, particularly in those aged more than 30. Besides, it seems essential to start indoor monitoring Biancavilla's municipality. - Highlights: • High risk for pleural plaques in people exposed to fluoro-edenite. • Naturally carcinogenic fibers increase the risk of parenchymal abnormalities. • It is important to organize an extended screening to all Biancavilla's population.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structural, negative thermal expansion and photocatalytic properties of ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7}: a comparative study between fibers and powders

Novel ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} microfibers with diameters about 1–3 μm were synthesized using a sol–gel technique. For comparison, ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} powders were prepared by the same method. The resultant structures were studied by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that both the pure ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} microfibers and powders could be synthesized by the sol–gel technique. The thermal expansion property of the as-prepared ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} microfibers and powders was characterized by a thermal mechanical analyzer, both the fibers with cylindrical morphology and irregular powders with average size between 100 and 200 nm showed negative thermal expansion between 150 °C and 600 °C. The photocatalytic activity of the microfibers was compared to that of powders under UV radiations. The band gap of ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} microfibers decreased and its absorption edge exhibited red shift. The microfibers also had a higher surface area compared with the powders, resulting in considerably higher photocatalytic characteristics. The large surface area and the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} microfibers also offer potential applications in sensors and inorganic ion exchangers. - Graphical abstract: (a and c) SEM photos of ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} powders and fibers. (b and d) TEM images of ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} powders and fibers. (e) Thermal expansion curves of ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} powders and fibers. (f) Degradation curves of ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} powders and ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} fibers. - Highlights: • Novel ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} fibers could be synthesized using sol–gel technique. • ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} powders with irregular shape are also prepared for comparison. • Both ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} microfibers and powders exhibit negative thermal expansion property. • ZrV{sub 2}O{sub 7} microfibers show outstanding photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation. • This synthesis technique can be easily extended to many other functional fibers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mechanical properties of aluminosilicate fiber heat-treated from 800 °C to 1400 °C: Effects of phase transition, grain growth and defects

Highlights: • As reaction between amorphous SiO{sub 2} and γ-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, phase transition was triggered at ≈1150 °C in AS fiber, thus forming mullite. • Grain size of formed mullite phase was evidently increased as the heat-treated temperature increased from 1200 °C to 1400 °C. • Higher density flaws were formed at higher temperatures, which led to significant degradation of strength of the AS fiber. - Abstract: Thermal stability of oxide fiber is a key property for high temperature structural applications of typical oxide fiber reinforced oxide matrix composites. This work contributes to provide insight into the mechanical properties of a typical aluminosilicate (AS) fiber heat-treated from 800 °C to 1400 °C in air, with the emphasis on the effects of phase transition, grain growth and defect formations. The results showed a phase reaction occurring at 1150 °C, which formed an orthorhombic structured mullite phase. The grain size of the newly formed mullite was observed increased significantly at higher temperatures. Both the phase transition and grain size led to more flaw formations in the microstructure, which influenced significantly the mechanical property of the AS fiber. Specifically, the Young's modulus and tensile strength were both degraded remarkably from ≈145 GPa to ≈110 GPa, and from ≈1.03 GPa to ≈0.52 GPa, respectively, as the heat-treatment temperature increased from 1200 °C to 1400 °C. Finally, the formations of more flaws yielded a higher dispersion of tensile strength of AS fiber, due to the volume dependent flaw distributions, as revealed by the Weibull statistical analysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Oriented and ordered mesoporous ZrO{sub 2}/TiO{sub 2} fibers with well-organized linear and spring structure

Graphical abstract: The ultra-stable order mesoporous ZrO{sub 2}/TiO{sub 2} fibers with well-organized linear and spring structure and large surface area under higher temperatures were prepared by a simple EISA process. - Highlights: • The ZrO{sub 2}/TiO{sub 2} fibers were prepared by EISA process combined with steam heat-treatment. • The mesoporous ZrO{sub 2}/TiO{sub 2} fibers have well-organized linear and spring structure. • The fibers were composed of oval rod nanocrystals of ZrTiO{sub 4}. - Abstract: The ultra-stable order mesoporous ZrO{sub 2}/TiO{sub 2} fibers with well-organized linear and spring structure and large surface areas under higher temperatures were prepared by a (simple evaporation-induced assembly) EISA process. The preparation, microstructures and formation processes were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N{sub 2} adsorption–absorption measurements. The fibers take on pinstripe configuration which is very orderly along or perpendicular to the axial direction of the fibers. The diameters of the pinstripe are in the region of 200–400 nm and arranges regularly, which are composed of oval rod nanocrystals of ZrTiO{sub 4}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Conversion of Waste PET Plastic to Aramid Fiber

A three-step synthesis was used to convert waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the high value polymer, poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA), used in the production of high strength aramid fiber, such as Kevlar. Improvements to the polymerization reaction by addition of calcium chloride to the solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and rigorous anhydrous conditions enabled the production of a PET-derived PPTA with a 4.15 dL/g inherent viscosity in sulfuric acid that is amenable to fiber spinning. PPTA fibers were spun using a wet spinning apparatus under varied process parameters to assess their impact on fiber surface morphology, diameter, and the mechanical properties of the fibers. Select fibers were subjected to a post-spinning heat treatment at 150 °C , which improved the tensile strength and modulus by 100% and 30%, respectively, relative to the as-spun fibers. Techno-economic and life cycle analyses were conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility and the life-cycle greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of the approach. In conclusion, the results suggest the potential for up to a 30% cost reduction, and comparable GHG emissions against conventional petroleum-based processes.

