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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

NETL's Carbon Capture Retrofit Databases

This PowerPoint presentation summarizes the recently published Carbon Capture Retrofit Databases and their supporting documents, such as user guides and studies used to inform cost and performance estimates. NETL publications used to develop slide contents include Cost of Capturing CO2 from Industrial Sources, 2022; Industrial CCRD, 2022; Eliminating the Derate of Carbon Capture Retrofits, 2023; PC CCRD, 2023; Cost and Performance of Retrofitting NGCC Units for Carbon Capture, 2023; and NGCC CCRD, 2023.

Hughes, Sydney↗
DOE OSTI2016

Development of an In-Beam Neutron Flux Monitor for Time of Flight Capture Measurements

Accurate nuclear data are important in several aspects of nuclear engineering, such as reactor simulations, nonproliferation, and criticality safety. One of the nuclear data measurements that requires reduced uncertainties in its related cross-sections is neutron capture. The neutron capture cross-sections have particular deficiencies in the incident neutron energy range from 1 keV to 1 MeV. This is due to the predominance of scattering reactions in this energy region. In order to provide more accurate measurements in this energy region, a new experimental setup has been designed and created at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). This experiment utilizes several C{sub 6}D{sub 6} detectors in a low mass system to minimize the effects of neutron scattering on the experiment. In order to determine the capture yield for the measurements, several additional factors need to be known about the neutron beam including the energy dependence of the neutron flux incident on the sample. A detector made from a thin piece of EJ-204 plastic scintillator was designed to measure the neutron flux, as a function of incident neutron energy, during the capture measurements. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Membrane-based carbon capture process optimization using CFD modeling

Carbon capture is a promising option to mitigate CO2 emissions from existing coal-fired power plants, cement and steel industries, and petrochemical complexes. Among the available technologies, membrane-based carbon capture presents the lowest energy consumption, operating costs, and carbon footprint. In addition, membrane processes have important operational flexibility and response times. On the other hand, the major challenges to widespread application of this technology are related to reducing capital costs and improving membrane stability and durability. To upscale the technology into stacked flat sheet configurations, high fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that describes the separation process accurately are required. High fidelity simulations have been shown to be effective in studying the complex transport phenomena in membrane systems. In addition, obtaining high CO2 recovery percentages and product purity requires a multi-stage membrane process, where the optimal network configuration of the membrane modules must be studied in a systematic way. In order to address the design problem at process scale, we formulate a superstructure for the membrane-based carbon capture, including up to three separation stages. In the formulation of the optimization problem, we include reduced models, based on rigorous CFD simulations of the membrane modules. Numerical results indicate that the optimal design includes three membrane stages, and the capture cost is 45.4 $/t-CO2.

Pedrozo, Hector A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

EVs@Scale Next-Gen Profiles - EV Profile Capture 2024

As part of the U.S. DOE EVs@Scale consortium Next-Gen Profiles (NGP) project, the profile capture and analysis of production electric vehicles undergoing high power charging (HPC) is conducted over a wide range of conditions to explore variance and performance. Charge session parameters are collected from both the electric vehicle (EV) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) at a rate of 10Hz and entered into a time-series database for analysis. These charge profiles are captured under nominal and off-nominal conditions, exploring the impact of battery state of charge (SOC), battery temperature, vehicle condition, smart charge management (SCM), and EVSE limitations. Nominal conditions are defined to be ideal conditions that should transfer the maximum allowable energy in the minimum possible amount of time. Nominal condition profiles are compared across EVs to characterize state-of-the-art EV charging performance against one another. Off-nominal condition profiles are compared against its nominal condition profile counterpart to highlight the variance across less desirable starting conditions within a single EV. This EV Profile Capture 2024 report stands as an update from the EV Profile Capture 2023 report to include the additional EV & EVSE assets tested and analyzed in 2024. The major updates within this report include the addition of three next-generation electric vehicles, added test cases, and further analysis. This expansion of analysis includes power profiles, power distribution, quantifying SOC, energy and range performance, EVSE limitation impacts, boost converter performance, etc. Additionally, NGP time-series data has been used as input towards three national laboratory-led grid modelling efforts: ANL’s IEEE-37 HIL model, INL’s Caldera model, and NREL’s EVI-X model. A summary of these platforms and how NGP has worked to improve their effectiveness has also been added to this years’ report.

