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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

The Unitarity-Limit Expansion for Two Nucleons with Perturbative Pions: Digest and Ideas

Theorists love nontrivial fixed points. In the Unitarity Limit, the NN 𝑆-wave binding energies are zero, the scattering lengths infinite, Physics is universal, i.e. insensitive to details of the interactions, and observables display richer symmetries, namely invariance under both scaling and Wigner’s combined SU(4) transformation of spin and isospin. In “Pionless” EFT, both are explicitly but weakly broken and hence perturbative in the Unitarity Window (phase shifts 45° ≲ δ(k) ≲ 135°, i.e. momenta k≈mπ). This Unitarity Expansion provides strong hints that Nuclear Physics resides indeed in a sweet spot: bound weakly enough to be insensitive to the details of the nuclear interaction; and therefore interacting strongly enough that the NN scattering lengths are perturbatively close to the Unitarity Limit. In this paradigm change, NN details are less important than NNN interactions to explain the complexity and patterns of the nuclear chart. This presentation is a digest of the first quantitative exploration of corrections to this picture when pions are included [1] (see there for a more comprehensive list of references). Since the pion mass and decay constant introduce dimensionful scales in the NN system, they explicitly break the symmetries of the Unitarity fixed point. In χEFT, these symmetries must therefore be hidden and instead be classified as emergent.

Griesshammer, Harald W. [The George Washington Uni↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ab Initio Evaluation of Plutonium Dioxide $S(α,β)$ and Thermal Neutron Cross Sections

Plutonium Dioxide (PuO 2 ) is an advanced fuel-cycle nuclear fuel material for thermal and fast reactors, with a melting point at 3261.8 K and thermal conductivity above 3 Wm -1 K -1 for temperatures below 1500 K. Plutonium from spent UO 2 is reprocessed to form chemically stable mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. In contrast to metallic fuels, the low PuO 2 conductivity results in high thermal gradients between fuel center and surface, resulting in structural annealing and efficient fission product migration over burnup. Crystal binding affects the doppler broadening of epithermal resonances for nuclear fuels and scattering behavior of thermal neutrons. Currently, there is no ENDF/B Thermal Scattering Law, i.e., $S(α,β)$, evaluation for PuO 2 , only free atom cross sections for Plutonium and Oxygen, respectively, which neglect lattice contributions to total cross section. Herein, ab initio lattice dynamics (AILD) techniques are employed to calculate the phonon density of states (DOS) using spin-orbit-coupling density functional theory (DFT) to predict the PuO2 paramagnetic ground-state structure. These results highlight the evaluation of $S(α,β)$ for Plutonium and Oxygen, respectively in PuO 2 and consequential generation of thermal neutron scattering cross sections for high fidelity criticality safety analysis and reactor calculations.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Itinerant G-type antiferromagnet SrCr 2 As 2 studied by magnetization, heat capacity, electrical resistivity, and NMR measurements

Here, the physical properties of itinerant antiferromagnetic (AFM) SrCr 2 As 2 with body-centered tetragonal ThCr 2 Si 2 structure were investigated in single crystalline and polycrystalline forms by electrical resistivity ρ, heat capacity C p , magnetic susceptibility χ versus temperature T, and magnetization M versus applied magnetic field H isotherm measurements as well as 75 As and 53 Cr nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements in the wide temperature range T = 1.6–900 K. From the χ(T) and 75 As NMR measurements, the G-type AFM state below T N = 615(15) K has been determined, consistent with the previous neutron-diffraction measurements. Direct evidence of magnetic ordering of the Cr spins was shown by the observation of the 53 Cr NMR spectrum under H = 0. From the χ( T) measurements on single-crystal SrCr 2 As 2 under the two different magnetic field directions H|| ab and H || c in the AFM state, the Cr ordered moments are shown to align along the c axis in the G-type AFM state. The metallic state is directly evidenced by the ρ, C p , and NMR measurements, and the density of states at the Fermi energy $\mathscr{D}$(E F ) in the AFM state is estimated to be 7.53 states/eV f.u. for both spin directions which is almost twice the bare $\mathscr{D}$(E F ) estimated from first-principles calculations, suggesting an enhancement of the conduction-carrier mass by a factor of two in the AFM state. The $\mathscr{D}$(E F ) is found to be nearly constant below at least 100 K and is independent of H. The ρ(T) is found to show T-linear behavior above T N and exhibits positive curvature below T N where significant loss of spin-disorder scattering upon magnetic ordering is observed. The resistivity anisotropy of the compound remains moderate ρ c /ρ a ~ 9 through most of the magnetically ordered phase but shows a rapid increase below 50 K.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Nuclear Structure and Decay Data for A=165 Isobars

