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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 757 records · Page 42

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS2017

Assessing the Altitude and Dispersion of Volcanic Plumes Using MISR Multi-angle Imaging from Space: Sixteen Years of Volcanic Activity in the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia

Volcanic eruptions represent a significant source of atmospheric aerosols and can display local, regional and global effects, impacting earth systems and human populations. In order to assess the relative impacts of these events, accurate plume injection altitude measurements are needed. In this work, volcanic plumes generated from seven Kamchatka Peninsula volcanoes (Shiveluch, Kliuchevskoi, Bezymianny, Tolbachik, Kizimen, Karymsky and Zhupanovsky), were identified using over 16 years of Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadimeter (MISR) measurements. Eighty-eight volcanic plumes were observed by MISR, capturing 3-25% of reported events at individual volcanoes. Retrievals were most successful where high intensity events persisted over a period of weeks to months. Compared with existing ground and airborne observations, and alternative satellite-based reports compiled by the Global Volcanism Program (GVP), MISR plume height retrievals showed general consistency; the comparison reports appear to be skewed towards the region of highest concentration observed in MISR-constrained vertical plume extent. The report observations display less discrepancy with MISR toward the end of the analysis period, with improvements in the suborbital data likely the result of the deployment of new instrumentation. Conversely, the general consistency of MISR plume heights with conventionally reported observations supports the use of MISR in the ongoing assessment of volcanic activity globally, especially where other types of volcanic plume observations are unavailable. Differences between the northern (Shiveluch, Kliuchevskoi, Bezymianny and Tolbachik) and southern (Kizimen, Karymsky and Zhupanovsky) volcanoes broadly correspond to the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD) and Eastern Volcanic Front (EVF), respectively, geological sub-regions of Kamchatka distinguished by varying magma composition. For example, by comparison with reanalysis-model simulations of local meteorological conditions, CKD plumes generally were less constrained by mid-tropospheric (< 6 km) layers of vertical stability above the boundary layer, suggesting that these eruptions were more energetic than those in the EVF

Kamchatka↗

DOE OSTI2023

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of Biorefinery Pathways

This talk provides an overview of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) development and implementation as a systematic criticality and risk assessment tool for biorefinery pathways within the FCIC. This supports a quality by design (QbD) approach, and this talk provides a high-level overview of the results for the FMEA evaluation focused on the generation of pine residue materials for high-temperature pyrolysis conversion. the FMEA interviews included two approaches. The first approach was based around the entire system of unit operations giving a wholistic system level view. The second approach used detailed interviews from individual unit operation within the system allowing for specific failures for individual system components. These two approaches provide different resolutions of information about the reliability and risk. The FMEA results focused on failures associated with meeting critical quality attributes (CQAs) identified for the high temperature conversion of loblolly pine residues and were supplemented with experimental data supporting process upsets and reliability also collected within the consortium. Estimations of risk scores for meeting each given CQA specification, identification of the impacts for not meeting a CQA specification, capturing causes associated with material attributes and process parameters for each failure, identification of current detection methods, and speculation of potential mitigation strategies for decreasing a failure’s risk score were gathered through the FMEA interviews, and were combined to understand the overall process risk metrics and where technology, process, and knowledge improvements are needed in order to de-risk emerging biorefineries.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

