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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Real-Time Testbed for Smart Grid Recloser Controller

The growing need for a low voltage recloser has become apparent due to the rise in requirements for a smart grid. This includes more detailed management of power flow forward (towards load) and backward (towards generation), source synchronization in real time, more indepth fault responses, and the use of green energy. The SEL-651R-2 relay is a device that can manage these needs, especially in fault response and synchronization, and is commonly used in systems called microgrids. Microgrids are distribution level systems that are able to operate separated from the main grid, are typically installed much closer to the load(s), and are fed by distributed energy resources (DERs), such as wind, solar or diesel generators. The SEL-651R-2 is normally used in the field with presets operative settings, but the Western Michigan University (WMU) Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Secure, Efficient and Sustainable Energy Technology (WMU InterEnergy Center) wished to test this device in its range of capabilities for microgrid application. A Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) testbed was implemented and used through the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) using the RSCAD software to test the SEL-651R-2's use cases and functions. The testbed includes a microgrid with interconnection to a larger main grid, and the relay is meant to control the recloser at the point of common coupling (PCC) between the main grid and microgrid. The testbed shows how basic protections, reclosing, and synchronization checks function when handling faults that affect both the microgrid and the main grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Topographic controls on a phreatomagmatic maar-diatreme eruption: field and numerical results from the Holocene Dotsero volcano (Colorado, USA)

We analyzed the eruptive products of Holocene Dotsero volcano (Colorado, USA; ~4.15 ka), which recorded evidence of a progression from effusive magmatic activity through explosive phreatomagmatic maar-forming activity to a final explosive magmatic phase. The nature of the deposits suggests that the irregular and mountainous pre-eruptive topography strongly influenced the formation of directed pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) during the phreatomagmatic phase, where the topographically high northern crater rim acted as a barrier and promoted transport to the south. Furthermore, the crater shape strongly controlled the grain size of the final deposits, providing further evidence that deposit grain size can be a misleading proxy for fragmentation or explosion intensity. We test these hypotheses, as gleaned from fieldwork, by implementing a multiphase numerical model to simulate discrete explosions and their resulting PDCs at maar-diatreme volcanoes. We confirm that a crater shape where one rim is higher than the other promotes multiple pulses of particle transport in the direction of the lower rim. The initial PDCs contain both coarse and fine particles, whereas PDCs generated by later pulses contain, predominately, finer particles. This mechanism provides an alternative explanation to the formation of lapilli tuff/tuff couplets often found at maar-diatreme tephra rings (including Dotsero volcano). Additional modeling shows how the crater depth can control grain size of the resulting PDC deposits. In the case of a deep crater and a relatively weak explosion, it is possible that only the fine particles escape following collapse of the eruptive column, resulting in a fine-grained deposit. This work allows us to improve models developed to describe emplacement of PDCs for different crater geometries and informs on the dynamics of maar-diatreme eruptions, but also highlights the limitations of our knowledge of key parameters, especially those related to the processes of magma-water interaction and syn-eruptive hydrogeology, during such events.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Development of a super high speed motor-generator and controller

To develop a super high speed motor-generator, it is essential to deal with magnetic analysis, dynamic analysis, and experimental evaluation of the heart of the MTG (Microturbine Generator) system, the motor-generator. An amorphous core is applied to a stator core for reduction of iron loss at high speed, and the motor-generator is analyzed with considerations focused on magnetic losses and the statistical optimum design. The performance of the amorphous core is validated by the analysis and experiment by back-to-back tests considering the AC load. Rotor dynamics is performed for dynamic stability at high speed using transient analysis orbit diagrams and compared with the experimental results. The simulation results of the generator are compared with the experiment. Also a super high speed controller of the MTG system is developed using a sensorless algorithm, power stack, gate driver, digital signal processing, analog circuit, and radiation heat design. Based on these results, a high speed motor-generator and controller are successfully developed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Fracture propagation in Indiana Limestone interpreted via linear softening cohesive fracture model