Experimental nuclear spectroscopic data are compiled and evaluated for 18 known nuclides of mass 165 (Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt). Detailed information is presented for each reaction and decay experiment. Combining all the available data, recommended values are provided for energies, spins and parities, and half-lives of levels, with energies, branching ratios and multipolarities of γ radiations, and characteristics of β and α radiations in radioactive decays. 165 Dy, 165 Ho, 165 Er, 165 Tm, 165 Yb, 165 Lu and 165 Hf are among the most extensively studied nuclides via decay and high-spin gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements, followed by limited data for 165 Tb, 165 Ta, 165 W, 165 Re, and 165 Os. No excited states have yet been identified in 165 Sm, 165 Gd, and 165 Pt, while for 165 Eu and 165 Ir, information is available for only the g.s. and an isomer, but with no γ rays. As a result, this work supersedes earlier evaluation of A=165 nuclides by 2006Ja09.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nuclear Structure and Decay Data for A=31 Isobars

Here, experimental nuclear spectroscopic data are evaluated for 11 known nuclides of mass 31 (F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K). Detailed evaluated information is presented for each reaction and decay experiment. Combining all the available data, recommended values are provided for energies, spins and parities, and half-lives of levels, with energies, branching ratios and multipolarities of γ radiations, and characteristics of β and α radiations in radioactive decays. 31 P is the most extensively studied one among all nuclides via various reactions and decays, followed by 31 S, 31 Si, 31 Mg and 31 Al. Information for excited states in 31 Ne, 31 Na, 31 Cl, 31 Ar and 31 K are limited; no excited states have yet been identified in 31 F, even its ground-state half-life is unknown. Significant new data have become available for the structure of 31 S, with its relevance to astrophysical applications. This work supersedes the earlier evaluation of A=31 by 2013Ou01, with literature cutoff date of Feb 15, 2013.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evolution of Radicals from the Photolysis of High Ionic Strength Alkaline Nitrite Solutions