NASA NTRS2002

Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment: Program Summary

It is becoming apparent that insufficient mixing occurs in the pelagic ocean to maintain the large scale thermohaline circulation. Observed mixing rates fall a factor of ten short of classical indices such as Munk's "Abyssal Recipe." The growing suspicion is that most of the mixing in the sea occurs near topography. Exciting recent observations by Polzin et al., among others, fuel this speculation. If topographic mixing is indeed important, it must be acknowledged that its geographic distribution, both laterally and vertically, is presently unknown. The vertical distribution of mixing plays a critical role in the Stommel Arons model of the ocean interior circulation. In recent numerical studies, Samelson demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of flow in the abyssal ocean to the spatial distribution of mixing. We propose to study the topographic mixing problem through an integrated program of modeling and observation. We focus on tidally forced mixing as the global energetics of this process have received (and are receiving) considerable study. Also, the well defined frequency of the forcing and the unique geometry of tidal scattering serve to focus the experiment design. The Hawaiian Ridge is selected as a study site. Strong interaction between the barotropic tide and the Ridge is known to take place. The goals of the Hawaiian Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME) are to quantify the rate of tidal energy loss to mixing at the Ridge and to identify the mechanisms by which energy is lost and mixing generated. We are challenged to develop a sufficiently comprehensive picture that results can be generalized from Hawaii to the global ocean. To achieve these goals, investigators from five institutions have designed HOME, a program of historic data analysis, modeling and field observation. The Analysis and Modeling efforts support the design of the field experiments. As the program progresses, a global model of the barotropic (depth independent) tide, and two models of the baroclinic (depth varying) tide, all validated with near-Ridge data, will be applied, to reveal the mechanisms of tidal energy conversion along the Ridge, and allow spatial and temporal integration of the rate of conversion. Field experiments include a survey to identify "hot spots" of enhanced mixing and barotropic to baroclinic conversion, a Nearfield study identifying the dominant mechanisms responsible for topographic mixing, and a Farfield program which quantifies the barotropic energy flux convergence at the Ridge and the flux divergence associated with low mode baroclinic waves radiation. The difference is a measure of the tidal power available for mixing at the Ridge. Field work is planned from years 2000 through 2002, with analysis and modeling efforts extending through early 2006. If successful, HOME will yield an understanding of the dominant topographic mixing processes applicable throughout the global ocean. It will advance understanding of two central problems in ocean science, the maintenance of the abyssal stratification, and the dissipation of the tides. HOME data will be used to improve the parameterization of dissipation in models which presently assimilate TOPEX-POSEIDON observations. The improved understanding of the dynamics and spatial distribution of mixing processes will benefit future long-term programs such as CLIVAR.

Ray, Richard D.↗

DOE OSTI2023

The kinetics of the PuO 2 to Pu 2 O 3 conversion

Here in an oxidizing environment, the oxide formed on plutonium (Pu) metal is composed of a plutonium dioxide (PuO 2 ) top layer and a thin cubic plutonium sesquioxide (Pu 2 O 3 ) middle layer. In a reducing environment, the PuO 2 layer auto-reduces to cubic Pu 2 O 3 . The speed and extent of this conversion depend on the combination of temperature and time. While PuO 2 provides a strong diffusion barrier against unwanted Pu corrosion by gaseous species (like hydrogen), Pu 2 O 3 does not, since its crystal structure has chains of oxygen vacancies. The kinetics of the PuO 2 reduction are, therefore, of fundamental interest and enable researchers to better protect Pu from corrosion. In this report, the oxygen-diffusion-limited kinetics of the dioxide to sesquioxide conversion were obtained by dynamically heating a PuO 2 -covered Pu sample from 294 to 418 K in a high-vacuum vessel equipped with an in situ spectroscopic ellipsometer. The physical/chemical constraints in the conversion process were combined with the ellipsometry method of multi-sample analysis to track the percentage of PuO 2 and to compute the extent of Pu 2 O 3 formation. The resulting diffusion coefficients were compared against and then combined with complementary literature data to produce a comprehensive set of kinetic parameters for reliably modeling oxide conversion over a larger temperature range than spanned by prior studies. The extracted thermal activation energy barrier (43.7 kJ/mol) and pre-exponential factor (5.0 × 10 -10 cm 2 /s) for the oxygen-diffusion-limited process can be used to accurately model the PuO 2 to Pu 2 O 3 transformation in vacuum and/or inert gas applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2004

The Lewice Console

Lewice (LEWis ICE accretion program) is software used by literally hundreds of users in the aeronautics community for predicting ice shapes, collections efficiencies, and anti-icing heat requirements for aircraft. LEWICE performs its analysis in minutes on a desktop PC, allowing the user to run several parameter studies for design purposes. The ice shape predictions have been used to assess performance degradation both as an input to a CFD program or experimentally in flight or in a wind tunnel. This information is important to ensure an airplane s safe passage through an icing cloud. Currently, Lewice runs as a DOS program that accepts many different inputs such as cloud conditions, wing shapes, and thermal deicing inputs. Usually, such experimental data is stored in spreadsheets. However, Lewice inputs are text files; therefore, they must be generated by the user. Lewice s outputs (collection efficiency, ice shapes and thicknesses) are also text files; to plot the data, users must generate a spreadsheet with this output. Because all Lewice J/O is in the form of text files, using Lewice can be tricky and time-consuming. Our goal was to improve Lewice s usability by creating a user interface that would automatically generate Lewice input from a spreadsheet and automatically put Lewice output into spreadsheets with charts. Additionally, this user interface would automatically convert units (as Lewice only accepts input in certain units) and offer several output options. I call this program the Lewice Console. The Lewice Console is an easy to use interface for Lewice written in Visual Basic. It allows users to run Lewice given a spreadsheet listing experimental conditions. It automatically generates the input to Lewice, does necessary unit conversions, runs Lewice, and produces a spreadsheet with charts plotting the data. It allows users to import data from previously generated Lewice inputs into a spreadsheet. It also allows users to batch run Lewice on several different inputs to automatically generate multiple output spreadsheets. You can also generate plots of actual data vs. experimental data. These capabilities are just the beginning for the Lewice Console. Lewice is capable of running a full deicing experiment given a geometry and heating apparatus information. However, users find it difficult to run such experiments due to the number of inputs and the difficult input file format. The Lewice Console would simplify experiment generation by allowing the user to interactively draw a geometry, place heating apparatus, and specify information about each part. The input to Lewice would be automatically generated from the experiment the user draws on the screen. The Lewice Console would simplify the experiment building process. Currently, Lewice runs as a DOS program that accepts many different inputs such as

