LIMITING TECHNOLOGIES FOR PARTICLE BEAMS AND HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
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Panofsky, W.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “beam physics”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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New Physics and Improvements in Beam-Beam Tail Simulations
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Chen, T.↗
Optical Stochastic Cooling Program at Fermilab's Integrable Optics Test Accelerator
Beam cooling enables an increase of peak and average luminosities and significantly expands the discovery potential of colliders. Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a high-bandwidth cooling technique that will advance the present state-of-the-art, stochastic-cooling rate by more than three orders of magnitude. A proof-of-principle demonstration with protons or heavy ions involves prohibitive costs, risks and technological challenges; however, exploration of OSC with electrons is a cost-effective alternative for studying the beam-cooling physics, optical systems and diagnostics. The ability to demonstrate OSC was a key requirement in the design of Fermilab's Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. The IOTA program will explore the physics and technology of OSC in amplified and non-amplified configurations. We also plan to investigate the cooling and manipulation of a single electron stored in the ring. The OSC apparatus is currently being fabricated, and installation will begin in the fall of 2019. In this contribution, we will describe the IOTA OSC program, the upcoming passive-OSC experimental runs and ongoing preparations for an amplified-OSC experiment
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Optical Stochastic Cooling Program at Fermilab's Integrable Optics Test Accelerator
Beam cooling enables an increase of peak and average luminosities and significantly expands the discovery potential of colliders. Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a high-bandwidth cooling technique that will advance the present state-of-the-art, stochastic-cooling rate by more than three orders of magnitude. A proof-of-principle demonstration with protons or heavy ions involves prohibitive costs, risks and technological challenges; however, exploration of OSC with electrons is a cost-effective alternative for studying the beam-cooling physics, optical systems and diagnostics. The ability to demonstrate OSC was a key requirement in the design of Fermilab's Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. The IOTA program will explore the physics and technology of OSC in amplified and non-amplified configurations. We also plan to investigate the cooling and manipulation of a single electron stored in the ring. The OSC apparatus is currently being fabricated, and installation will begin in the fall of 2019. In this contribution, we will describe the IOTA OSC program, the upcoming passive-OSC experimental runs and ongoing preparations for an amplified-OSC experiment.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Neutrino Interaction Identification for the DUNE Trigger
The DUNE will be a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment using a high purity muon neutrino beam and near detector, both located at the FNAL, and a far detector hosted 1300 km downstream at the SURF. The 10 kt fiducial mass of LAr will allow DUNE to have a rich off-beam neutrino physics programme, including the study of neutrino signals from core collapse supernovae. The SP DUNE FD module will read out ionisation data at a rate of 1.2 TB\textsuperscript{-1} whilst only a total data volume of 30 PB per year can be permanently stored. DUNE will make use of FPGA resources in the front-end of the DAQ as part of the necessitated triggering system. This thesis presents a validation study of the FPGA-based TPG in the front-end DAQ using data collected by the ProtoDUNE experiment hosted at the CERN. The FPGA-based TPG was utilised as the first stage of a baseline SNB trigger whose performance was evaluated using simulated neutrino interactions for a $11.2 m_\odot$ progenitor star. The efficiency of the baseline SNB trigger was determined to have a lower limit of $97.7\substack{+ 0.2\\ -0.3}\%$ for supernovae at a distance of 20kpc, achieving the technical requirements set out for DUNE. To improve the performance of the SNB trigger at greater SNB distances, the use of a bounding box proposal network, YOLOv3, was explored. This was found to improve the efficiency of the SNB trigger to 100\% up to the far side of the Milky Way galaxy and to $92.5\substack{+ 0.5\\ -0.5}\%$ at the Large Magellanic Cloud.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
SU-E-J-150: Four-Dimensional Cone-Beam CT Algorithm by Extraction of Physical and Motion Parameter of Mobile Targets Retrospective to Image Reconstruction with Motion Modeling
Purpose: To develop 4D-cone-beam CT (CBCT) algorithm by motion modeling that extracts actual length, CT numbers level and motion amplitude of a mobile target retrospective to image reconstruction by motion modeling. Methods: The algorithm used three measurable parameters: apparent length and blurred CT number distribution of a mobile target obtained from CBCT images to determine actual length, CT-number value of the stationary target, and motion amplitude. The predictions of this algorithm were tested with mobile targets that with different well-known sizes made from tissue-equivalent gel which was inserted into a thorax phantom. The phantom moved sinusoidally in one-direction to simulate respiratory motion using eight amplitudes ranging 0–20mm. Results: Using this 4D-CBCT algorithm, three unknown parameters were extracted that include: length of the target, CT number level, speed or motion amplitude for the mobile targets retrospective to image reconstruction. The motion algorithms solved for the three unknown parameters using measurable apparent length, CT number level and gradient for a well-defined mobile target obtained from CBCT images. The motion model agreed with measured apparent lengths which were dependent on the actual target length and motion amplitude. The gradient of the CT number distribution of the mobile target is dependent on the stationary CT number level, actual target length and motion amplitude. Motion frequency and phase did not affect the elongation and CT number distribution of the mobile target and could not be determined. Conclusion: A 4D-CBCT motion algorithm was developed to extract three parameters that include actual length, CT number level and motion amplitude or speed of mobile targets directly from reconstructed CBCT images without prior knowledge of the stationary target parameters. This algorithm provides alternative to 4D-CBCT without requirement to motion tracking and sorting of the images into different breathing phases which has potential applications in diagnostic CT imaging and radiotherapy.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
The current tensor polarized target programs at Jefferson Lab and possibilities for polarized deuteron beams at the EIC and the physics
Presented the tensor polarized target program for Hall C at Jefferson Lab and also presented the possibilities for polarized deuteron beams at the EIC.