Thurston, Sam↗
DOE OSTI2018

Integrating Algae with Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage (ABECCS) Increases Sustainability

Abstract Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed to reduce atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, but concerns remain about competition for arable land and freshwater. The synergistic integration of algae production, which does not require arable land or freshwater, with BECCS (called “ABECCS”) can reduce CO 2 emissions without competing with agriculture. This study presents a technoeconomic and life‐cycle assessment for colocating a 121‐ha algae facility with a 2,680‐ha eucalyptus forest for BECCS. The eucalyptus biomass fuels combined heat and power (CHP) generation with subsequent amine‐based carbon capture and storage (CCS). A portion of the captured CO 2 is used for growing algae and the remainder is sequestered. Biomass combustion supplies CO 2 , heat, and electricity, thus increasing the range of sites suitable for algae cultivation. Economic, energetic, and environmental impacts are considered. The system yields as much protein as soybeans while generating 61.5 TJ of electricity and sequestering 29,600 t of CO 2 per year. More energy is generated than consumed and the freshwater footprint is roughly equal to that for soybeans. Financial break‐even is achieved for product value combinations that include 1) algal biomass sold for $1,400/t (fishmeal replacement) with a $68/t carbon credit and 2) algal biomass sold for $600/t (soymeal replacement) with a $278/t carbon credit. Sensitivity analysis shows significant reductions to the cost of carbon sequestration are possible. The ABECCS system represents a unique technology for negative emissions without reducing protein production or increasing water demand, and should therefore be included in the suite of technologies being considered to address global sustainability.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Encapsulation of Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Materials within Electrospun Hydrophobic Polymer/Ceramic Fibers for Enhanced CO 2 Capture

Liquid-like nanoparticle organic hybrid materials (NOHMs) consisting of a silica core with ionically grafted branched polyethyleneimine chains (referred to as NIPEI) are encapsulated within submicron-scale polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/polymer-derived-ceramic electrospun fibers. The addition of a room-temperature curable, liquid-phase organopolysilazane (OPSZ) ceramic precursor to the PAN/NOHM solution enhances the internal dispersion of NOHMs and forms a thin ceramic sheath layer on the fiber exterior, shielding the hydrophilic NIPEI to produce near-superhydrophobic non-woven fiber mats with contact angles exceeding 140°. 60:40 loadings of NOHMs to PAN/OPSZ can be reliably achieved with low OPSZ percentages required, and up to 4:1 NOHM:polymer loadings are possible before losing hydrophobicity. These fibers demonstrate up to ≈2 mmol CO 2 g -1 fiber capture capacities in a pure CO 2 atmosphere through the nonwoven fibrous networks and the permeability of the OPSZ shell. In conclusion, the hybrid fibers additionally show enhanced capture kinetics under pure CO 2 and 400 ppm CO 2 conditions, indicating their promising application as a direct air capture platform.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Biphasic solvents for post-combustion CO 2 capture from natural gas flue Gas

Fossil fuel fired power plants are generally expected to remain one of the most significant global sources of electricity for decades to come. Consequently, carbon management technologies are needed to reduce or eliminate ongoing emissions from these sources. Amongst the many techniques for carbon capture, aqueous amine-based absorbents (monoethanolamine, MEA, in particular) are, presently, considered the leading technology for post-combustion CO 2 point-source capture. These technologies are nevertheless limited by their high capital and regeneration energy costs. Biphasic solvents have been identified as an attractive alternative to traditional MEA based absorbents due to their potential energy savings. Thus far, however, the research on biphasic solvents has largely focused on their performance in coal flue gas while more dilute natural gas flue gas applications have received relatively little attention. Here, this work examines the performances of two novel biphasic solvent blends, diethylenetriamine (DETA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA), in CO 2 capture from a natural gas flue gas simulant. Across several regeneration tests, both solvents achieved considerable energy savings over the benchmark MEA solution. Specifically, the energy consumption per mol CO 2 recovered for the DETA-based and TETA-based solvents was 46 % and 35 % less than that of the benchmark MEA solution, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to gain a deeper understanding of the phase separation phenomena that occur as a consequence of CO 2 absorption. These simulations indicated that phase change was driven by the strong interaction between the absorption products and water, while the degree of separation depended on the CO 2 loading.