In this study, we examine the use of a linear softening cohesive fracture model (LCFM) to predict single-trace fracture growth in short-rod (SR) and notched 3-point-bend (N3PB) test configurations in Indiana Limestone. The broad goal of this work is to (a) understand the underlying assumptions of LCFM and (b) use experimental similarities and deviations from the LCFM to understand the role of loading paths of tensile fracture propagation. Cohesive fracture models are being applied in prediction of structural and subsurface fracture propagation in geomaterials. They lump the inelastic processes occurring during fracture propagation into a thin zone between elastic subdomains. LCFM assumes that the cohesive zone initially deforms elastically to a maximum tensile stress ( σ max ) and then softens linearly from the crack opening width at σ max to zero stress at a critical crack opening width w 1 . Using commercial finite element software, we developed LCFMs for the SR and N3PB configurations. After fixing σ max with results from cylinder splitting tests and finding an initial Young's modulus ( E ) with unconfined compressive strength tests, we manually calibrate E and w 1 in the SR model against an envelope of experimental data. We apply the calibrated LCFM parameters in the N3PB geometry and compare the model against an envelope of N3PB experiments. For accurate simulation of fracture propagation, simulated off-crack stresses are high enough to require inclusion of damage. Different elastic moduli are needed in tension and compression. We hypothesize that the timing and location of shear versus extensional micromechanical failures control the qualitative macroscopic force-versus-displacement response in different tests. For accurate prediction, the LCFM requires a constant style of failure, which the SR configuration maintains until very late in deformation. The N3PB configuration does not maintain this constancy. To be broadly applicable between geometries and failure styles, the LCFM would require additional physics, possibly including elastoplastic damage in the bulk material and more complicated cohesive softening models.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Comparison of ring compression testing to three point bend testing for unirradiated ZIRLO cladding

Safe shipment and storage of nuclear reactor discharged fuel requires an understanding of how the fuel may perform under the various conditions that can be encountered. One specific focus of concern is performance during a shipment drop accident. Tests at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) are being performed to characterize the properties of fuel clad relative to a mechanical accident condition such as a container drop. Unirradiated ZIRLO tubing samples have been charged with a range of hydride levels to simulate actual fuel rod levels. Samples of the hydrogen charged tubes were exposed to a radial hydride growth treatment (RHGT) consisting of heating to 400°C, applying initial hoop stresses of 90 to 170 MPa with controlled cooling and producing hydride precipitates. Initial samples have been tested using both a) ring compression test (RCT) which is shown to be sensitive to radial hydride and b) three-point bend tests which are less sensitive to radial hydride effects. Hydrides are generated in Zirconium based fuel cladding as a result of coolant (water) oxidation of the clad, hydrogen release, and a portion of the released (nascent) hydrogen absorbed into the clad and eventually exceeding the hydrogen solubility limit. The orientation of the hydrides relative to the subsequent normal and accident strains has a significant impact on the failure susceptability. In this study the impacts of stress, temperature and hydrogen levels are evaluated in reference to the propensity for hydride reorientation from the circumferential to the radial orientation. In addition the effects of radial hydrides on the Quasi Ductile Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT) were measured. The results suggest that a) the severity of the radial hydride impact is related to the hydrogen level-peak temperature combination (for example at a peak drying temperature of 400°C; 800 PPM hydrogen has less of an impact/ less radial hydride fraction than 200 PPM hydrogen for the same thermal history) and b) for critical strains in post drying handling, storage and accident conditions the 3 point bend strain tolerance is less affected by radial hydrides than the conventional ring compression test (the radial hydride related Quasi DBTT associated with a three point bend straining is lower (better) than that measured by the ring compression tests).