Higinbotham, Douglas↗
Construction of a scattering chamber for ion-beam analysis of environmental materials in undergraduate physics research
We have developed a new scattering chamber for ion-beam analysis of environmental materials with the 1.1-MV Pelletron accelerator at the Union College Ion-Beam Analysis Laboratory. The chamber was constructed from a ten-inch, Conflat, multi-port cross and includes a three-axis target manipulator and target ladder assembly, an eight-inch turbo pump, an Amptek X-ray detector, and multiple charged particle detectors. Recent projects performed by our undergraduate research team include proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) analyses of atmospheric aerosols collected with a nine-stage cascade impactor in Upstate New York. We will describe the construction of the chamber and discuss the results of some commissioning experiments.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Preface: Workshop to Explore Physics Opportunities with Intense, Polarized Electron Beams at 50-300 MeV
No abstract prepared.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
The Physics Case for a Neutrino Factory
Neutrino factories, neutrino beams produced in the decay of a muon or antimuon beam inside a storage ring, yield cleaner, richer, and more flexible neutrino beams relative to super-beams. We explore the physics case for this type of beam both for standard oscillation as well as new physics searches and present some machine options. We argue that there is a rich program beyond what the current neutrino program can cover and a string synergy with the muon collider program.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
On the role of self-generated magnetic fields in focused ion beams driven by intense picosecond laser pulses
We investigate the physics of ion beam focusing in the interaction of intense picosecond laser pulses with concave foils, using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Curved targets have been observed to deliver brighter multi-MeV ion beams than flat targets, and they could be used to ignite pre-compressed ICF fusion capsules in a scheme called ion fast ignition. Focusing is achieved by shaping the target and relying on an ion acceleration mechanism in which the ions are accelerated normal to the target surface; subsequently, the plasma expansion grows magnetic fields that advect with the plasma and deflect ions away from the target symmetry axis, causing the focal spot to shift downstream from its geometric location. The drop in both electric and magnetic field strengths in the expanding plasma makes the ion beam envelope asymmetric with respect to the focusing plane.
Focused ion beam↗
Collective Focusing of Intense Ion Beam Pulses for High-energy Density Physics Applications
The collective focusing concept in which a weak magnetic lens provides strong focusing of an intense ion beam pulse carrying a neutralizing electron background is investigated by making use of advanced particle-in-cell simulations and reduced analytical models. The original analysis by Robertson Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 149 (1982) is extended to the parameter regimes of particular importance for several high-energy density physics applications. The present paper investigates (1) the effects of non-neutral collective focusing in a moderately strong magnetic field; (2) the diamagnetic effects leading to suppression of the applied magnetic field due to the presence of the beam pulse; and (3) the influence of a finite-radius conducting wall surrounding the beam cross-section on beam neutralization. In addition, it is demonstrated that the use of the collective focusing lens can significantly simplify the technical realization of the final focusing of ion beam pulses in the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment-I (NDCX-I) , and the conceptual designs of possible experiments on NDCX-I are investigated by making use of advanced numerical simulations. 2011 American Institute of Physics
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
The First Observation of Intra Beam Stripping of Negative Hydrogen in a Superconducting Linear Accelerator
We report on an experiment in which a negative hydrogen ions beam in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) linear accelerator was replaced with a beam of protons with similar size and dynamics. Beam loss in the superconducting part of the SNS accelerator was at least an order of magnitude lower for the proton beam. Also beam loss has a stronger dependence on intensity with H- than with proton beams. These measurements verify a recent theoretical explanation of unexpected beam losses in the SNS superconducting linear accelerator based on an intra beam stripping mechanism for negative hydrogen ions. An identification of the new physics mechanism for beam loss is important for the design of new high current linear ion accelerators and the performance improvement of existing machines
08 HYDROGEN↗
TORBEAM 2.0, a paraxial beam tracing code for electron-cyclotron beams in fusion plasmas for extended physics applications