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), along with reactive oxygen species (ROS), are significant products from radiolysis in solution. While much research has been focused on biological systems, these species are also important products in the autoradiolysis that occurs in nuclear waste. In this work, we determine the correlation between solution constituents, particularly nitrite, and radical products in highly alkaline solutions relevant to liquid waste. Because these radicals tend to be very short-lived, we employ spin trapping in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to detect them and quantify their production. Most spin traps do not function in these conditions (>1 M NaOH); however, nitroalkanes such as nitromethane will act as spin traps in their aci form, which is dominant at high pH. To restrict the products to those originating from nitrite, we use 280–480 nm UV light to generate radicals, avoiding products from the photolysis of water. Under these circumstances, nitric oxide, nitrite radicals, and hydroxyl radicals are detected, and the trends with the concentration of the constituents of the solutions are tracked. These include nitrite, nitrate, hydroxide, and carbonate. We find that, while the equilibrium shifts with increasing pH from hydroxyl radicals to the more slowly reacting oxide radicals, the production of nitrite radicals does not decrease.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Revealing the Surface Structure of CdSe Nanocrystals by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced 77 Se and 113 Cd Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy was used to obtain detailed surface structures of zinc blende CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) with plate or spheroidal morphologies which are capped by carboxylic acid ligands. 1D 113 Cd and 77 Se cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectra revealed distinct signals from Cd and Se atoms on the surface of the NCs, and those residing in bulk-like environments, below the surface. 113 Cd cross-polarization magic-angle-turning (CP-MAT) experiments identified CdSe 3 O, CdSe 2 O 2 , and CdSeO 3 Cd coordination environments on the surface of the NCs, where the oxygen atoms are presumably from coordinated carboxylate ligands. The sensitivity gain from DNP enabled natural isotopic abundance 2D homonuclear 113 Cd– 113 Cd and 77 Se– 77 Se and heteronuclear 113 Cd– 77 Se scalar correlation solid-state NMR experiments which revealed the connectivity of the Cd and Se atoms. Importantly, 77 Se{ 113 Cd} scalar heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence ( J -HMQC) experiments were used to selectively measure one-bond 77 Se– 113 Cd scalar coupling constants ( 1 J ( 77 Se, 113 Cd)). With knowledge of 1 J ( 77 Se, 113 Cd), heteronuclear 77 Se{ 113 Cd} spin echo ( J -resolved) NMR experiments were used to determine the number of Cd atoms bonded to Se atoms and vice versa. Furthermore, the J -resolved experiments directly confirmed that major Cd and Se surface species have CdSe 2 O 2 and SeCd 4 stoichiometries, respectively. Considering the crystal structure of zinc blende CdSe and the similarity of the solid-state NMR data for the platelets and spheroids, we conclude that the surface of the spheroidal CdSe NCs is primarily composed of {100} facets. The methods outlined here will generally be applicable to obtain detailed surface structures of various main group semiconductor nanoparticles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=190

The evaluated experimental data are presented and evaluated for 15 known nuclides of mass 190 (Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po). This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=190 by 2003Si05, 1990Si09, 1982Le22 and 1973Sc42. For 190Hf, only the isotopic identification has been made, with no information about the half-life of the ground state or its decay properties. For 190 Ta, only one excited state as an isomer has been identified, but with no knowledge about its decay properties. For 190 W, 190 Re, 190 Bi and 190 Po, available spectroscopic data are scarce. Here, the decay schemes of 190 Ta, 190 W, 190 Au, 190 Hg, 190 Au isomer decay, 190 Tl (both the activities), 190 Pb, and 190 Bi (both the activities) are considered incomplete by the evaluators. At present, extensive level structures, both the low-spin and high-spin, are known for 190 Os, 190 Ir, 190 Pt, 190 Au, 190 Hg, 190 Tl and 190 Pb, but data for level lifetimes, and γ-ray transition probabilities are generally lacking.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Celestial route to AdS bulk locality

We prove a precise form of AdS bulk locality by deriving analytical two-sided bounds on bulk Wilson coefficients. Our bounds are on the Wilson coefficients themselves, rather than their ratios, as is typically found in the literature. Inspired by the Celestial amplitudes program in flat space, we perform a Celestial transform of the CFT Mellin amplitude of four identical scalars. Using the crossing symmetric dispersion relation (CSDR), we express the resulting amplitude in terms of crossing symmetric conformal partial waves. The partial waves satisy remarkable positivity properties which along with the unitarity of the CFT prove sufficient to derive the bounds. We then employ our methods in the limit of large AdS radius and recover known bounds on flat space Wilson coefficients and new bounds on their large radius corrections. We check that the planar Mellin amplitude of four stress-tensor multiplets in $\mathcal{N}$ = 4 SYM satisfies our bounds. Finally, using null constraints, we derive a form of low-spin dominance in AdS EFTs. We find that the low-spin dominance is strongest in flat space and weakens as we move away from flat space towards higher AdS curvature.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

SS-HORSE extension of the no-core shell model: Application to resonances in He 7

Theoretical ab initio studies of resonances in the unbound 7 He nucleus are presented. We perform no-core shell-model calculations with NN interactions Daejeon16 and JISP16 and utilize the SS-HORSE method to calculate the S matrix for two-body channels n + 6 He and n + 6 He* with 6He respectively in the ground and excited 2 + states as well as for the four-body democratic decay channel 4 He + n + n + n. The resonant energies and widths are obtained by numerical location of the S-matrix poles. Here, we describe all experimentally known 7 He resonances and suggest an interpretation of an observed wide resonance of unknown spin-parity.