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Provision of Grid Services by PV Plants with Integrated Battery Energy Storage System: Preprint

Battery energy storage systems (BESS), due to their tremendous range of uses and configurations, may assist PV integration in any number of ways by increasing power system flexibility. In this paper we describe results of a research project conducted by NREL and First Solar for developing controls and demonstrating many use cases for PV-BESS systems including (1) matching generation to loads through time shifting, reducing PV curtailment,; (2) promoting higher levels of PV penetrations by balancing the grid through ancillary services; (3) use of PV-BESS systems to provide wide-area stability services in the form of oscillations damping controls; and (r) use of gird forming BESS for enabling black start and islanded applications for PV-BESS systems. In the paper we will also describe the unique multi-MW test and validation platform developed at NREL for conducting research on fielded utility-scale PV-BESS systems. The platform consists of First Solar 0.43 MW PV power plant, NREL’s 1MW/1MW BESS, 2MW PV power supplies and 7MVA power electronic grid simulator interfaced with industrial plant controllers and power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) capability.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2022

The impact of forest-controlled snow variability on late-season streamflow varies by climatic region and forest structure

Previous studies have documented how forests influence snow at fine spatial scales, but none have documented the influence that existing forest-snow variability has on streamflow. Here to test how much forest-controlled snow variability influences streamflow, a tiling parameterization based on classifications from high-resolution (1–3 m) vegetation maps was incorporated into the Distributed Hydrology and Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM). Within each grid cell (90–150 m), the tiling parameterization simulated forest-snow variability with four independently evolving snowpacks. Each tile had unique radiation conditions to represent conditions underneath the canopy, in exposed areas, and along north- and south-facing forest edges. This tiled parameterization was used to test where and when detailed forest-snow modelling should be considered further and where and when the impacts are too small to be worth the effort. To test this, tiled model simulations of streamflow were compared to non-tiled model simulations in the Sierra Nevada, CA, the Jemez Mountains, NM, and the Eastern Cascades, WA. In Tuolumne, CA, the tiled model simulated little difference in grid cell average SWE, and late-season streamflow decreased by only 3%–4% compared to the non-tiled model. In Jemez, NM, the tiled model decreased late-season streamflow by 18% due to increased sublimation. In Chiwawa, WA, the tiled model increased late-season streamflow by 15% due to high shortwave radiation attenuation and less longwave radiation enhancement from the forest. Furthermore, within the Chiwawa, a substantial silvicultural practice was synthetically implemented to increase the north-facing edge's fractional area. This silvicultural experiment, which used the same fractional forest area in all simulations increased late-season streamflow by 35% compared to tiled model simulations that did not represent forest edges. In conclusion, representing forest-SWE variability had an effect on late-season streamflow in some watersheds but not in others based on the fractional area of the forest edges, forest characteristics, and climate conditions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Toward Robust Autotuning of Noisy Quantum dot Devices

The current autotuning approaches for quantum dot (QD) devices, while showing some success, lack an assessment of data reliability. This leads to unexpected failures when noisy or otherwise low-quality data is processed by an autonomous system. In this work, we propose a framework for robust autotuning of QD devices that combines a machine learning (ML) state classifier with a data quality control module. The data quality control module acts as a “gatekeeper” system, ensuring that only reliable data are processed by the state classifier. Lower data quality results in either device recalibration or termination. To train both ML systems, we enhance the QD simulation by incorporating synthetic noise typical of QD experiments. We confirm that the inclusion of synthetic noise in the training of the state classifier significantly improves the performance, resulting in an accuracy of 95.0(9)% when tested on experimental data. We then validate the functionality of the data quality control module by showing that the state classifier performance deteriorates with decreasing data quality, as expected. Our results establish a robust and flexible ML framework for autonomous tuning of noisy QD devices.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Industry Assessment and Initial Adaptive Protection System Design

This report presents the success merits, logic design details, and test plans for adaptive protection schemes for microgrids, secondary distribution networks, and radial distribution feeders. Success merits are presented in terms of challenges and issues which should be mitigated. The challenges and issues were identified during site-specific simulations and analysis presented in a prior report. The adaptive protection logic designs are presented in a vendor-neutral manner to make them readily adaptable to site--specific protection relays and controllers which support custom logic design. Vendor-specific implementations of the logic for the adaptive protection laboratory tests are also presented. The final section of the report presents details of the testing methodology, plans, and documentation for each of the three adaptive protection schemes.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Warming Up Density Functional Theory [Book Chapter]