Biphasic solvents↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design and demonstration of a direct air capture system with moisture-driven CO 2 delivery into aqueous medium

Two direct air capture (DAC) systems were designed and demonstrated to passively capture CO 2 from ambient air and use moisture to release the CO2 into an alkaline medium. A bench-scale system delivering ∼1 g CO 2 d –1 was demonstrated in a laminar flow hood, and a small pilot-scale system that could deliver ∼100 g CO 2 d –1 was operated outdoors in a 4.2 m 2 raceway pond. Novel elongated mesh-tube packets containing anion-exchange resin (AER) beads were found to reduce drying and CO 2 loading time 4.3-fold compared to larger mesh bags. Technoeconomic analysis (TEA) estimates the cost of capturing CO 2 into an alkaline solution, suitable for cultivating photosynthetic microorganisms, to be $\$229$ per tonne for a practical scenario based on current results and $\$72$ per tonne for an aspirational scenario considering improvements to sorbent capacity, hydrophobicity, and sorbent lifetime. TEA further estimates an additional $\$110$ per tonne to extract CO 2 from solution, purify it, and compress it to 15 MPa, suitable for sequestration. Furthermore, moisture-driven processes have the potential to use up to 87% less energy than thermal and/or vacuum swing DAC by using energy from water evaporation.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Insights from Initial Engineering Designs of Point Source Capture at Industrial Facilities

Initial engineering design studies examining the application of state-of-the-art carbon capture technology at industrial plants contain generally overlooked real-world design considerations for near-term deployment of point source capture (PSC). The implementation of PSC across a wide range of industrial applications presents unique challenges associated with fluctuating CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, flue gas composition, and utility and land availability. In this article, seven recent industrial retrofit PSC projects are reviewed to investigate the impact of site-specific factors on project design and cost. Across the seven projects, three capture technology classes and four industrial applications are considered, allowing insight into industry-specific opportunities for PSC technology synergy. Common challenges across projects and proposed design solutions are highlighted to propagate ideas and solutions to close the technology gaps and accelerate learning rates.

FEED Studies↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Random Copolymers for Direct Air Capture

Direct air capture (DAC) is a promising tool for reducing CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere and fighting climate change. We synthesized a series of quaternary ammonium (QA) functionalized poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers with varying mole fractions of charge content and demonstrated their potential as sorbents for DAC. Molecular weight analysis determined high monomer conversion was achieved in <6 h and relatively high molecular weights for all copolymer compositions. Thermal analysis revealed all polymers had degradation temperatures >240 °C and a single glass transition temperature (T g ); the T g decreased with an increase in ion exchange capacity (IEC). Fractional free volume and water uptake percentage increased and water contact angle decreased with the number of QA sites when compared to a neutral, commercially available polysulfone (Udel® P-1700 PSU). Next, the novel series of ammonium-functionalized copolymers exhibited a moisture-mediated capture and release of atmospheric CO 2 . When exposed to air containing 30% relative humidity the polymers captured CO 2 and the capacity increased with the IEC. When the relative humidity was increased to 95% the samples released the CO 2 . This study demonstrates a promising CO 2 DAC sorbent and highlights the possibility for continuous DAC with purpose-built free-standing membranes.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Direct Air Capture-Compatible Azolate and Amino Acid Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction to CO on a Silver Cathode