6 ≤ A ≤ 19↗
DOE OSTI2023

Generation of Fission Fragment Angular Momentum

In the last two years FREYA has been updated to study fission fragment angular momentum generation. We have also introduced integer and half integer spins, not specified in FREYA previously, and required to specify fragments more precisely. With these changes, FERYA still conserves energy as well as linear and angular momentum throughout the fission event. It is now possible to use FREYA to study a number of correlated quantities related to fragment spin, some of which can be directly measured. The spin-spin correlation was a major point of discussion at the Fission Fragment Angular Momentum workshop in Seattle in June 2022.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Analysis of spin frustration in an Fe III 7 cluster using a combination of computational, experimental, and magnetostructural correlation methods

The synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties are reported for [Fe 7 O 3 (O 2 C t Bu) 9 (mda) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] ( 1 ), where mdaH 2 is N -methyldiethanolamine. 1 was prepared from the reaction of [Fe 3 O(O 2 C t Bu) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ](NO 3 ) with mdaH 2 in a 1:~3 ratio in MeCN. The core of 1 consists of a central octahedral Fe III ion held within a non-planar Fe 6 loop by three μ 3 -O 2- and three μ 2 -RO - arms from the three mda 2- chelates. Variable-temperature dc and ac magnetic susceptibility studies revealed dominant antiferromagnetic coupling, leading to a ground state spin of S = 5 / 2 . The ground state was confirmed by a fit of magnetization data collected in the 0.1–7.0 T and 1.8–10.0 K ranges. The four Fe 2 pairwise exchange parameters ( J 1 - J 4 ) were estimated by independent methods: theoretical calculations using either broken symmetry energy differences (-46.3, -16.2, -3.9, and - 28.1 cm -1 , respectively) or Green’s function approximation methods (-41.4, -14.8, -13.2, and - 24.7 cm -1 ), and a magnetostructural correlation (MSC) previously developed for high nuclearity Fe III /O complexes (-39.5, -13.8, -6.7, and - 23.5 cm -1 ). Additionally, the J 1 - J 4 obtained from the MSC and theoretical methods were used with the program PHI to both simulate χ M T vs T as well as to serve as reasonable input values to fit the experimental data (-41.0, -11.4, -5.0, and - 27.3 cm -1 ). Analysis of the J ij led to identification of the spin frustration effects operative and the resultant spin vector alignments at each Fe III ion, thus allowing for the rationalization of the experimental ground state.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Superradiant pion clouds around primordial black holes

Here, we show that highly spinning primordial black holes of mass M ~ 10 12 kg, potentially born in a matter-dominated era after inflation, can produce clouds of pions in their vicinity via the superradiant instability, with densities up to that of nuclear matter. We discuss the electromagnetic signatures of this process, via neutral pion decay and charged pion annihilation into photons, computing in particular their contribution to the isotropic gamma-ray background. This allows us to place upper bounds on the abundance of such primordial black holes that are comparable to the ones obtained from Hawking evaporation. We also discuss the possibility of directly observing such clouds in high-redshift superclusters.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Polarization Measurements of p ↑ and 3 He ↑ Beams at RHIC and Future EIC Using the Polarized Atomic Hydrogen Gas Jet Target