Density functional theory (DFT) has become the most popular approach to electronic structure across disciplines, especially in material and chemical sciences. In 2016, at least 30,000 papers used DFT to make useful predictions or give insight into an enormous diversity of scientific problems, ranging from battery development to solar cell efficiency and far beyond. The success of this field has been driven by usefully accurate approximations based on known exact conditions and careful testing and validation. In the last decade, applications of DFT in a new area, warm dense matter, have exploded. DFT is revolutionizing simulations of warm dense matter including applications in controlled fusion, planetary interiors, and other areas of high energy density physics. Over the past decade or so, molecular dynamics calculations driven by modern density functional theory have played a crucial role in bringing chemical realism to these applications, often (but not always) in excellent agreement with experiment. This chapter summarizes recent work from our group on density functional theory at nonzero temperatures, which we call thermal DFT. We explain the relevance of this work in the context of warm dense matter, and the importance of quantum chemistry to this regime. We illustrate many basic concepts on a simple model system, the asymmetric Hubbard dimer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

An a priori DNS study of the shadow-position mixing model

In this study, the modeling of mixing by molecular diffusion is a central aspect for transported probability density function (tPDF) methods. In this paper, the newly-proposed shadow position mixing model (SPMM) is examined, using a DNS database for a temporally evolving di-methyl ether slot jet flame. Two methods that invoke different levels of approximation are proposed to extract the shadow displacement (equivalent to shadow position) from the DNS database. An approach for a priori analysis of the mixing-model performance is developed. The shadow displacement is highly correlated with both mixture fraction and velocity, and the peak correlation coefficient of the shadow displacement and mixture fraction is higher than that of the shadow displacement and velocity. This suggests that the composition-space localness is reasonably well enforced by the model, with appropriate choices of model constants. The conditional diffusion of mixture fraction and major species from DNS and from SPMM are then compared, using mixing rates that are derived by matching the mixture fraction scalar dissipation rates. Good qualitative agreement is found, for the prediction of the locations of zero and maximum/minimum conditional diffusion locations for mixture fraction and individual species. Similar comparisons are performed for DNS and the IECM (interaction by exchange with the conditional mean) model. The agreement between SPMM and DNS is better than that between IECM and DNS, in terms of conditional diffusion iso-contour similarities and global normalized residual levels. It is found that a suitable value for the model constant c that controls the mixing frequency can be derived using the local normalized scalar variance, and that the model constant a controls the localness of the model. A higher-Reynolds-number test case is anticipated to be more appropriate to evaluate the mixing models, and stand-alone transported PDF simulations are required to more fully enforce localness and to assess model performance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Spatially Dependent Multiple Testing Under Model Misspecification, With Application to Detection of Anthropogenic Influence on Extreme Climate Events

The Weather Risk Attribution Forecast (WRAF) is a forecasting tool that uses output from global climate models to make simultaneous attribution statements about whether and how greenhouse gas emissions have contributed to extreme weather across the globe. However, in conducting a large number of simultaneous hypothesis tests, the WRAF is prone to identifying false “discoveries.” A common technique for addressing this multiple testing problem is to adjust the procedure in a way that controls the proportion of true null hypotheses that are incorrectly rejected, or the false discovery rate (FDR). Unfortunately, generic FDR procedures suffer from low power when the hypotheses are dependent, and techniques designed to account for dependence are sensitive to misspecification of the underlying statistical model. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian decision-theoretical approach for dependent multiple testing and a nonparametric hierarchical statistical model that flexibly controls false discovery and is robust to model misspecification. We illustrate the robustness of our procedure to model error with a simulation study, using a framework that accounts for generic spatial dependence and allows the practitioner to flexibly specify the decision criteria. Finally, we apply our procedure to several seasonal forecasts and discuss implementation for the WRAF workflow. Lastly, supplementary materials for this article, including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work, are available as an online supplement.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

guppy i : a code for reducing the storage requirements of cosmological simulations