Direct air capture (DAC) compatible ionic liquids (ILs) are attractive for integrating CO 2 capture and conversion due to their high CO 2 solubility at low partial pressures, tunable chemisorption mechanisms, low volatility, and wide electrochemical windows. However, very few ILs have high CO 2 uptake at DAC conditions (420 ppm CO 2 ), and even fewer have been evaluated for chemical compatibility and mechanistic continuity for combined capture and electrochemical CO 2 reduction (eCO 2 RR). We demonstrate that two representative DAC-capable ILs, [P 4444 ][Val] (amino acid-based) and [P 66614 ][5-Me-Imd] (azolate-based), exhibit favorable electrochemical reduction behavior. CO and H 2 were the dominant gas-phase products by GC, while 1 H and 13 C NMR confirmed negligible liquid-phase HCOOH. Chronoamperometry at moderate applied potentials (−2.0 to −2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl) in a two-compartment H-cell with a Ag coated carbon paper as the working electrode yielded steady-state current densities of ∼10 mA cm −2 with CO FE of 96% for [P 4444 ][Val] and 95% for [P 66614 ][5-Me-Imd], highlighting the role of viscosity and chemically absorbed CO 2 -IL species to provide highly selective CO formation while suppressing H 2 evolution.

amino acid ionic liquid↗
DOE OSTI2024

CO 2 Capture with Capsules of Ionic Liquid/Amines

Carbon capture remains an urgent issue that has gained a great deal of attention over the past few decades. Aqueous amines have excellent selectivity, but present corrosion and volatility issues, whereas ionic liquids (ILs) have negligible volatility and tunable physical properties, but high viscosities. One approach to improve the practical performance of these liquids is encapsulating them in a CO 2 permeable polymer shell to enhance the accessibility of the liquid and the CO 2 absorption rate. In this work, we report the encapsulation of a mixture of amine and IL (i.e., monoethanolamine (MEA) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF 4 ])) and demonstrate enhanced carbon capture performance. A soft-template approach and interfacial polymerization are used to give capsules with liquid core (64 wt %) and polyurea shell. Compared to the bulk liquid, the encapsulated liquid shows improved thermal stability over cycles of absorption at 25 °C, and desorption at 75 °C. The capsules with core of [BMIM][BF 4 ]-MEA show 0.2 mol CO 2 /kg of capsules at 1 bar CO 2 , compared to the bulk liquid, which has 0.05 mol CO 2 /kg of sorbent. This is attributed to the limited evaporation of the amines. Alternatively, the same capsules but with 5 wt % of piperazine (Pz) in the core have doubled gravimetric CO 2 capacity of the capsules (0.4 mol CO 2 /kg of capsules); performance is evaluated over 10 capture–release cycles showing minimal mass loss. Characterization of the CO 2 uptake of the polymer shell itself reveals that the shell contributes only ~10% of the observed capacity, likely attributed to amine functionalities of the polymer. Here, this facile approach to encapsulating such “active” liquids can be applied to other CO 2 selective solvents that are volatile, viscous, and corrosive.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

In Silico Discovery of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Carbon Capture

We screen a database of more than 69 000 hypothetical covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for carbon capture using parasitic energy as a metric. To compute CO 2 –framework interactions in molecular simulations, we develop a genetic algorithm to tune the charge equilibration method and derive accurate framework partial charges. Nearly 400 COFs are identified with parasitic energy lower than that of an amine scrubbing process using monoethanolamine; more than 70 are better performers than the best experimental COFs and several perform similarly to Mg-MOF-74. We analyze the effect of pore topology on carbon capture performance to guide the development of improved carbon capture materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effect of Extended Aging and Oxidation on Linear Poly(propylenimine)-Mesoporous Silica Composites for CO 2 Capture from Simulated Air and Flue Gas Streams