At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the Polarized Atomic Hydrogen Gas Jet Target polarimeter (HJET) is employed for the precise measurement of the absolute transverse (vertical) polarization of proton beams, achieving low systematic uncertainties of approximately σ$^{syst}_P$/P≤0.5% . The acquired experimental data not only facilitated the determination of single A N (t) and double A NN (t) spin analyzing powers for 100 and 255 GeV proton beams, but also revealed a non-zero Pomeron spin-flip contribution through a Regge fit. Preliminary results obtained for forward inelastic p ↑ p and elastic p ↑ A analyzing powers will be discussed. The success of the HJET at RHIC suggests its potential application for proton beam polarimetry at the upcoming Electron–Ion Collider (EIC), aiming for an accuracy of 1%. Moreover, the provided analysis indicates that the RHIC HJET target can serve as a tool for the precision calibration, with the required accuracy, of the 3 He beam polarization at the EIC.

3He beam breakup↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multi-body entanglement and information rearrangement in nuclear many-body systems: a study of the Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick model

Here, we examine how effective-model-space (EMS) calculations of nuclear many-body systems rearrange and converge multi-particle entanglement. The generalized Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model is used to motivate and provide insight for future developments of entanglement-driven descriptions of nuclei. The effective approach is based on a truncation of the Hilbert space together with a variational rotation of the qubits (spins), which constitute the relevant elementary degrees of freedom. The non-commutivity of the rotation and truncation allows for an exponential improvement of the energy convergence throughout much of the model space. Our analysis examines measures of correlations and entanglement, and quantifies their convergence with increasing cut-off. We focus on one- and two-spin entanglement entropies, mutual information, and $n$-tangles for $n=2,4$ to estimate multi-body entanglement. The effective description strongly suppresses entropies and mutual information of the rotated spins, while being able to recover the exact results to a large extent with low cut-offs. Naive truncations of the bare Hamiltonian, on the other hand, artificially underestimate these measures. The $n$-tangles in the present model provide a basis-independent measures of $n$-particle entanglement. While these are more difficult to capture with the EMS description, the improvement in convergence, compared to truncations of the bare Hamiltonian, is significantly more dramatic. We conclude that the low-energy EMS techniques, that successfully provide predictive capabilities for low-lying observables in many-body systems, exhibit analogous efficacy for quantum correlations and multi-body entanglement in the LMG model, motivating future studies in nuclear many-body systems and effective field theories relevant to high-energy physics and nuclear physics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=233

The present evaluation of the known A=233 nuclides ( 233 Fr, 233 Ra, 233 Ac, 233 Th, 233 Pa, 233 U, 233 Np, 233 Pu, 233 Am, 233 Cm) and 233 Bk represents an update and revision, after 15 years of the previous evaluation of A=233 published by B. Singh and J.K. Tuli (2005Si15). Laboratory identification of 233 Bk nuclide is still considered as tentative. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, gammas, level half-lives, spins, parities, and configuration assignments are provided. For 233 Fr, 233 Ra, 233 Ac, 233 Pu, 233 Am and 233 Cm, information is available for the respective ground states only. The decay schemes from β - decays of 233 Fr and 233 Ra, and from ε decay of 233 Am and 233 Cm are unknown, while those from β - decay of 233 Ac, and from ε decay of 233 Np are considered incomplete. The α decay of 237 Np to 233 Pa has been studied in detail by many investigators, yet the decay scheme is considered incomplete as several very low-energy transitions are involved, without the knowledge of their intensities, resulting in mismatch of directly measured α feedings and those deduced from γ-transition intensity balances. The decay schemes from α decays of 237 Am, 237 Cm and 237 Cf to respective A=233 daughters are considered incomplete. Particle-transfer and high-spin data are available for 233 Th, 233 Pa and 233 U nuclei, which remain the most extensively studied in this mass chain. However, data for half-lives for the excited states are available only for one level in 233 Pa, and for five levels in 233 U, thus limiting the knowledge of reduced transition probabilities in this mass chain.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