ABSTRACT As cosmological simulations have grown in size, the permanent storage requirements of their particle data have also grown. Even modest simulations present a major logistical challenge for the groups which run these boxes and researchers without access to high performance computing facilities often need to restrict their analysis to lower quality data. In this paper, we present guppy, a compression algorithm and code base tailored to reduce the sizes of dark matter-only cosmological simulations by approximately an order of magnitude. guppy is a ‘lossy’ algorithm, meaning that it injects a small amount of controlled and uncorrelated noise into particle properties. We perform extensive tests on the impact that this noise has on the internal structure of dark matter haloes, and identify conservative accuracy limits which ensure that compression has no practical impact on single-snapshot halo properties, profiles, and abundances. We also release functional prototype libraries in C, Python, and Go for reading and creating guppy data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Workplace Charge Management with Aggregated Building Loads

This paper describes a workplace charge management system developed to control plug-in electric vehicle charging stations based on aggregated building loads. A system to collect information from drivers was also developed for better charge management performance since the present AC charging station standard does not provide battery state of charge information. First, simulations with uncontrolled charging data were conducted to investigate several scenarios and control methods, and then one method with the most power curtailment during peak load was selected for verification tests. This paper illustrates load reduction test results for 36 charging stations and real-time campus net load data.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Causal Interactions between Southern Ocean Polynyas and High-Latitude Atmosphere–Ocean Variability

Abstract Weddell Sea open-ocean polynyas have been observed to occasionally release heat from the deep ocean to the atmosphere, indicating that their sporadic appearances may be an important feature of high-latitude atmosphere–ocean variability. Yet, observations of the phenomenon are sparse and many standard-resolution models represent these features poorly, if at all. We use a fully coupled, synoptic-scale preindustrial control simulation of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv0-HR) to effectively simulate open-ocean polynyas and investigate their role in the climate system. Our approach employs statistical tests of Granger causality to diagnose local and remote drivers of, and responses to, polynya heat loss on interannual to decadal time scales. First, we find that polynya heat loss Granger causes a persistent increase in surface air temperature over the Weddell Sea, strengthening the local cyclonic wind circulation. Along with responding to polynyas, atmospheric conditions also facilitate their development. When the Southern Ocean experiences a rapid poleward shift in the circumpolar westerlies following a prolonged negative phase of the southern annular mode (SAM), Weddell Sea salinity increases, promoting density destratification and convection in the water column. Finally, we find that the reduction of surface heat fluxes during periods of full ice cover is not fully compensated by ocean heat transport into the high latitudes. This imbalance leads to a buildup of ocean heat content that supplies polynya heat loss. These results disentangle the complex, coupled climate processes that both enable the polynya’s existence and respond to it, providing insights to improve the representation of these highly episodic sea ice features in climate models.

Kaufman, Zachary S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Beam and Spin Optics Simulation Tutorials, Using Zgoubi Exercises and Solutions 2 - RHIC Run 22 Spin Transparency Experiment

High electron and ion polarizations are paramount design requirements for the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL. A “spin transparency” mode of operation, inherited from the “figure-8” ring design [1], allows preservation and control of electron and ion spin polarization in a collider or storage ring [2, 3]. It makes the ring lattice “invisible” to the spin and allows for polarization control by small quasi-static magnetic fields with practically no effect on beam orbital parameters. Beam polarization can then be fully controlled by small adjustments of snake axis orientation (a few degrees) and snake strengths (a few percent); polarization orientation at IPs can be controlled without spin rotators, spins can be adiabatically flipped without the need of ac magnets. The transparent spin mode has been demonstrated in simulations [2] for the purpose of being tested experimentally during RHIC Run 22. This experiment was aimed at providing data to validate the principles. Yellow RHIC ring (Fig. 1.1) was configured in the transparent spin mode by aligning the axes of its two helical snakes (located respectively in the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock sextants) parallel to the longitudinal axis. Experiment goals and expected results, ad hoc procedures and hardware requirements, are addressed in Refs. [2, 3].