Lifecycle Analysis↗
DOE OSTI2016

Single-crystal silicon optical fiber by direct laser crystallization

Semiconductor core optical fibers with a silica cladding are of great interest in nonlinear photonics and optoelectronics applications. Laser crystallization has been recently demonstrated for crystallizing amorphous silicon fibers into crystalline form. Here we explore the underlying mechanism by which long single-crystal silicon fibers, which are novel platforms for silicon photonics, can be achieved by this process. Using finite element modeling, we construct a laser processing diagram that reveals a parameter space within which single crystals can be grown. Utilizing this diagram, we illustrate the creation of single-crystal silicon core fibers by laser crystallizing amorphous silicon deposited inside silica capillary fibers by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The single-crystal fibers, up to 5.1 mm long, have a very welldefined core/cladding interface and a chemically pure silicon core that leads to very low optical losses down to ~0.47-1dB/cm at the standard telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm). Furthermore, tt also exhibits a photosensitivity that is comparable to bulk silicon. Creating such laser processing diagrams can provide a general framework for developing single-crystal fibers in other materials of technological importance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

The resilient hybrid fiber sensor network with self-healing function

This paper presents a novel resilient fiber sensor network (FSN) with multi-ring architecture, which could interconnect various kinds of fiber sensors responsible for more than one measurands. We explain how the intelligent control system provides sensors with self-healing function meanwhile sensors are working properly, besides each fiber in FSN is under real-time monitoring. We explain the software process and emergency mechanism to respond failures or other circumstances. To improve the efficiency in the use of limited spectrum resources in some situations, we have two different structures to distribute the light sources rationally. Then, we propose a hybrid sensor working in FSN which is a combination of a distributed sensor and a FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) array fused in a common fiber sensing temperature and vibrations simultaneously with neglectable crosstalk to each other. By making a failure to a working fiber in experiment, the feasibility and effectiveness of the network with a hybrid sensor has been demonstrated, hybrid sensors could not only work as designed but also survive from destructive failures with the help of resilient network and smart and quick self-healing actions. The network has improved the viability of the fiber sensors and diversity of measurands.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Photoacoustic shock wave emission and cavitation from structured optical fiber tips

Photoacoustic waves generated at the tip of an optical fiber consist of a compressive shock wave followed by tensile diffraction waves. These tensile waves overlap along the fiber axis and form a cloud of cavitation bubbles. We demonstrate that shaping the fiber tip through micromachining alters the number and direction of the emitted waves and cavitation clouds. Shock wave emission and cavitation patterns from five distinctively shaped fiber tips have been studied experimentally and compared to a linear wave propagation model. In particular, multiple shock wave emission and generation of strong tension away from the fiber axis have been realized using modified fiber tips. These altered waveforms may be applied for novel microsurgery protocols, such as fiber-based histotripsy, by utilizing bubble-shock wave interaction.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Faraday Michelson Interferometers for Signal Demodulation of Fiber-Optic Sensors

We developed an all-fiber-based optical demodulator for the signal interrogation of low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry–Perot interferometric sensors. The optical demodulator consists of a Michelson interferometer implemented by using a 3×3 fiber coupler and two fiber-coupled Faraday reflectors with tunable fiber delay lines. The demodulator's output contains two optical interference signals with a constant phase shift and the output shows no sensitivity to the polarization variation in the light source or fibers. A digital phase recovery algorithm is used to extract the measurand information from the phase-shifted signals at high accuracy, high dynamic range, and high stability. The optical demodulator has been applied to the measurement of high-frequency vibrations and strains using fiber-optic sensors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Distributed Fiber Sensors With High Spatial Resolution in Extreme Radiation Environments in Nuclear Reactor Cores

This paper is a comprehensive experimental report on the neutron radiation effects of distributed optical fiber sensors with enhanced Rayleigh scattering profiles in an in-pile environment. Femtosecond laser direct writing was used to inscribe Type-II modifications in standard telecom fibers and radiation-hardened fibers with fluorine-doped cores. Rayleigh backscattering signals were enhanced for continuous 1.5 m. In-pile lead-out sensors tests were carried out at the MIT Research Reactor for two months, which was operated at a nominal power of 5.7 MW with fast neutron (>0.1 MeV) flux of 1.29 × 1014 n/cm2/s and an in-core temperature of up to 560°C. Using the Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry technique, the backscattering profiles of fiber sensors were interrogated with a 3-cm spatial resolution to monitor the temperature profile of the reactor. Results show that laser inscribed Type-II modifications in the form of nanogratings are highly stable against extreme temperature and ionizing radiation. Both standard telecom fibers and radiation-hardened fibers with laser-enhanced Rayleigh profiles can continuously perform distributed temperature measurements over the entire duration of the in-pile testing. Temperature coefficients of sensors and spectral shift quality were studied as functions of total radiation fluence. To the best of our knowledge, we present for the first time, the temperature profile of an operating nuclear reactor core with 3-cm spatial resolution, enabled by distributed fiber sensors with laser-enhanced Rayleigh scattering profiles. The high spatial resolution measurements can provide valuable data for the design and validation of digital twin and virtual reality of nuclear energy systems.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