Physical aging or degradation of amine-containing polymers and supported amine adsorbents is a critical issue that could limit practical application of such materials for CO 2 capture. However, to date, there is a scarcity of studies that evaluate the long-term stability of amine-based sorbents without the exclusive use of accelerated aging tests. Here, we demonstrate that extended aging (~2 years) of linear poly(propylenimine) (LPPI) confined in mesoporous silica (SBA-15) supports does not drastically impact the CO 2 adsorption performance under simulated flue gas (10% CO 2 ) and direct air capture (DAC, 400 ppm CO 2 ) conditions, although the behavior of the aged sorbents and polymers in the two CO 2 concentration regimes differs. Sorbents made with aged LPPI had modestly decreased CO 2 uptake performance (<~20% lower) compared to the fresh polymers, with overall good CO 2 cycling performance. The data indicate that only slow degradation occurs under the deployed ambient storage conditions. Even after extended aging, the LPPI-based sorbents preserved their ability to display stable temperature-swing cycling performance. In parallel, the impact of blending LPPI polymers of different number-average molecular weights, M n , is evaluated, seeking to understand its impact on adsorbent performance. We find that the results demonstrate that blends of two M n aged LPPI give similar CO 2 adsorption performance to adsorbents made from a single M n LPPI, suggesting that molecular weight will not negatively impact adsorbent performance in the studied M n range. After an accelerated oxidation experiment, the aged LPPI sorbents retained a larger portion of the samples’ original performance when cycling under simulated flue gas conditions than under DAC conditions. However, in each case, the oxidized sorbents could be cycled repeatedly with consistent uptake performance. Overall, these first of their kind extended aging tests suggest that LPPI-based amine adsorbents offer promise for long term, stable use in carbon capture applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Positive Power with Negative Emission Flexible NGCC Enable by Modular Direct Air Capture (Final Report)

The primary project objective was to synthesize a retrofit design of a natural gas combined cycle plant (Fseries gas turbines in 2x1 configuration) to integrate post-combustion (PCC) and direct air carbon capture (DAC) systems that could produce power with negative emissions across a wide range of loads, see table below. The IP-LP crossover and LP steam system of the NGCC were reconfigured to enable 97% CO2 capture in the PCC system at all loads, and heat integration with the DAC reduced the parasitic load of carbon capture by recovering the heat of condensation of the steam. Similar results were found for Hseries gas turbines.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Complex radius in the R-matrix algorithm for inclusion of direct capture component [Slides]

In the low-energy range there are two possible physical mechanisms for γ-ray emissions. While both mechanisms emit γ-rays, the compound radiative capture (CRC) process is generated by the formation of a compound nucleus state before γ-emission. CRC has a characteristic resonance structure in the cross section, The direct radiative capture (DRC) process goes to the final state by the electromagnetic radiation of the incident neutron. DRC has a smooth behavior in the cross section. For light nuclei, a non-negligible component of the neutron capture process can be often associated to DRC process. Although these two mechanisms should be described by a unified theoretical formalism, in the nuclear data libraries, the CRC and DRC components are evaluated and reported separately. The updated R-matrix algorithm will allow the ability to implicitly include correlations between CRC and DRC mechanisms, to improve the quality of nuclear data evaluations, and to facilitate simple large-scale applicability to current nuclear data evaluations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Industrial Carbon Capture from a Cement Facility Using the Cryocap™ FG Process

The objective of the project was to execute and complete front-end engineering and design (FEED) studies for commercial-scale, carbon capture projects that separate 95% of the total CO 2 emissions at an industrial facility, producing at least 100,000 metric tonnes/year of CO 2 for sequestration. The industrial facility selected is the Holcim (US) Ste. Genevieve cement manufacturing facility (the largest single kiln line in the world), while the carbon capture system selected is Pressure Swing Adsorption system (PSA) assisted Cryocap™ technology developed by Air Liquide. The industrial host site emits approximately 3 million tonnes CO 2 /year based on plant data from 2020-2022. The captured CO 2 will meet the requirements of transport (Pipeline Grade) and geological storage, and the geological storage facilities within 80 miles of the CO 2 source. The impact of the project on Environmental Justice and the regional economy was also analyzed.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2026

Carbon Capture Plant Front-End Engineering Design Study for Cement Manufacturing

The objective of this project was to conduct a Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) study for capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement plant flue gas using non-aqueous solvents (NAS) with a 95% capture efficiency. The study aimed to develop AACE (Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) Class 3 cost estimates for a commercial-scale CO₂ capture system with a capacity of 2.4 million tonnes of CO₂ per year (t-CO₂/yr). The results will provide Cemex and the U.S. Department of Energy with reliable data to support investment decisions, evaluate economic feasibility, and guide future project development and implementation.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