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Impact of Surficial Biochar Treatment on Acute H2S Emissions during Swine Manure Agitation before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept

Acute releases of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are of serious concern in agriculture, especially when farmers agitate manure to empty storage pits before land application. Agitation can cause the release of dangerously high H2S concentrations, resulting in human and animal fatalities. To date, there is no proven technology to mitigate these short-term releases of toxic gas from manure. In our previous research, we have shown that biochar, a highly porous carbonaceous material, can float on manure and mitigate gaseous emissions over extended periods (days–weeks). In this research, we aim to test the hypothesis that biochar can mitigate H2S emissions over short periods (minutes–hours) during and shortly after manure agitation. The objective was to conduct proof-of-the-concept experiments simulating the treatment of agitated manure. Two biochars, highly alkaline and porous (HAP, pH 9.2) made from corn stover and red oak (RO, pH 7.5), were tested. Three scenarios (setups): Control (no biochar), 6 mm, and 12 mm thick layers of biochar were surficially-applied to the manure. Each setup experienced 3 min of manure agitation. Real-time concentrations of H2S were measured immediately before, during, and after agitation until the concentration returned to the initial state. The results were compared with those of the Control using the following three metrics: (1) the maximum (peak) flux, (2) total emission from the start of agitation until the concentration stabilized, and (3) the total emission during the 3 min of agitation. The Gompertz’s model for determination of the cumulative H2S emission kinetics was developed. Here, 12 mm HAP biochar treatment reduced the peak (1) by 42.5% (p = 0.125), reduced overall total emission (2) by 17.9% (p = 0.290), and significantly reduced the total emission during 3 min agitation (3) by 70.4%. Further, 6 mm HAP treatment reduced the peak (1) by 60.6%, and significantly reduced overall (2) and 3 min agitation’s (3) total emission by 64.4% and 66.6%, respectively. Moreover, 12 mm RO biochar treatment reduced the peak (1) by 23.6%, and significantly reduced overall (2) and 3 min total (3) emission by 39.3% and 62.4%, respectively. Finally, 6 mm RO treatment significantly reduced the peak (1) by 63%, overall total emission (2) by 84.7%, and total emission during 3 min agitation (3) by 67.4%. Biochar treatments have the potential to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure to H2S. Both 6 and 12 mm biochar treatments reduced the peak H2S concentrations below the General Industrial Peak Limit (OSHA PEL, 50 ppm). The 6 mm biochar treatments reduced the H2S concentrations below the General Industry Ceiling Limit (OSHA PEL, 20 ppm). Research scaling up to larger manure volumes and longer agitation is warranted.

Chen, Baitong (ORCID:0000000266071253)↗
DOE OSTI2019

Data-Driven Preemptive Voltage Monitoring and Control Using Probabilistic Voltage Sensitivities: Preprint

Increased penetration of distributed variable re-newable generation may cause random voltage fluctuations and violations at multiple nodes. Traditional methods of voltage control typically involve reactionary responses of capacitor banks, tap changers, and recently even smart inverters. But due to the lack of foresight in voltage violations, these controls are ineffective to completely mitigate the issue. Therefore, new methods of predicting voltage violations subject to random power injection changes in the distribution network is needed, which can be used to guide optimal and dynamic methods of voltage control. This work lays the foundation for such preemptive voltage monitoring and control by proposing an analytical and sensor data-driven voltage sensitivity analysis method. Driven by stochastic data and forecasts, the method can be used to develop probabilistic voltage sensitivities and consequently to predict system nodes with high likelihood of voltage limit violations. The effectiveness of this method is tested on IEEE 69 node distribution system integrated with distributed solar. The results demonstrate the proposed method's ability to successfully predict nodes with high probability of voltage violations for a specific time series simulation. The results also demonstrate the ability to guide timely power injection control actions to mitigate future voltage violations.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