Armstrong, Aaron E.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Reactome and the Gene Ontology: digital convergence of data resources

Abstract Motivation Gene Ontology Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs) assemble individual associations of gene products with cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes into causally linked activity flow models. Pathway databases such as the Reactome Knowledgebase create detailed molecular process descriptions of reactions and assemble them, based on sharing of entities between individual reactions into pathway descriptions. Results To convert the rich content of Reactome into GO-CAMs, we have developed a software tool, Pathways2GO, to convert the entire set of normal human Reactome pathways into GO-CAMs. This conversion yields standard GO annotations from Reactome content and supports enhanced quality control for both Reactome and GO, yielding a nearly seamless conversion between these two resources for the bioinformatics community. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Science Workflows using Kamodo

Kamodo is a powerful python software package based on data functionalization. Once a given data set is functionalized, a large variety of capabilities are easily accessible in Kamodo, including unit conversions, custom analysis via function composition, interactive publication quality visualizations, and LaTeX encoding. The entirety of capabilities available in Kamodo are easily applied to both simulated and observed data across the multiple domains of Heliophysics and even in other disciplines. This work includes a variety of science workflows using Kamodo in combination with other resources, including with other python software packages, that expand the utility of Kamodo even further. These workflows include model-data comparisons, ensemble modeling examples, satellite mission planning examples, and other applications, all of which are freely available on CCMC’s Kamodo Github page for the community to adapt to their own uses (https://github.com/nasa/Kamodo). We invite the community to use these workflows and to contribute their own to share.

software↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Science Workflows using Kamodo

python↗

DOE OSTI2023

A User Guide to PARET/ANL

PARET was originally created in 1969 at what is now Idaho National Laboratory (INL), to analyze reactivity insertion events in research and test reactor cores cooled by light or heavy water, with fuel composed of either plates or pins. The use of PARET is also appropriate for fuel assemblies with curved fuel plates when their radii of curvatures are large with respect to the fuel plate thickness. The PARET/ANL version of the code has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy/NNSA since the inception of the Reactor Conversion Program. Since Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) began in 1978, PARET/ANL has been benchmarked to experimental data including SPERT testing, and used to determine the expected transient behavior of many reactors both inside and outside the Reactor Conversion Program. This document provides the pertinent information for the use of PARET/ANL Version 7.6.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2025

PARET/ANL v7.7 User Guide

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

NASA NTRS1990

Detailed modal testing of a solid rocket motor using a portable test system

Modern analytical techniques have expended the ability to evaluate solid rocket motors used in launch vehicles. As more detailed models of solid rocket motors were developed, testing methods were required to verify the models. Experimental modal analysis (modal testing) of space structures and launch vehicles has been a requirement for model validation for many years. However, previous testing of solid rocket motors has not typically involved dynamic modal testing of full scale motors for verification of solid propellant or system assembly properties. Innovative approaches to the testing of solid rocket motors were developed and modal testing of a full scale, two segment Titan 34D Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) was performed to validate detailed computer modeling. Special modifications were made to convert an existing facility into a temporary modal test facility which would accommodate the test article. The assembly of conventional data acquisition equipment into a multiple channel count portable system has made modal testing in the field feasible. Special purpose hydraulic exciters were configured to apply the dynamic driving forces required. All instrumentation and data collection equipment were installed at the test site for the duration of the test program and removed upon completion. Conversion of an existing test facility into a temporary modal test facility, and use of a multiple channel count portable test data acquisition system allowed all test objectives to be met and resulted in validation of the computer model in a minimum time.