The paraxial WKB code TORBEAM (Poli, 2001) is widely used for the description of electron-cyclotron waves in fusion plasmas, retaining diffraction effects through the solution of a set of ordinary differential equations. With respect to its original form, the code has undergone significant transformations and extensions, in terms of both the physical model and the spectrum of applications. The code has been rewritten in Fortran 90 and transformed into a library, which can be called from within different (not necessarily Fortran-based) workflows. The models for both absorption and current drive have been extended, including e.g. fully-relativistic calculation of the absorption coefficient, momentum conservation in electron–electron collisions and the contribution of more than one harmonic to current drive. The code can be run also for reflectometry applications, with relativistic corrections for the electron mass. Formulas that provide the coupling between the reflected beam and the receiver have been developed. Accelerated versions of the code are available, with the reduced physics goal of inferring the location of maximum absorption (including or not the total driven current) for a given setting of the launcher mirrors. Optionally, plasma volumes within given flux surfaces and corresponding values of minimum and maximum magnetic field can be provided externally to speed up the calculation of full driven-current profiles. These can then be employed in real-time control algorithms or for fast data analysis.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Quarkonium Physics at a Fixed-Target Experiment Using the LHC Beams
We outline the many quarkonium-physics opportunities offered by a multi-purpose fixed-target experiment using the p and Pb LHC beams extracted by a bent crystal. This provides an integrated luminosity of 0.5 fb{sup -1} per year on a typical 1cm-long target. Such an extraction mode does not alter the performance of the collider experiments at the LHC. With such a high luminosity, one can analyse quarkonium production in great details in pp, pd and pA collisions at {radical}s{sub NN} {approx_equal} 115 GeV and at {radical}s{sub NN} {approx_equal} 72 GeV in PbA collisions. In a typical pp (pA) run, the obtained quarkonium yields per unit of rapidity are 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than those expected at RHIC and about respectively 10 (70) times larger than for ALICE. In PbA, they are comparable. By instrumenting the target-rapidity region, the large negative-x{sub F} domain can be accessed for the first time, greatly extending previous measurements by Hera-B and E866. Such analyses should help resolving the quarkonium-production controversies and clear the way for gluon PDF extraction via quarkonium studies. The nuclear target-species versatility provides a unique opportunity to study nuclear matter and the features of the hot and dense matter formed in PbA collisions. A polarised proton target allows the study of transverse-spin asymmetries in J/{Psi} and {Upsilon} production, providing access to the gluon and charm Sivers functions.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Modeling of high intensity orbital angular momentum beams for laser–plasma interactions
In this work, we explore the field of high intensity orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams, their generation with spiral phase mirrors, and the theory behind modeling both ideal and realistic beams. We explore OAM beam asymmetries introduced by aberrations in the beam, manufacturing defects, and bandwidth. A full three-dimensional description of the paraxial Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes suitable for modeling beams down to f/2 focal geometries is derived. A perturbative approach to modeling asymmetric OAM beams is introduced showing that only three LG modes are sufficient to model a wide variety of OAM asymmetries. The models are compared with experimental results followed by a discussion on the future of high intensity OAM beams in plasma physics.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Preparation of a primary argon beam for the CERN fixed target physics
The fixed target experiment NA61 in the North Area of the Super Proton Synchrotron is studying phase transitions in strongly interacting matter. Up to now they used the primary beams available from the CERN accelerator complex (protons and lead ions) or fragmented beams created from the primary lead ion beam. To explore a wider range of energies and densities a request was made to provide primary argon and xenon beams. This paper describes the results of the setting up and 10 week test run of the Ar{sup 11+} beam from the 14.5 GHz ECR ion source and the linear accelerator (Linac3) at CERN.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Arc-based smoothing of ion beam intensity on targets
Manipulating a set of ion beams upstream of a target, makes it possible to arrange a smoother deposition pattern, so as to achieve more uniform illumination of the target. A uniform energy deposition pattern is important for applications including ion-beam-driven high energy density physics and heavy-ion beam-driven inertial fusion energy (“heavy-ion fusion”). Here, we consider an approach to such smoothing that is based on rapidly “wobbling” each of the beams back and forth along a short arc-shaped path, via oscillating fields applied upstream of the final pulse compression. In this technique, uniformity is achieved in the time-averaged sense; this is sufficient provided the beam oscillation timescale is short relative to the hydrodynamic timescale of the target implosion. This work builds on two earlier concepts: elliptical beams applied to a distributed-radiator target [D. A. Callahan and M. Tabak, Phys. Plasmas 7, 2083 (2000)] and beams that are wobbled so as to trace a number of full rotations around a circular or elliptical path [R. C. Arnold et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods 199, 557 (1982)]. Here, we describe the arc-based smoothing approach and compare it to results obtainable using an elliptical-beam prescription. In particular, we assess the potential of these approaches for minimization of azimuthal asymmetry, for the case of a ring of beams arranged on a cone. We also found that, for small numbers of beams on the ring, the arc-based smoothing approach offers superior uniformity. In contrast with the full-rotation approach, arc-based smoothing remains usable when the geometry precludes wobbling the beams around a full circle, e.g., for the X-target [E. Henestroza, B. G. Logan, and L. J. Perkins, Phys. Plasmas 18, 032702 (2011)] and some classes of distributed-radiator targets.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