Glozman, Vladimir↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Refined Method to Translate Solar Data Quality Assessment Flags to Estimated Measurement Uncertainty

Integrating solar resource uncertainties due to radiometer measurement performance and operational data quality assessment can provide improved estimates of economic bankability, system design performance, and compliance of solar energy conversion systems. Estimating radiometer measurement uncertainty is an established procedure consistent with recognized best practices and international guidelines. SERI QC is a robust solar data quality assessment software tool that has been in continuous use for more than three decades. This report, the fourth of six for the Data Quality and Uncertainty Integration Project, presents a refined algorithm description for software to translate solar resource data quality assessment results into estimated uncertainty values in a Solar Resource Operational Uncertainty Integrator (SROUI) application. This algorithm requires three-component solar irradiance measurements - global horizontal irradiance, direct normal irradiance, and diffuse horizontal irradiance - collected at 1- to 60-minute intervals, as described in the previous deliverables. The development of this report as Deliverable 6.4 was an iterative process that included reviews and feedback from the project team on initial drafts designed to refine how the new software could best support determining solar resource data uncertainty. The results of this effort will contribute to the final software system development by National Renewable Energy Laboratory staff.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Techno-economic analysis and network design for CO 2 conversion to jet fuels in the United States

The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into jet fuel holds significant potential for reducing CO 2 emissions, providing an alternative to carbon-based resources, and offering a renewable means of energy storage. The objective of this study is to conduct a techno-economic analysis and optimize the supply chain network for converting CO 2 to jet fuel in the United States, aiming to minimize total costs while assessing the environmental and economic feasibility of two CO 2 conversion pathways. This first pathway is based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), and the other one is based on the valorization and upgrading of light methanol (MeOH). Incorporating spatial and techno-economic data, a mixed-integer linear programming model was developed to select source plants and conversion pathways, locations of conversion refinery sites, and the amount of captured CO 2 across the United States. The optimal results indicate that the FTS pathway is adopted at all selected refineries when the hydrogen price is 1000 dollars/t and the operating cost, mainly electricity used in conversion, is reduced to 5 % of its current level. Under this scenario, the total annual profit is 8 billion dollars, and the net carbon emissions are -88,783,284 tons. The sensitivity analyses reveal that the prices of electricity and hydrogen significantly contribute to total production costs. The CO 2 recycle percentage of the FTS pathway influences the choice of applied pathways at refineries. Additionally, a higher conversion rate holds a substantial promise for reducing the total production cost and can make the MeOH pathway a viable choice.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗

NASA NTRS1966

Nimbus-b Solar-conversion Power Supply Subsystem Quarterly Technical Report No. 1, Sep. - Nov. 1965

Theoretical and experimental data analyses on Nimbus B solar cell array and storage batteries

SOLAR CELL↗

DOE OSTI2023

Root Cause Analysis of Degradation in Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cell with Interfacial Electrical Sensors Using Data‐Driven Machine Learning

Abstract Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) offer promising paths for energy storage and conversion. Despite considerable achievements made, PCECs still face challenges such as physiochemical compatibility between componenets and suboptimal solid–solid contact at the interfaces between the electrolytes and electrodes. In this study, a novel approach is proposed that combines in situ electrochemical characterization of interfacial electrical sensor embedded PCECs and machine learning to quantify the contributions of different cell components to total degradation, as well as to predict the remaining useful life. The experimental results suggest that the overpotential induced by the oxygen electrode is 48% less than that of oxygen electrode/electrolyte interfacial contact for up to 1171 h. The data‐driven machine learning simulation predicts the RUL of up to 2132 h. The root cause of degradation is overpotential increase induced by oxygen electrode, which accounts for 82.9% of total cell degradation. The success of the failure diagnostic model is demonstrated by its consistency with degradation modes that do not manifest in electrolysis fade during early real operations. This synergistic approach provides valuable insights into practical failure diagnosis of PCECs and has the potential to revolutionize their development by enabling improved performance prediction and material selection for enhanced durability and efficiency.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Rate of Para-Orthohydrogen Conversion in Cryogenic Vortex Tube

Raising efficiency of the cooling process for cryogenic hydrogen and minimizing hydrogen boil-off during storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen are critically important factors for widening implementation of hydrogen-based clean energy systems. One novel approach involves utilization of relatively simple catalyzed vortex tubes, where hydrogen in the primarily para- nuclear spin isomer form is converted into the ortho- form while consuming a significant amount of heat. To design such systems effectively, better understanding is required about catalyst-assisted para-orthohydrogen conversion rates in high-speed vortical flows. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics simulation has been set up to model an experimental system with cryogenic hydrogen vortex tubes. Mesh-verification and a validation study has been conducted first for a non-catalyzed tube. Then, the rate coefficient of the para-orthohydrogen conversion of cryogenic hydrogen has been determined by matching numerical results with experimental data available for a catalyzed vortex tube. Furthermore, the presented information can help design and optimize cryogenic hydrogen cooling within vortex tubes.

08 HYDROGEN↗

NASA NTRS2015

Spinoff 2015

Topics covered include: 3D Endoscope to Boost Safety, Cut Cost of Surgery; Audio App Brings a Better Night's Sleep Liquid Cooling Technology Increases Exercise Efficiency; Algae-Derived Dietary Ingredients Nourish Animals; Space Grant Research Launches Rehabilitation Chair; Vision Trainer Teaches Focusing Techniques at Home; Aircraft Geared Architecture Reduces Fuel Cost and Noise; Ubiquitous Supercritical Wing Design Cuts Billions in Fuel Costs; Flight Controller Software Protects Lightweight Flexible Aircraft; Cabin Pressure Monitors Notify Pilots to Save Lives; Ionospheric Mapping Software Ensures Accuracy of Pilots' GPS; Water Mapping Technology Rebuilds Lives in Arid Regions; Shock Absorbers Save Structures and Lives during Earthquakes; Software Facilitates Sharing of Water Quality Data Worldwide; Underwater Adhesives Retrofit Pipelines with Advanced Sensors; Laser Imaging Video Camera Sees through Fire, Fog, Smoke; 3D Lasers Increase Efficiency, Safety of Moving Machines; Air Revitalization System Enables Excursions to the Stratosphere; Magnetic Fluids Deliver Better Speaker Sound Quality; Bioreactor Yields Extracts for Skin Cream; Private Astronaut Training Prepares Commercial Crews of Tomorrow; Activity Monitors Help Users Get Optimum Sun Exposure; LEDs Illuminate Bulbs for Better Sleep, Wake Cycles; Charged Particles Kill Pathogens and Round Up Dust; Balance Devices Train Golfers for a Consistent Swing; Landsat Imagery Enables Global Studies of Surface Trends; Ruggedized Spectrometers Are Built for Tough Jobs; Gas Conversion Systems Reclaim Fuel for Industry; Remote Sensing Technologies Mitigate Drought; Satellite Data Inform Forecasts of Crop Growth; Probes Measure Gases for Environmental Research; Cloud Computing Technologies Facilitate Earth Research; Software Cuts Homebuilding Costs, Increases Energy Efficiency; Portable Planetariums Teach Science; Schedule Analysis Software Saves Time for Project Planners; Sound Modeling Simplifies Vehicle Noise Management; Custom 3D Printers Revolutionize Space Supply Chain; Improved Calibration Shows Images' True Colors; Micromachined Parts Advance Medicine, Astrophysics, and More; Metalworking Techniques Unlock a Unique Alloy; Low-Cost Sensors Deliver Nanometer-Accurate Measurements; Electrical Monitoring Devices Save on Time and Cost; Dry Lubricant Smooths the Way for Space Travel, Industry; and Compact Vapor Chamber Cools Critical Components.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2026

OmicsMLMentor: A Web Application for Guided Machine Learning Analysis of Omics Data

Expression-based omics technologies (e.g. proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, etc.) increasingly rely on supervised and unsupervised machine learning (ML) models to find key biomolecules distinguishing conditions, identify natural groupings in biological data, or generate predictions for outcomes of interest. Fitting ML models to omics data presents several challenges, including handling missing data, selecting a normalization method, choosing a valid model, and optimizing hyperparameters, all requiring statistical programming skills to address these challenges. Thus, the open-source web application SLOPE was designed to lower the barrier to ML modeling for omics data. SLOPE supports the fitting of 15 ML models (10 supervised and 5 unsupervised) tailored to omics datasets, such as proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics. SLOPE offers several omics-specific features, including methods for handling missingness (imputation, conversion, removal), normalization tests, ranking of models based on the structure of a user’s data and user input, and optimal hyperparameter selections using cross-validation splits. By streamlining ML workflows for omics analysis, SLOPE address critical gaps in existing online web tools, facilitating a broader adoption of these models for omics research. Here, SLOPE is applied to data from a lignin exposure study to highlight the workflow for fitting both supervised and unsupervised models to data.

lipidomics↗